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La chronologie de la première enceinte communale de Tournai est restée longtemps figée sur base de l’analyse de quelques documents. Les fouilles menées ces dernières années ont révélé de nouvelles données et remis en question ces acquis chronologiques. Parallèlement de nouvelles sources ont été explores argumentant entre autres les découvertes archéologiques. La synthèse ci-dessous tente de faire un bilan de toutes ces informations. Elle met en évidence la complexité de l’érection de cette fortification urbaine qui s’est établie en diverses phases répondant aux événements politiques et historiques de l’époque. Il en va de même pour son abandon et son déclin.

Après Paris, la France a été touchée par le terrorisme dans la ville de Nice durant la nuit du 14 juillet 2016. À 22h33 un camion de 19 tonnes a foncé dans la foule. Cette attaque est responsable de 458 blesses et 86 décès. Le but de cette étude est de décrire la prise en charge des patients victimes de traumatisme abdominal admis vivants dans notre institution, dans un contexte d’afflux massif de victimes.

Levansucrases (EC 2.4.1.10, LS) are of high interest for the synthesis of novel prebiotic fructooligosaccharides. Hindered by the limited availability of LS enzymes and a propensity for performing the hydrolysis of sucrose rather than the transfructosylation reaction, a desire to find new LSs was fueled. Genome mining was employed to explore their biodiversity using 26 characterized LSs as a reference set for a sequence driven-approach leading to a collection of 32 enzymes representative of the biodiversity for which the gene was cloned and over-expressed in E. coli. These enzymes underwent an initial screening process based upon total activity, transfructosylation activity and levan forming ability which narrowed the candidates to 10 potential enzymes. These LS enzymes were found to have high levan production (33 ± 1 g levan per mg protein) and able to produce very large polymers (6986 kDa). The LS from Paraburkholderia graminishad a very high natural thermal stability with a half-life of 291 minutes at 50 °C. The full kinetic parameters of the top candidates were characterized for the enzymes with the highest potential. Enzymes with higher catalytic efficiency and activity for transfructosylation over hydrolysis were identified. The acceptor specificity of these new levansucrase enzymes was briefly explored. It showed wide specificity for each of the selected enzymes.

We have analyzed aerosol properties at the regional scale over high Arctic north of Svalbard between October 2014 and June 2015 from version 4 (V4) CALIOP (Cloud and Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) spaceborne observations and compared results with surface lidar observations from IAOOS (Ice‐Atmosphere‐Ocean Observing System) platforms. CALIOP data indicate a maximum in aerosol occurrence at the end of winter attributed to low‐level (0–2 km) and midtropospheric (2–5 km) particles identified in CALIOP V4 product as being mostly of dust origin. Another maximum was observed in October–December attributed to clean marine particles below 2 km and smoke and dust above. The 532 nm aerosol extinction was in the range 1–8 Mm−1(0–2 km), 1–18 Mm−1(2–5 km), and 0–6 Mm−1(5–10 km), a factor 2 lower compared to values previously reported using CALIOP V3 data set. Aerosols are identified from trajectory analyses to originate mostly from Russia/Europe at all altitudes, and also North America above 2 km, and it is concluded that dust and clean marine types are most probably overrepresented in the analyzed CALIOP data set. It is proposed that most part of dust types are diamond dust, while part of clean marine are polluted species, as corroborated from colocated polarized lidar IAOOS observations. IAOOS observations allowed confirming the identified sensitivity of CALIOP with a particle backscatter coefficient of ~0.001 km−1sr−1at 532 nm. For optically thicker layers CALIOP is shown to be a valuable tool to follow transport of aerosol layers in the Arctic and identify their possible modifications. Combining CALIOP satellite and IAOOS local‐scale lidar observations allows to better characterize properties and transport of Arctic aerosolDust‐type aerosols are overrepresented in CALIOP Arctic data set, and a large part of it is most probably corresponding to diamond dustThe V4 CALIOP 532 nm aerosol extinction is a factor 2 lower than averages reported by Di Pierro et al. ([Di Pierro, M., 2013]) using V3 data set

Ce travail est dédié à l'implémentation dans le code de calcul Abaqus d'une modélisation prédictive du couplage comportement endommagement en thermoélastoplasticité. L'objectif est la mise au point d'un “ outil ” pratique destiné à l'ingénieur pour la prévision de l'amorçage et de l'évolution de zones endommagées en présence d'effets thermiques au cours de la simulation numérique des procédés de formage des métaux. Les détails du modèle d'endommagement et de ses effets sur le comportement thermoélastoplastique sont présentés. Les aspects numériques associés au problème d'évolution couplé sont ensuite traités en détail dans le cadre des méthodes numériques utilisées dans le code en question. Quelques exemples 2D de procédés simples sont traités afin de prédire numériquement l'apparition d'un endommagement ductile dans la pièce au cours de son procédé de formage et ainsi observé son effet sur la température. Ces exemples attestent de la validité de la méthodologie proposée pour l'optimisation virtuelle des procédés de mise en forme dans le but d'éviter l'apparition de l'endommagement ou au contraire de le favoriser.

The biocatalytic reductive amination of ketone to chiral amine is one of the most challenging reactions. Using a genome-mining approach, we found proteins catalyzing the reductive amination of ketones without a carboxylic function in the α or β position. The synthesis of (4S)-4-aminopentanoic acid (ee ≥99.5%) was achieved with the thermoactive amine dehydrogenase (AmDH) AmDH4 from Petrotoga mobilisin 88% yield. The high stability and substrate tolerance make AmDH4 a very good starting point for further discovery of reductive amination biocatalysts with an enlarged substrate range. This is the first report of wild-type enzymes with related genes having proper NAD(P)H–AmDH activity.

Biobased oligo(butylene succinate)-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were prepared following a two-step polymerization process: condensation of succinic acid and butanediol and the chain extension of resulting hydroxyl-terminated butylene succinate oligomers (OBS) in the presence of butanediol as chain extender and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as coupling agent. Mechanical and thermal properties of the elaborated TPUs were evaluated in terms of hard segment and compared with those of commercial polybutylene succinate (PBS), Bionolle 1001. Whatever the compositions, the ultimate tensile properties of OBS-based TPUs and Bionolle 1001 were found to exhibit similar values ( ≈400%, σ ≈40 MPa), which can be explained by their close molecular weight (60000 g.mol-1 equiv. PS). Interestingly, a higher content of hard segments within OBS-based TPUs leads to materials exhibiting higher rigidity, smaller degree of crystallization, lower melting temperature and weaker stability of the materials with temperature. Such a trend was attributed to the presence of urethane functions and their ability to set up strong H-bonding interchain interactions.

The castle of « La Royère » in Néchin (Belgium) was recently the subject of a building archaeology study completed by some archaeological surveys. This research renews the historical knowledge of the site. First designed as a manor house (the late twelfth century), « La Royère » was then transformed to serve as a strategic place by the French King Philip IV’s administration at the early fourteenth century.

Isolates of Verticillium dahliaewere collected from affected trees (Acerspp., Tiliaspp. and Robiniaspp.) and soils in Belgian ornamental nurseries. Nitrate non-utilizing mutants were produced and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were classified based on complementation tests with reference tester strains. Of the 30 isolates analysed, 12 were classified as VCG2B and 18 as VCG4B following the American classification. In order to distinguish VCG2B from VCG4B, specific polymerase chain reaction primers were designed based on the sequence of a VCG2B-associated Direct Amplification of Minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD) band generated with the core sequence of the phage M13 minisatellite DNA. Using this test, amplification products were generated for all the VCG2B isolates characterized in this study. In contrast, no signal was seen on ethidium–bromide agarose gel for VCG4B isolates. Pathogenicity tests were carried out in a glasshouse on maple-rooted cuttings inoculated with conidial suspensions of V. dahliaebelonging to both groups (VCG2B/VCG4B). Some strains proved to be highly aggressive, while others did not. However, these different behaviours were not correlated with the VCGs.

Sequence, gene mapping, and expression data corresponding to 910 genes transcribed in human skeletal muscle have been integrated to form the muscle module of the Genexpress IMAGE Knowledge Base. Based on cDNA array hybridization, a set of 14 transcripts preferentially or specifically expressed in muscle have been selected and characterized in more detail: Their pattern of expression was confirmed by Northern blot analysis; their structure was further characterized by full-insert cDNA sequencing and cDNA extension; the map location of the corresponding genes was refined by radiation hybrid mapping. Five of the 14 selected genes appear as interesting positional and functional candidate genes to study in relation with muscle physiology and/or specific orphan muscular pathologies. One example is discussed in more detail. The expression profiling data and the associated Genexpress Index2 entries for the 910 genes and the detailed characterization of the 14 selected transcripts are available from a dedicated Web server at. The database has been organized to provide the users with a working space where they can find curated, annotated, integrated data for their genes of interest. Different navigation routes to exploit the resource are discussed.

The process-product literature has focused on quantitative measures of teacher behavior that correlate to student achievement of basic skills. In this article, we review the general findings from the process-product literature on effective teaching. We also suggest a conceptual framework for extending our understanding of effective teaching based on recent studies focusing on the qualitative dimensions of teacher behavior associated with the development of higher-order thinking and problem-solving abilities. These dimensions involve teachers' abilities to model cognitive strategies in meaningful and purposive activities, promote classroom dialogues about strategies and processes, responsively adjust instruction on a moment-to-moment basis given their students' changing states of knowledge and abilities, and establish classroom communities in which students collaboratively and cooperatively participate in inquiry-related activities.

This article reports on the ways in which one teacher led her special education students' cognitive development in their “zones of proximal development,” with a specific focus on her interactions with one preconventional writer. Our examination showed that she advanced the student's performance by involving him in literacy activities in advance of competence, using meaningful text representations to scaffold performance, modeling and apprenticing him in the social dialogue, and assisting his performance through social interactions with peers.

In this article we present an integrated literacy curriculum for special education students that was designed to promote classroom discourse for negotiating and constructing meanings in reading and writing. Project principles and activities are discussed, with a focus both on how teachers lead their students' literacy development and on how such instruction affects their special education students' literacy knowledge and performance.

Research was conducted on the efficacy of an integrated reading-writing program for primary-grade students with mild disabilities. The literacy program was designed to incorporate five principles of teaching and learning: the involvement of students in contextualized literacy activities, the development of learning-to-learn strategies, the construction of classroom dialogues about literacy, the enactment of responsive instruction designed to support learners in their zones of proximal development, and the creation of literacy communities. Furthermore, the study involved three different groups of learners: students of control teachers, students of first-year teachers, and students of second-year teachers. The results clearly indicated the effects of the integrated literacy program on students' reading and writing performance, especially the students of the most experienced teachers. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.

This study was an examination of the nature of change in teachers' beliefs and practices over the course of their participation in a three-year collaborative project. The results suggest that teacher change is a long-term process, evolving from an early focus on enacting activities, to an increasingly broader emphasis on the principled uses of the activities, and finally, to an emphasis on changing the broader contexts of the school.

Expression profiles of 5058 human gene transcripts represented by an array of 7451 clones from the first IMAGE Consortium cDNA library from infant brain have been collected by semiquantitative hybridization of the array with complex probes derived by reverse transcription of mRNA from brain and five other human tissues. Twenty-one percent of the clones corresponded to transcripts that could be classified in general categories of low, moderate, or high abundance. These expression profiles were integrated with cDNA clone and sequence clustering and gene mapping information from an upgraded version of the Genexpress Index. For seven gene transcripts found to be transcribed preferentially or specifically in brain, the expression profiles were confirmed by Northern blot analyses of mRNA from eight adult and four fetal tissues, and 15 distinct regions of brain. In four instances, further documentation of the sites of expression was obtained by in situ hybridization of rat-brain tissue sections. A systematic effort was undertaken to further integrate available cytogenetic, genetic, physical, and genic map informations through radiation-hybrid mapping to provide a unique validated map location for each of these genes in relation to the disease map. The resulting Genexpress IMAGE Knowledge Base is illustrated by five examples presented in the printed article with additional data available on a dedicated Web site at the address http://idefix.upr420.vjf.cnrs.fr/EXPR++ +/ welcome.html.

Reanalysis datasets from atmospheric models and satellite products are often used for Arctic surface shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative budget analyses, but they suffer from limitations and require validation against local‐scale observations. These are rare in the high Arctic, especially for longer periods that include seasonal transitions. In this study, radiation and meteorological observations acquired during the Norwegian Young Sea Ice Cruise (N‐ICE2015) campaign over sea ice north of Svalbard (80–83°N, 5–25°E) from January–June 2015, cloud lidar observations from the Ice‐Atmosphere‐Ocean Observing System and the Cloud and Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization are compared to daily and monthly satellite retrievals from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and ERA‐Interim and ERA5 reanalysis. Results indicate that surface temperature is a significant driver for winter LW radiation biases in both satellite and reanalysis data, along with cloud optical depth in CERES. In May, the SW and LW downwelling irradiances are close to observations and cloud properties are well captured (except for ERA‐Interim), while SW upward irradiances are biased low due to surface albedo biases in all datasets. Net SW and LW radiation biases are comparable (∼20–30 Wm−2) but opposite in sign for ERA‐Interim and CERES in May, which allows for error compensation. Biases reduce to ±10 Wm−2in ERA5. In June downward LW remains biased low (8–10 Wm−2) in all datasets suggesting unsettled cloud representation issues. Surface albedo always differs by more than 0.1 between datasets, leading to significant SW and total flux differences. Surface albedo, temperature, and cloud properties contribute to bias Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and ERA‐Interim surface irradiances, while ERA5 performs betterIn spring ERA‐Interim and CERES SW and LW biases compensate allowing estimates of total surface radiation to agree with surface observationsDifferences up to 0.1 in gridded surface albedo remain between the datasets and affect shortwave and total surface radiation budgets Surface albedo, temperature, and cloud properties contribute to bias Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and ERA‐Interim surface irradiances, while ERA5 performs better In spring ERA‐Interim and CERES SW and LW biases compensate allowing estimates of total surface radiation to agree with surface observations Differences up to 0.1 in gridded surface albedo remain between the datasets and affect shortwave and total surface radiation budgets