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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been considered as a chronic disease that is difficult to cure and needs lifelong treatment. Marine polysaccharides with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, mucoadhesion, sensitivity to external stimuli, and targeting ability can be used as wall materials for oral colon-targeted delivery of polyphenols in nutrition intervention of IBD. This manuscript reviewed the latest progress in the design, preparation, and characterization of marine polysaccharides-derived multifunctional nanocarriers for polyphenol colon delivery. Chitosan, sodium alginate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid were discussed in the preparation of polyphenol delivery systems. The design strategy, synthesis methods, and structure characterization of multifunctional polyphenol carriers including stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating nanocarriers, colon targeted nanocarriers, and bioactive compounds codelivery nanocarriers were reviewed in the alleviation of IBD. The research perspectives in the preparation and characterization of delivery carriers using marine polysaccharide as materials were proposed for their potential application in food bioactive components.

Hierarchical metal oxide semiconductors present great potential in detecting toxic and hazardous gases with special emphasis on the regulation of their structures and compositions to advance sensor performance. Herein, marine polysaccharide derived carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are presented to activate hierarchical tungsten oxide (WO 3) as efficient and stable triethylamine sensor. Owing to the promoted receptor and transducer function of the oxide/polymer/carbon heterostructure, the CPDs/WO 3 sensor exhibits extraordinary sensing characteristics for triethylamine detection, including higher response (4.3 times), faster response/recovery (4.3 times/2.1 times), lower operating temperature (30 °C) and lower detection limit (2.4 times) as compared with hierarchical WO 3 sensor, which are also superior to most of the previous reports related to triethylamine detection. Importantly, the adsorption-desorption kinetic of WO 3 is found to be enhanced by 67 times after introducing CPDs, mainly derived from abundant slit-like channels for gas diffuse, desirable defect feature as reactive sites, and favorable 0D–2D interface for charge transfer and transport. This work not only establishes an alternative strategy for promoting metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors but also provides a fundamental understanding of CPDs in gas-sensing field. [Display omitted] • An oxide/polymer/carbon heterostructure of CPDs/WO 3 is developed as efficient and stable gas sensor. • The adsorption-desorption kinetic of WO 3 is enhanced by 67 times after introducing ultrasmall semiconducting CPDs. • The sensor exhibits high response, low operating temperature and good cross-selectivity for triethylamine detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine biomass is a treasure trove of materials. Marine polysaccharides have the characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, low cost, and abundance. An enormous variety of polysaccharides can be extracted from marine organisms such as algae, crustaceans, and microorganisms. The most studied marine polysaccharides include chitin, chitosan, alginates, hyaluronic acid, fucoidan, carrageenan, agarose, and Ulva. Marine polysaccharides have a wide range of applications in the field of biomedical materials, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressings, and sensors. The drug delivery system (DDS) can comprehensively control the distribution of drugs in the organism in space, time, and dosage, thereby increasing the utilization efficiency of drugs, reducing costs, and reducing toxic side effects. The nano-drug delivery system (NDDS), due to its small size, can function at the subcellular level in vivo. The marine polysaccharide-based DDS combines the advantages of polysaccharide materials and nanotechnology, and is suitable as a carrier for different pharmaceutical preparations. This review summarizes the advantages and drawbacks of using marine polysaccharides to construct the NDDS and describes the preparation methods and modification strategies of marine polysaccharide-based nanocarriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine algae catalyze half of all global photosynthetic production of carbohydrates. Owing to their fast growth rates, Ulva spp. rapidly produce substantial amounts of carbohydrate-rich biomass and represent an emerging renewable energy and carbon resource. Their major cell wall polysaccharide is the anionic carbohydrate ulvan. Here, we describe a new enzymatic degradation pathway of the marine bacterium Formosa agariphila for ulvan oligosaccharides involving unsaturated uronic acid at the nonreducing end linked to rhamnose-3-sulfate and glucuronic or iduronic acid (Δ-Rha3S-GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S). Notably, we discovered a new dehydratase (P29_PDnc) acting on the nonreducing end of ulvan oligosaccharides, i.e., GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S, forming the aforementioned unsaturated uronic acid residue. This residue represents the substrate for GH105 glycoside hydrolases, which complements the enzymatic degradation pathway including one ulvan lyase, one multimodular sulfatase, three glycoside hydrolases, and the dehydratase P29_PDnc, the latter being described for the first time. Our research thus shows that the oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of carboxylated polysaccharides into monosaccharides., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Marine resources are today a renewable source of various compounds, such as polysaccharides, that are used in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and food fields. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on carrageenan-based biomaterials due to their multifunctional qualities, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, in addition to bioactive attributes, such as their antiviral, antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulating properties. They have been applied in pharmaceutical formulations as both their bioactive and physicochemical properties make them suitable biomaterials for drug delivery, and recently for the development of tissue engineering. This article provides a review of recent research on the various types of carrageenan-based biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucosylated oligosaccharide (FO) is known to selectively promote the growth of probiotic bacteria and is currently marketed as a functional health food and prebiotic in infant formula. Despite widespread interest in FO among functional food customers, high production costs due to high raw material costs, especially those related to fucose, are a significant production issue. Therefore, several actions are required before efficient large-scale operations can occur, including (i) identification of inexpensive raw materials from which fucosylated oligosaccharides may be produced and (ii) development of production methods to which functional food consumers will not object (e.g., no genetically modified organisms (GMOs)). Undaria pinnatifida, commonly called Miyeok in Korea, is a common edible brown seaweed plentiful on the shores of the Korean peninsula. In particular, the sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida contains significant levels of l-fucose in the form of fucoidan (a marine sulfated polysaccharide). If the l-fucose present in Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll was capable of being separated and recovered, l-fucose molecules could be covalently joined to other monosaccharides via glycosidic linkages, making this FO manufacturing technology of value in the functional food market. In our previous work, β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.2.23) from Bifidobacterium longum RD47 (B. longum RD47) was found to have transglycosylation activity and produce FO using purified l-fucose and lactose as substrates. In this research, crude fucodian hydrolysates were separated and recovered from edible seaweed (i.e., U. pinnatifida sporophyll). The extracted l-fucose was purified via gel permeation and ion exchange chromatographies and the recovered l-fucose was used to synthesize FO. B. longum RD47 successfully transglycosilated and produced FO using l-fucose derived from Undaria pinnatifida and lactose as substrates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of synthesized FO using Bifidobacterium spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the advancement in the field of medical science, the idea of sustained release of the therapeutic agents in the patient's body has remained a major thrust for developing advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs). The critical requirement for fabricating these DDSs is to facilitate the delivery of their cargos in a spatio-temporal and pharmacokinetically-controlled manner. Albeit the synthetic polymer-based DDSs normally address the above-mentioned conditions, their potential cytotoxicity and high cost have ultimately constrained their success. Consequently, the utilization of natural polymers for the fabrication of tunable DDSs owing to their biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic nature can be regarded as a significant stride in the field of drug delivery. Marine environment serves as an untapped resource of varied range of materials such as polysaccharides, which can easily be utilized for developing various DDSs., Methods: Carrageenans are the sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from the cell wall of red seaweeds. They exhibit an assimilation of various biological activities such as anti-thrombotic, anti-viral, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. The main aim of the presented review is threefold. The first one is to describe the unique physicochemical properties and structural composition of different types of carrageenans. The second is to illustrate the preparation methods of the different carrageenan-based macro- and micro-dimensional DDSs like hydrogels, microparticles, and microspheres respectively. Fabrication techniques of some advanced DDSs such as floating hydrogels, aerogels, and 3-D printed hydrogels have also been discussed in this review. Next, considerable attention has been paid to list down the recent applications of carrageenan-based polymeric architectures in the field of drug delivery., Results: Presence of structural variations among the different carrageenan types helps in regulating their temperature and ion-dependent sol-to-gel transition behavior. The constraint of low mechanical strength of reversible gels can be easily eradicated using chemical crosslinking techniques. Carrageenan based-microdimesional DDSs (e.g. microspheres, microparticles) can be utilized for easy and controlled drug administration. Moreover, carrageenans can be fabricated as 3-D printed hydrogels, floating hydrogels, and aerogels for controlled drug delivery applications., Conclusion: In order to address the problems associated with many of the available DDSs, carrageenans are establishing their worth recently as potential drug carriers owing to their varied range of properties. Different architectures of carrageenans are currently being explored as advanced DDSs. In the near future, translation of carrageenan-based advanced DDSs in the clinical applications seems inevitable., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Numerous studies have indicated that marine natural products are one of the most important sources of the lead compounds in drug discovery for their unique structures, various bioactivities and less side effects. In this review, the marine natural products with cardiovascular pharmacological effects reported after 2000 will be presented. Their structural types, relevant biological activities, origin of isolation and information of strain species will be discussed in detail. Finally, by describing our studies as an example, we also discuss the chances and challenges for translating marine-derived compounds into preclinical or clinical trials., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)