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Previous research has revealed that newcomer women are disproportionately affected by gender-biased barriers in open source software (OSS) projects. However, this research has focused mainly on social/cultural factors, neglecting the software tools and infrastructure. To shed light on how OSS tools and infrastructure might factor into OSS barriers to entry, we conducted two studies: (1) a field study with five teams of software professionals, who worked through five use cases to analyze the tools and infrastructure used in their OSS projects; and (2) a diary study with 22 newcomers (9 women and 13 men) to investigate whether the barriers matched the ones identified by the software professionals. The field study produced a bleak result: software professionals found gender biases in 73% of all the newcomer barriers they identified. Further, the diary study confirmed these results: Women newcomers encountered gender biases in 63% of barriers they faced. Fortunately, many the kinds of barriers and biases revealed in these studies could potentially be ameliorated through changes to the OSS software environments and tool.

Version Control Systems (VCS) are an important source of information for developers. This calls for a principled understanding of developers’ information seeking in VCS—both for improving existing tools and for understanding requirements for new tools. Our prior work investigated empirically how and why developers seek information in VCS: in this paper, we complement and enrich our prior findings by reanalyzing the data via a theory's lens. Using the lens of Information Foraging Theory (IFT), we present new insights not revealed by the prior empirical work. First, while looking for specific information, participants' foraging behaviors were consistent with other foraging situations in SE; therefore, prior research on IFT-based SE tool design can be leveraged for VCS. Second, in change awareness foraging, participants consumed similar diets, but in subtly different ways than in other situations; this calls for further investigations into change awareness foraging. Third, while committing changes, participants attempted to enable future foragers, but the competing needs of different foraging situations led to tensions that participants failed to balance: this opens up a new avenue for research at the intersection of IFT and SE, namely, creating forageable information. Finally, the results of using an IFT lens on these data provides some evidence as to IFT's scoping and utility for the version control domain.

Background: Vascular comorbidities (VCs) including hypertension (HTN) are associated with worse multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes. HTN is common in Latinx, but the prevalence and relationship with disability are unknown in Latinx with MS. Methods: Latinx ( n = 451) from the Alliance for Research in Hispanic MS (ARHMS) seen between 2007 and 2019 were included. HTN, diabetes (DM), hyperlipidemia (HLD), ischemic events, and smoking were considered VC. Blood pressures (BPs) were classified using the American Heart Association (AHA) criteria. Logistic regression determined associations between VC and ambulatory disability accounting for age, sex, and disease duration. Results: Medical comorbidities were found in 41.9% and VC in 24.2%. Smoking (13.6%) and HTN (7.3%) were the most common. HTN was the most common over the age of 40 (12.6%). The odds of having severe disability were three times higher for those with HTN (odds ratio [OR], 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.37–7.12). Stage II HTN according to AHA also tripled the odds (OR, 2.89; 95%CI, 1.11–7.55). AHA BP confirmed HTN in 27.5% (compared to 7.3% with established diagnosis). Conclusion: HTN diagnosis and stage II HTN defined by AHA were independently associated with severe ambulatory disability in Latinx with MS. HTN was underdiagnosed. Future studies should assess whether HTN treatment control would prevent disability in MS.

Assessing and understanding intelligent agents is a difficult task for users who lack an AI background. “Explainable AI” (XAI) aims to address this problem, but what should be in an explanation? One route toward answering this question is to turn to theories of how humans try to obtain information they seek. Information Foraging Theory (IFT) is one such theory. In this article, we present a series of studies 1 using IFT: the first investigates how expert explainers supply explanations in the RTS domain, the second investigates what explanations domain experts demand from agents in the RTS domain, and the last focuses on how both populations try to explain a state-of-the-art AI. Our results show that RTS environments like StarCraft offer so many options that change so rapidly, foraging tends to be very costly. Ways foragers attempted to manage such costs included “satisficing” approaches to reduce their cognitive load, such as focusing more on What information than on Why information, strategic use of language to communicate a lot of nuanced information in a few words, and optimizing their environment when possible to make their most valuable information patches readily available. Further, when a real AI entered the picture, even very experienced domain experts had difficulty understanding and judging some of the AI’s unconventional behaviors. Finally, our results reveal ways Information Foraging Theory can inform future XAI interactive explanation environments, and also how XAI can inform IFT.

Background: Cervicovaginal inflammation has been linked to negative reproductive health outcomes including acquisition of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections, and cervical carcinogenesis. While changes to the vaginal microbiome have been linked to genital inflammation, the molecular relationships between the functional components of the microbiome with cervical immunology in the reproductive tract are understudied, limiting our understanding of mucosal biology that may be important for reproductive health.Results: In this study we used a multi’-omics approach to profile cervicovaginal samples collected from 43 Canadian women to characterize host, immune, functional microbiome and metabolome features of cervicovaginal inflammation. We demonstrate that inflammation is associated with lower amounts of L. crispatus and increased levels of cervical antigen presenting cells (APCs). Proteomic analysis showed an upregulation of pathways related to neutrophil degranulation, complement, and leukocyte migration, with decreased levels of cornified envelope and cell-cell adherens junctions. Functional microbiome analysis showed reductions to carbohydrate metabolism and lactic acid, with increases of xanthine and other metabolites. Bayesian network analysis linked L. crispatus with glycolytic and nucleotide metabolism, succinate and xanthine, and epithelial proteins SCEL and IVL as major molecular features associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased APCs.Conclusions: This study identified key molecular and immunological relationships with cervicovaginal inflammation, including increased APCs, bacterial metabolism, and proteome alterations that underlie inflammation. As APCs are involved in HIV transmission, parturition, and cervical cancer progression, further studies are needed to explore the interactions between these cells, bacterial metabolism, mucosal immunity, and their relationship to reproductive health.

How should reinforcement learning (RL) agents explain themselves to humans not trained in AI? To gain insights into this question, we conducted a 124-participant, four-treatment experiment to compare participants’ mental models of an RL agent in the context of a simple Real-Time Strategy (RTS) game. The four treatments isolated two types of explanations vs. neither vs. both together. The two types of explanations were as follows: (1) saliency maps (an “Input Intelligibility Type” that explains the AI’s focus of attention) and (2) reward-decomposition bars (an “Output Intelligibility Type” that explains the AI’s predictions of future types of rewards). Our results show that a combined explanation that included saliency and reward bars was needed to achieve a statistically significant difference in participants’ mental model scores over the no-explanation treatment. However, this combined explanation was far from a panacea: It exacted disproportionately high cognitive loads from the participants who received the combined explanation. Further, in some situations, participants who saw both explanations predicted the agent’s next action worse than all other treatments’ participants.

Background Colorectal injury from an intrauterine device (IUD) is rare but may lead to major complications. Case A 55-year-old woman presented to a tertiary care hospital with 4 days of generalized weakness, confusion, dysuria, and lower back pain. She provided a vague history of an unsuccessful attempt to remove an IUD 30 years prior. A computed tomography scan demonstrated an IUD in the rectal lumen, with gluteal and pelvic gas and fluid collections. Emergency surgery found necrotizing fasciitis. Despite multiple debridements, sigmoidoscopic IUD removal, and long-term intravenous antibiotics, the patient died from sepsis and multiorgan failure. Conclusion IUDs require proper monitoring and timely removal to prevent potential complications associated with organ perforation.

“In what circumstances would you want this AI to make decisions on your behalf?” We have been investigating how to enable a user of an Artificial Intelligence‐powered system to answer questions like this through a series of empirical studies, a group of which we summarize here. We began the series by (a) comparing four explanation configurations of saliency explanations and/or reward explanations. From this study we learned that, although some configurations had significant strengths, no one configuration was a clear “winner.” This result led us to hypothesize that one reason for the low success rates Explainable AI (XAI) research has in enabling users to create a coherent mental model is that the AI itself does not have a coherent model. This hypothesis led us to (b) build a model‐based agent, to compare explaining it with explaining a model‐free agent. Our results were encouraging, but we then realized that participants' cognitive energy was being sapped by having to create not only a mental model, but also a process by which to create that mental model. This realization led us to (c) create such a process (which we term After‐Action Review for AI or “AAR/AI”) for them, integrate it into the explanation environment, and compare participants' success with AAR/AI scaffolding vs without it. Our AAR/AI studies' results showed that AAR/AI participants were more effective assessing the AI than non‐AAR/AI participants, with significantly better precision and significantly better recall at finding the AI's reasoning flaws.

Motivation: Although CS Education researchers and practitioners have found ways to improve CS classroom inclusivity, few researchers have considered inclusivity of online CS education. We are interested in two such improvements in online CS education—besides being inclusive to each other, online CS students also need to be able to create inclusive technology. Objectives: We have begun developing a new approach that we term “embedded inclusive design” to address both of these goals. The essence of the approach is to integrate elements of inclusive design education into mainstream CS coursework. This paper presents three curricular interventions we have developed in this approach and empirically investigates their efficacy in online CS post-baccalaureate education. Our research questions were: How do these three curricular interventions affect (RQ1) the climate among online CS students and (RQ2) how online CS students honor the diversity of their users in the tech they create? Method: To answer these research questions, we implemented the curricular interventions in four asynchronous online CS classes across two CS courses within Oregon State University’s Ecampus and conducted an action research study to investigate the impacts. Results: Online CS students who experienced these interventions reported feeling more included in the major than they had before, reported positive impacts on their team dynamics, increased their interest in accommodating diverse users, and created more inclusive technology designs than they had before. Discussion: These results provide encouraging evidence that embedding elements of inclusive design into mainstream CS coursework, via the interventions presented here, can increase both online CS students’ inclusivity toward one another and the inclusivity of the technology these future CS practitioners create.

Imbuing furniture with robot properties reduces the physical labor and time needed for arranging spaces, such as homes, classrooms, and offices. Outsourcing labor tasks to robot furniture requires users’ involvement with functional user interfaces. We performed a user study on multi-robot furniture and added additional features based on the study results. The study involved 12 participants rearranging multiple non-robotic and robotic chairs (ChairBots). Results from the video and interview analysis revealed five high-level features missing in the original ChairBot: dual screen-based user interface, the ability to save and to set arrangements, the ability to move in multi-robot formations, the ability to snap to angles/gridlines, and higher movement precision. The improved system allows users to control multiple furniture robots, both locally and remotely. Such improvement sets the baseline functionalities of robot furniture arrangement systems while extending the potential utilization of established robotic chairs.

Web-active end-user programmers squander much of their time foraging for bugs and related information in mashup programming environments as well as on the web. To analyze this foraging behavior while debugging, we utilize an Information Foraging Theory perspective. Information Foraging Theory models the human (predator) behavior to forage for specific information (prey) in the webpages or programming IDEs (patches) by following the information features (cues) in the environment. We qualitatively studied the debugging behavior of 16 web-active end users. Our results show that end-user programmers spend substantial amounts (73%) of their time just foraging. Further, our study reveals new cue types and foraging strategies framed in terms of Information Foraging Theory, and it uncovers which of these helped end-user programmers succeed in their debugging efforts.

How should empirical researchers conduct controlled, remote “lab” studies in the uncontrolled, noisy conditions of each participant's own home? Volatility in participant home environments, hardware, internet connection, and surrounding distractions takes the “controlled” out of controlled studies. This paper recounts our in-the-trenches mitigations for designing and conducting two complex controlled studies under COVID, in which participants, from home, interactively localized faults in an AI system. The studies with our COVID-era mitigations in 5 categories—Privacy/Security, Data Collection, Control, Technology Issues, Payment-ultimately produced crisp results beyond what we thought possible under such uncontrolled circumstances.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and End-User Development (EUD) look at automation from two different perspectives. The former tends to provide fully automatic solutions, the latter aims to empower users to directly create what they want. We need both, but it is still unclear how to combine them to obtain effective every-day automations that meet the flexible and dynamic user needs. The panel aims to stimulate the Human-Computer Interaction community to think more carefully about such aspects and the possible approaches to address them.

Although the need for gender-inclusivity in software is gaining attention among SE researchers and SE practitioners, and at least one method (GenderMag) has been published to help, little has been reported on how to make such methods work in real-world settings. Real-world teams are ever-mindful of the practicalities of adding new methods on top of their existing processes. For example, how can they keep the time costs viable? How can they maximize impacts of using it? What about controversies that can arise in talking about gender? To find out how software teams "in the trenches" handle these and similar questions, we collected the GenderMag-based processes of 10 real-world software teams---more than 50 people---for periods ranging from 5 months to 3.5 years. We present these teams' insights and experiences in the form of 9 practices, 2 potential pitfalls, and 2 open issues, so as to provide their insights to other real-world software teams trying to engineer gender-inclusivity into their software products.

Explainable AI (XAI) is growing in importance as AI pervades modern society, but few have studied how XAI can directly support people trying to assess an AI agent. Without a rigorous process, people may approach assessment in ad hoc ways---leading to the possibility of wide variations in assessment of the same agent due only to variations in their processes. AAR, or After-Action Review, is a method some military organizations use to assess human agents, and it has been validated in many domains. Drawing upon this strategy, we derived an AAR for AI, to organize ways people assess reinforcement learning (RL) agents in a sequential decision-making environment. The results of our qualitative study revealed several strengths and weaknesses of the AAR/AI process and the explanations embedded within it.

Explainable AI (XAI) has started experiencing explosive growth, echoing the explosive growth that has preceded it of AI becoming used for practical purposes that impact the general public. This spread of AI into the world outside of research labs brings with it pressures and requirements that many of us have perhaps not thought about deeply enough. In this keynote address, I will explain why I think we have a very long way to go. One way to characterize our current state is that we're doing "fairly well", doing some explaining of some things. In a sense, this is reasonable: the XAI field is young, and still finding its way. However, moving forward demands progress in (at least) three areas. (1) How we go about XAI research: Explainable AI cannot succeed if the only research foundations brought to bear on it are AI foundations. Likewise, it cannot succeed if the only foundations used are from psychology, education, etc. Thus, a challenge for our emerging field is how to conduct XAI research in a truly effective multi-disciplinary fashion, that is based on an integration of foundations behind what we can make AI algorithms do, with solid, well-founded principles of explaining the complex ideas behind the algorithms to real people. Fortunately, a few researchers have started to build such foundations. (2) What we can succeed at explaining: So far, we as a field are doing a certain amount of cherry picking as to what we explain. We tend to choose what to explain by what we can figure out how to explain---but we are leaving too much out. One urgent case in point is the societal and legal need to explain fairness properties of AI systems. The above challenges are important, but the field is already becoming aware of them. Thus, this keynote will focus mostly on the third challenge, namely: (3) Who we can explain to. Who are the people we've even tried to explain AI to, so far? What are the societal implications of who we explain to well and who we do not? Our field has not even begun to consider this question. In this keynote I'll discuss why we have to explain to populations to whom we've given little thought---diverse people in many dimensions, including gender diversity, cognitive diversity, and age diversity. Addressing all of these challenges is necessary before we can claim to explain AI fairly and well.

Previous research has investigated gender and its implications for HCI. We consider inclusive design of technology whatever the gender of its users of particular importance. This conceptual review provides an overview of the motivations that have driven research in gender and inclusive HCI design. We review the empirical evidence for the impact of gender in thinking and behavior which underlies HCI research and design. We then present how HCI design might inadvertently embed and perpetuate gender stereotypes. We then present current HCI design approaches to tackle gender stereotypes and to produce gender-inclusive designs. We conclude by discussing possible future directions in this area.

Objectives To decrease the likelihood that the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) be continued in the future and to improve the care of girls and women who have been subjected to FGC or who are at risk by providing (1) information intended to strengthen knowledge and understanding of the practice, (2) information regarding the legal issues related to the practice, (3) guidance for the management of its obstetrical and gynaecological complications, and (4) guidance on the provision of culturally competent care to girls and women affected by FGC. Options Strategies for the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of FGC and its complications. Outcomes The short- and long-term consequences of FGC. Intended Users Health care providers delivering obstetrical and gynaecological care. Target Population Women from countries where FGC is commonly practised and Canadian girls and women from groups who may practise FGC for cultural or religious reasons. Evidence Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library in September 2010 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., Circumcision, Female) and key words (e.g., female genital mutilation, clitoridectomy, infibulation). Searches were updated and incorporated in the guideline revision December 2018. Validation Methods The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Benefits, Harms, and Costs There are no anticipated harms or costs to health care facilities with implementation of this guideline. Benefits may include a greater willingness of women living with FGC to seek timely care. SUMMARY STATEMENTS 1Female genital cutting is internationally recognized as a harmful practice and a violation of girls' and women's rights to life, physical integrity, and health (II-3). 2The immediate and long-term health risks and complications of female genital cutting can be serious and life-threatening (II-3). 3Female genital cutting continues to be practised in many countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and Sudan (II-3). 4Global migration patterns have brought female genital cutting to Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America, including Canada (II-3). 5Performing or assisting in female genital cutting is a criminal offense in Canada (III). 6Reporting to appropriate child welfare protection services is mandatory when a child has recently been subjected to female genital cutting or is at risk of being subjected to the procedure (III). 7There is concern that female genital cutting continues to be perpetuated in receiving countries, mainly through the act of re-infibulation (III). 8There is a perception that the care of women with female genital cutting is not optimal in receiving countries (III). 9Female genital cutting is not considered an indication for cesarean section (III). RECOMMENDATIONS 1Health care providers must be careful not to stigmatize women who have undergone female genital cutting (III-A). 2Requests for re-infibulation should be declined (III-B). 3Health care providers should strengthen their understanding and knowledge of female genital cutting and develop greater skills for the management of its complications and the provision of culturally competent care to girls and women who have undergone genital cutting (III-A). 4Health care providers should use their knowledge and influence to educate and counsel families against having female genital cutting performed on their daughters and other family members (III-A). 5Health care providers should advocate for the availability of and access to appropriate support and counselling services (III-A). 6Health care providers should lend their voices to community-based initiatives seeking to promote the elimination of female genital cutting (III-A). 7Health care providers should use interactions with patients as opportunities to educate women and their families about female genital cutting and other aspects of women's health and reproductive rights (III-A). 8Research into female genital cutting should be undertaken to explore women's perceptions and experiences of accessing sexual and reproductive health care in Canada (III-A). The perspectives, knowledge, and clinical practice of health care providers with respect to female genital cutting should also be studied (III-A). 9Information and guidance on female genital cutting should be integrated into the curricula for nursing students, medical students, residents, midwifery students, and students of other health care professions (III-A). 10Key practices in providing optimal care to women with female genital cutting include: adetermining how the woman refers to the practice of female genital cutting and using this terminology throughout care (III-C). bdetermining the female genital cutting status of the woman and clearly documenting this information in her medical record (III-C). censuring the availability of a well-trained, trusted, and neutral interpreter who can ensure confidentiality and who will not exert undue influence on the patient-physician interaction when providing care to a woman who faces language challenges (III-C). densuring the proper documentation of the woman's medical history in her record to minimize the need for repeated medical histories and/or examinations and to facilitate the sharing of information (III-C). eproviding the woman with appropriate and well-timed information, including information about her reproductive system and her sexual and reproductive health (III-C). fensuring the woman's privacy and confidentiality by limiting attendants in the room to those who are part of the health care team (III-C). gproviding woman-centred care focused on ensuring that the woman's views and wishes are solicited and respected, including a discussion of why some requests cannot be granted for legal or ethical reasons (III-C). hhelping the woman to understand and navigate the health system, including access to preventive care practices (III-C) iusing prenatal visits to prepare the woman and her family for delivery (III-C). jwhen referring, ensuring that the services and/or practitioners who receive the referral can provide culturally competent and sensitive care, paying special attention to concerns related to confidentiality and privacy (III-C).

Objective To establish national guidelines for the assessment of women's sexual health concerns and the provision of sexual health care for women. Evidence Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from May to October 2010, using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., sexuality, "sexual dysfunction," "physiological," dyspareunia) and key words (e.g., sexual dysfunction, sex therapy, anorgasmia). Results were restricted, where possible, to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to December 2010. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. Each article was screened for relevance and the full text acquired if determined to be relevant. The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the members of the Expert Workgroup established by The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Values The quality of evidence was evaluated and recommendations made using the use of criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table).

Summary Background No treatment has consistently shown efficacy in slowing disability progression in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). We assessed the effect of siponimod, a selective sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1,5 modulator, on disability progression in patients with SPMS. Methods This event-driven and exposure-driven, double-blind, phase 3 trial was done at 292 hospital clinics and specialised multiple sclerosis centres in 31 countries. Using interactive response technology to assign numbers linked to treatment arms, patients (age 18–60 years) with SPMS and an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 3·0–6·5 were randomly assigned (2:1) to once daily oral siponimod 2 mg or placebo for up to 3 years or until the occurrence of a prespecified number of confirmed disability progression (CDP) events. The primary endpoint was time to 3-month CDP. Efficacy was assessed for the full analysis set (ie, all randomly assigned and treated patients); safety was assessed for the safety set. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01665144. Findings 1651 patients were randomly assigned between Feb 5, 2013, and June 2, 2015 (1105 to the siponimod group, and 546 to the placebo group). One patient did not sign the consent form, and five patients did not receive study drug, all of whom were in the siponimod group. 1645 patients were included in the analyses (1099 in the siponimod group and 546 in the placebo). At baseline, the mean time since first multiple sclerosis symptoms was 16·8 years (SD 8·3), and the mean time since conversion to SPMS was 3·8 years (SD 3·5); 1055 (64%) patients had not relapsed in the previous 2 years, and 918 (56%) of 1651 needed walking assistance. 903 (82%) patients receiving siponimod and 424 (78%) patients receiving placebo completed the study. 288 (26%) of 1096 patients receiving siponimod and 173 (32%) of 545 patients receiving placebo had 3-month CDP (hazard ratio 0·79, 95% CI 0·65–0·95; relative risk reduction 21%; p=0·013). Adverse events occurred in 975 (89%) of 1099 patients receiving siponimod versus 445 (82%) of 546 patients receiving placebo; serious adverse events were reported for 197 (18%) patients in the siponimod group versus 83 (15%) patients in the placebo group. Lymphopenia, increased liver transaminase concentration, bradycardia and bradyarrhythmia at treatment initiation, macular oedema, hypertension, varicella zoster reactivation, and convulsions occurred more frequently with siponimod than with placebo. Initial dose titration mitigated cardiac first-dose effects. Frequencies of infections, malignancies, and fatalities did not differ between groups. Interpretation Siponimod reduced the risk of disability progression with a safety profile similar to that of other S1P modulators and is likely to be a useful treatment for SPMS. Funding Novartis Pharma AG.

Patient falls and fall-related injury remain a safety concern. The Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT) was developed to facilitate early detection of risk for anticipated physiologic falls in adult inpatients. Psychometric properties in acute care settings have not yet been fully established; this study sought to fill that gap. Results indicate that the JHFRAT is reliable, with high sensitivity and negative predictive validity. Specificity and positive predictive validity were lower than expected.

To establish national guidelines for the assessment of women's sexual health concerns and the provision of sexual health care for women.Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from May to October 2010, using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e .g., sexuality, "sexual dysfunction," "physiological," dyspareunia) and key words (e .g ., sexual dysfunction, sex therapy, anorgasmia). Results were restricted, where possible, to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to December 2010. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. Each article was screened for relevance and the full text acquired if determined to be relevant. The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the members of the Expert Workgroup established by The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.The quality of evidence was evaluated and recommendations made using the use of criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table).

Resume Objectif Analyser l'evaluation et le traitement de la dysmenorrhee primaire. Utilisateurs cibles Fournisseurs de soins de sante. Population cible Les femmes et les adolescentes aux prises avec des douleurs menstruelles de cause inconnue. Donnees Essais cliniques publies, etudes sur la population et articles de synthese cites dans PubMed et dans la base de donnees Cochrane entre janvier 2005 et mars 2016. Methodes de validation Les auteurs ont defini sept questions cliniques, qui ont ete evaluees par le comite de pratique clinique – gynecologie de la SOGC. La litterature publiee a ete etudiee. La directive clinique n o 169 a ete revue et retravaillee pour integrer les donnees probantes actuelles. Les recommandations portant sur les sept questions cliniques ont ete formulees et evaluees au moyen des criteres decrits par le Groupe d'etude canadien sur les soins de sante preventifs. Avantages, desavantages et couts La dysmenorrhee primaire est un trouble frequent, souvent insuffisamment traite. Des traitements efficaces sont largement accessibles et peu couteux. Le traitement offre la possibilite d'ameliorer la qualite de vie des patientes et de reduire la perte de temps de travail ou d'etudes. Mise a jour de directives cliniques La presente directive clinique est une revision et une mise a jour de la directive n o 169, publiee en decembre 2005. Commanditaire SOGC. Declarations sommaires 1.La dysmenorrhee a une prevalence elevee et est souvent insuffisamment traitee (III). 2.Les anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens sont plus efficaces que les placebos, mais ils entrainent plus d'effets secondaires gastro-intestinaux. Les anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens actuellement en vente ont sensiblement tous le meme profil d'innocuite et d'efficacite (I). 3.L'inhibition de l'ovulation est associee a une diminution de la douleur menstruelle (II-1). 4.L'amenorrhee, peu importe la facon dont elle est induite, est benefique dans le traitement de la dysmenorrhee (II-2). 5.L'hysterectomie est un traitement efficace (II-2). 6.Des donnees probantes appuient la neurectomie par laparoscopie dans certains cas (II-1). 7.L'ablation de l'endometre peut attenuer les symptomes de dysmenorrhee associes a la presence de menorragie (I). Recommandations 1.Les dysmenorrhees primaire et secondaire peuvent toutes deux repondre au meme traitement medical. Il n'est donc pas neces-saire d'etablir un diagnostic precis avant d'entreprendre un traitement (II-1A). 2.Les fournisseurs de soins de sante devraient poser des questions precises sur la douleur menstruelle au moment de la prise des antecedents medicaux de leurs patientes (III-B). 3.L'examen pelvien n'est pas necessaire avant d'entreprendre un traitement (III-D). 4.L'examen pelvien est indique chez toutes les patientes qui ne repondent pas au traitement conventionnel de la dysmenorrhee et chez celles ou la presence d'une pathologie organique est soupconnee (III-B). 5.L'administration d'anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens de facon reguliere devrait etre envisagee comme traitement de premiere intention chez la plupart des femmes (I-A). 6.A moins de contre-indications, l'hormonotherapie devrait etre offerte aux femmes et aux adolescentes qui ne cherchent pas actuellement a tomber enceintes (I-A). 7.L'administration continue ou prolongee de contraceptifs hormonaux combines est recommandee (I-A). 8.La pratique reguliere d'exercices physiques peut attenuer les symptomes de dysmenorrhee; c'est pourquoi elle devrait etre recommandee (II-1A). 9.L'application locale de chaleur par des timbres ou des coussins chauffants devrait etre recommandee comme traitement complementaire de la dysmenorrhee (I-A). 10.La neurostimulation transcutanee a haute frequence devrait etre envisagee comme traitement complementaire chez les femmes qui ne tolerent pas le traitement conventionnel ou qui ne desirent pas y avoir recours (II-1B). 11.La stimulation de points d'acupuncture devrait etre envisagee chez les femmes desirant avoir recours a des traitements complementaires ou non conventionnels (II-1B). 12.La consommation de gingembre est recommandee chez les femmes desirant avoir recours a des traitements complementaires ou non conventionnels (I-A). 13.Toute evaluation preoperatoire devrait comprendre des antecedents medicaux detailles, un examen physique approfondi, une echographie et possiblement une imagerie par resonance magnetique pour determiner les causes secondaires de la dysmenorrhee et orienter l'approche de traitement (III-A). 14.La chirurgie ne devrait etre envisagee que si la combinaison des autres therapies n'a pas ete fructueuse (III-A).

Many systems are designed to help novices who want to learn programming, but few support those who are not necessarily interested in learning programming. This paper targets the subset of end-user programmers (EUPs) in this category. We present a set of principles on how to help EUPs like this learn just a little when they need to overcome a barrier. We then instantiate the principles in a prototype and empirically investigate them in three studies: a formative think-aloud study, a pair of summer camps attended by 42 teens, and a third summer camp study featuring a different environment attended by 48 teens. Finally, we present a generalized architecture to facilitate the inclusion of Idea Gardens into other systems, illustrating with examples from Idea Garden prototypes. Results have been very encouraging. For example, under our principles, Study #2s camp participants required significantly less in-person help than in a previous camp to learn the same amount of material in the same amount of time. The Idea Garden, based on 7 principles, supports several dimensions of diversity.The Idea Garden helps stuck EUPs by providing just-in-time problem-solving support.Three separate environments have hosted versions of the Idea Garden.Each version was empirically evaluated for effectiveness.The Idea Garden can be ported to other environments via a generalized architecture.

In recent years, research has revealed gender biases in numerous software products. But although some researchers have found ways to improve gender participation in specific software projects, general methods focus mainly on detecting gender biases -- not fixing them. To help fill this gap, we investigated whether the GenderMag bias detection method can lead directly to designs with fewer gender biases. In our 3-step investigation, two HCI researchers analyzed an industrial software product using GenderMag; we derived design changes to the product using the biases they found; and ran an empirical study of participants using the original product versus the new version. The results showed that using the method in this way did improve the software's inclusiveness: women succeeded more often in the new version than in the original; men's success rates improved too; and the gender gap entirely disappeared.

We present a user study to investigate the impact of explanations on non-experts' understanding of reinforcement learning (RL) agents. We investigate both a common RL visualization, saliency maps (the focus of attention), and a more recent explanation type, reward-decomposition bars (predictions of future types of rewards). We designed a 124 participant, four-treatment experiment to compare participants' mental models of an RL agent in a simple Real-Time Strategy (RTS) game. Our results show that the combination of both saliency and reward bars were needed to achieve a statistically significant improvement in mental model score over the control. In addition, our qualitative analysis of the data reveals a number of effects for further study., 7 pages

How can software practitioners assess whether their software supports diverse users? Although there are empirical processes that can be used to find "inclusivity bugs" piecemeal, what is often needed is a systematic inspection method to assess soft-ware's support for diverse populations. To help fill this gap, this paper introduces InclusiveMag, a generalization of GenderMag that can be used to generate systematic inclusiveness methods for a particular dimension of diversity. We then present a multi-case study covering eight diversity dimensions, of eight teams' experiences applying InclusiveMag to eight under-served populations and their "mainstream" counterparts.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Background Health communication tools like film are capable of reducing health disparities and could be effective in addressing negative illness perceptions of MS in Hispanics/Latinx. Objective To test the feasibility of using a culturally appropriate short narrative film to examine illness perceptions overtime and attitudes in Hispanics/Latinx affected with MS. Methods Participants were assigned to view a short narrative film (n = 130) or not (n = 106). The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) was used to examine illness perceptions at baseline, one and three months. Focus groups were conducted at 6 months. Measures of sociocultural integration were obtained. Individual group BIPQ domains were evaluated over time using paired sample t-test. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine predictors of BIPQ change. Results A more positive perception of treatment (p Conclusion Our results provide support that a short narrative film of MS in Hispanics/Latinx is a feasible intervention to change perceptions of MS to a more positive view.

Resume Objectif Renforcer le cadre national des soins offerts aux adolescentes et aux femmes affectees par l'excision genitale feminine (EGF) au Canada en fournissant aux professionnels de la sante : (1) des renseignements ayant pour but d'approfondir leur comprehension de cette pratique et leurs connaissances a ce sujet; (2) des consignes quant aux aspects legaux lies a cette pratique; (3) des directives cliniques pour la gestion des soins obstetricaux et gynecologiques, y compris la prise en charge des complications liees a l'EGF; et (4) des conseils quant a l'offre de soins competents au plan culturel aux adolescentes et aux femmes ayant subi une EGF. Resultats La litterature publiee a ete recuperee par l'intermediaire de recherches menees dans PubMed, CINAHL et The Cochrane Library en septembre 2010 au moyen d'un vocabulaire controle (p. ex. « Circumcision », « Female ») et de mots cles (p. ex. « female genital mutilation », « clitoridectomy », « infibulation ») appropries. Nous avons egalement mene des recherches dans Social Science Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Gender Studies Database et ProQuest Dissertations and Theses en 2010 et en 2011. Aucune restriction n'a ete appliquee en matiere de date ou de langue. Les recherches ont ete mises a jour de facon reguliere et integrees a la directive clinique jusqu'en decembre 2011. La litterature grise (non publiee) a ete identifiee par l'intermediaire de recherches menees dans les sites Web d'organismes s'interessant a l'evaluation des technologies dans le domaine de la sante et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, dans des registres d'essais cliniques et aupres de societes de specialite medicale nationales et internationales. Valeurs La qualite des resultats a ete evaluee au moyen des criteres decrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'etude canadien sur les soins de sante preventifs (Tableau 1). Declarations sommaires 1.L'excision genitale feminine est internationalement reconnue comme etant une pratique nuisible et une violation du droit des filles et des femmes a la vie, a l'integrite physique et a la sante. (II-3) 2.Les complications et les risques immediats et a long terme de l'excision genitale feminine pour la sante peuvent etre graves et constituer un danger de mort. (II-3) 3.La pratique de l'excision genitale feminine se poursuit dans de nombreux pays, particulierement en Afrique subsaharienne, en Egypte et au Soudan. (II-3) 4.Les tendances mondiales en matiere de migration ont mene l'excision genitale feminine jusqu'en Europe, en Australie, en Nouvelle-Zelande et en Amerique du Nord, y compris au Canada. (II-3) 5.L'execution d'une excision genitale feminine ou le fait d'y participer constitue un acte criminel au Canada. (III) 6.Le signalement aux services de protection de l'enfance appropries est obligatoire lorsque l'on constate qu'une enfant a recemment fait l'objet d'une excision genitale ou qu'elle est exposee a des risques d'en faire l'objet. (III) 7.Il existe des craintes selon lesquelles la pratique de l'excision genitale feminine pourrait etre perpetuee au sein des pays d'accueil, principalement par l'intermediaire de la reinfibulation. (III) 8.Il existe une perception selon laquelle les soins offerts aux femmes ayant subi une excision genitale ne sont pas optimaux au sein des pays d'accueil. (III) 9.L'excision genitale feminine n'est pas consideree comme une indication de cesarienne. (III) Recommandations 1.Les professionnels de la sante doivent prendre soin de ne pas stigmatiser les femmes qui ont subi une excision genitale. (III-A) 2.Les demandes de reinfibulation doivent etre refusees. (III-B) 3.Les professionnels de la sante devraient enrichir leurs connaissances au sujet de l'excision genitale feminine et approfondir leur comprehension de ce phenomene, ainsi qu'acquerir des competences superieures pour ce qui est de la prise en charge de ses complications et de l'offre de soins competents au plan culturel aux adolescentes et aux femmes ayant subi une excision genitale. (III-A) 4.Les professionnels de la sante devraient utiliser leurs connaissances et leur influence pour sensibiliser et conseiller les familles de facon a ce qu'elles abandonnent l'idee de soumettre leurs filles et d'autres membres de la famille a l'excision genitale feminine. (III-A) 5.Les professionnels de la sante devraient plaider en faveur de l'elargissement de l'acces a des services adequats de soutien et de counseling, et de la disponibilite de tels services. (III-A) 6.Les professionnels de la sante devraient se rallier aux initiatives communautaires cherchant a promouvoir l'elimination de l'excision genitale feminine. (III-A) 7.Les professionnels de la sante devraient considerer leurs interactions avec les patientes comme etant des occasions de sensibiliser les femmes et leur famille a la problematique de l'excision genitale feminine et a d'autres aspects des droits des femmes en matiere de sante et de reproduction. (III-A) 8.Des recherches devraient etre menees au sujet de l'excision genitale feminine en vue d'explorer les perceptions et les experiences des femmes en ce qui concerne l'obtention de soins de sante sexuelle et genesique au Canada. (III-A) Les points de vue, les connaissances et la pratique clinique des professionnels de la sante en ce qui a trait a l'excision genitale feminine devraient egalement faire l'objet d'etudes. (III-A). 9.Des renseignements et des directives quant a l'excision genitale feminine devraient etre integres au curriculum qui est offert aux residents et aux etudiants des domaines des sciences infirmieres, de la medecine, de la pratique sage-femme et des autres professions de la sante. (III-A) 10.Pratiques cles pour l'offre de soins optimaux aux femmes ayant subi une excision genitale feminine : a.Porter attention a la facon dont la patiente fait reference a l'excision genitale feminine, pour pouvoir ensuite utiliser la terminologie privilegiee par la patiente. (III-C) b.Identifier l'etat de la patiente en ce qui concerne l'excision genitale feminine et documenter clairement cet etat dans son dossier medical. (III-C) c.En presence de difficultes linguistiques, s'assurer de la disponibilite d'une interprete de confiance, neutre et disposant d'une formation adequate qui sera en mesure de preserver la confidentialite des propos echanges et qui n'exercera pas une influence indue sur l'interaction patiente-medecin. (III-C) d.S'assurer de bien documenter les antecedents medicaux de la patiente dans son dossier, de facon a minimiser le risque d'avoir a proceder a repetition a une anamnese et/ou a des examens, ainsi que pour faciliter le partage des renseignements. (III-C) e.Offrir a la patiente des renseignements adequats en temps opportun, y compris des renseignements sur son systeme reproducteur et sa sante sexuelle et genesique. (III-C) f.Assurer la confidentialite et le respect de la vie privee de la patiente en reservant l'acces a la salle aux seuls membres de l'equipe de soins. (III-C) g.Offrir des soins axes sur la patiente en s'assurant de s'enquerir des opinions et des souhaits de la patiente et de les respecter, y compris la tenue d'une discussion sur les raisons legales ou ethiques pour lesquelles il s'avere impossible de donner suite a certaines demandes. (III-C) h.Aider la patiente a comprendre le systeme de sante et a en negocier les rouages, y compris l'acces a des soins preventifs. (III-C) i.Profiter des consultations prenatales pour preparer la patiente et sa famille a l'accouchement. (III-C) j.Au moment d'orienter une patiente, s'assurer que les services et/ou les praticiens qui recevront la demande d'orientation sont en mesure d'offrir des soins adequats au plan culturel et sensibles aux differences culturelles, en portant une attention particuliere aux preoccupations liees a la confidentialite et au respect de la vie privee. (III-C)

Resume Objectif Concevoir des lignes directrices nationales en ce qui a trait a l'evaluation des preoccupations des femmes en matiere de sante sexuelle et a l'offre de soins de sante sexuelle aux femmes. Resultats La litterature publiee a ete recuperee par l'intermediaire de recherches menees dans PubMed, CINAHL et la Cochrane Library entre mai et octobre 2010, au moyen d'un vocabulaire controle (p. ex. « sexuality », « sexual dysfunction », « physiological », « dyspareunia ») et de mots cles appropries (p. ex. « sexual dysfunction », « sex therapy », « anorgasmia »). Les resultats ont ete restreints, dans la mesure du possible, aux analyses systematiques, aux essais comparatifs randomises / essais cliniques comparatifs et aux etudes observationnelles. Aucune restriction en matiere de langue n'a ete mise en oeuvre. Les recherches ont ete mises a jour de facon reguliere et integrees a la directive clinique jusqu'en decembre 2010. La litterature grise (non publiee) a ete identifiee par l'intermediaire de recherches menees dans les sites Web d'organismes s'interessant a l'evaluation des technologies dans le domaine de la sante et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, dans des registres d'essais cliniques et aupres de societes de specialite medicale nationales et internationales. Chacun des articles a ete analyse en vue d'en determiner la pertinence; le cas echeant, le texte integral a ete acquis. Les donnees obtenues ont ete analysees et evaluees par les membres du groupe d'experts mis sur pied par la Societe des obstetriciens et gynecologues du Canada. Valeurs La qualite des resultats a ete evaluee et les recommandations ont ete formulees au moyen des criteres decrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'etude canadien sur les soins de sante preventifs (Tableau).

Multiple sclerosis can affect pediatric patients. Our aim was to compare characteristics between pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis and adult-onset multiple sclerosis in Hispanic Americans. This was a cross-sectional analysis of 363 Hispanic American multiple scleroses cases; demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. A total of 110 Hispanic patients presented with multiple sclerosis before age 18 and 253 as adult multiple sclerosis. The most common presenting symptoms for both was optic neuritis. Polyfocal symptoms, seizures, and cognitive symptoms at presentation were more prevalent in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis ( P ≤ .001). Transverse myelitis was more frequent in adult-onset multiple sclerosis ( P ≤ .001). Using multivariable analysis, pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (adjusted odds ratio, 0.3OR 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.71, P = .004) and being US born (adjusted odds ratio, 0.553, 95% confidence interval 0.3-1.03, P = .006) were less likely to have severe ambulatory disability. Results suggest that pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis and adult-onset multiple sclerosis in Hispanics have differences that could be important for treatment and prognosis.

RESUME Objectifs La presente directive clinique vise a diminuer la probabilite que la pratique de l'excision genitale feminine (EGF) se poursuive et a ameliorer les soins prodigues aux filles et aux femmes qui ont subi une EGF ou qui risquent d'en subir une en fournissant (1) des renseignements destines a ameliorer les connaissances et la comprehension de la pratique, (2) des renseignements sur les enjeux juridiques lies a cette pratique, (3) des directives relatives au traitement des complications obstetricales et gynecologiques connexes et (4) des directives sur la competence culturelle dans la prestation de soins aux filles et femmes touchees par l'EGF. Options Des strategies de prevention primaire, secondaire et tertiaire de l'EGF et de ses complications. Resultats Les consequences a court et a long terme de l'EGF. Utilisateurs cibles Les fournisseurs de soins de sante qui fournissent des soins obstetricaux et gynecologiques. Population cible Les femmes originaires de pays ou l'EGF est couramment pratiquee ainsi que les filles et femmes canadiennes issues de groupes ou l'EGF est parfois pratiquee pour des motifs culturels ou religieux. Donnees probantes Des recherches ont ete effectuees en septembre 2010 dans le moteur PubMed et les bases de donnees CINAHL et Cochrane Library au moyen d'une terminologie controlee appropriee (p. ex. Circumcision, Female) et de mots-cles en anglais (p. ex. female genital mutilation, clitoridectomy, infibulation) afin de rassembler la litterature publiee sur le sujet. Les recherches ont ete mises a jour et integrees a la revision de la directive clinique en decembre 2018. Methodes de validation La qualite des donnees probantes contenues dans le present document a ete evaluee en fonction des criteres decrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'etude canadien sur les soins de sante preventifs. Avantages, prejudices, et couts Aucun cout ni prejudice n'est anticipe pour la mise en œuvre de cette directive clinique dans les etablissements de sante. Au nombre des avantages, la directive pourrait inciter les femmes ayant subi une EGF a solliciter rapidement des soins. DECLARATIONS SOMMAIRES 1L'excision genitale feminine est reconnue a l'echelle internationale comme une pratique prejudiciable et une violation des droits a la vie, a l'integrite physique et a la sante des filles et des femmes (II-3). 2Les complications et les risques immediats et a long terme pour la sante relativement a l'excision genitale feminine peuvent s'averer graves et potentiellement mortels (II-3). 3L'excision genitale feminine est une pratique qui a toujours cours dans de nombreux pays, en particulier en Afrique subsaharienne, en Egypte et au Soudan (II-3). 4Les tendances migratoires mondiales ont apporte l'excision genitale feminine jusqu'en Europe, en Australie, en Nouvelle-Zelande et en Amerique du Nord, y compris au Canada (II-3). 5La pratique de l'excision genitale feminine ou l'aide fournie a cette fin constituent une infraction criminelle au Canada (III). 6Lorsqu'il est constate qu'une enfant a recemment subi une excision genitale feminine ou risque d'en subir une, le signalement aux services de protection de la jeunesse appropries est obligatoire (III). 7Il existe des craintes que l'excision genitale feminine continue d'etre perpetree dans les pays d'accueil, principalement par la pratique de la reinfibulation (III). 8Il existe une perception voulant que les soins offerts aux femmes ayant subi une excision genitale feminine ne soient pas optimaux dans les pays d'accueil (III). 9L'excision genitale feminine n'est pas consideree comme une indication de cesarienne (III). RECOMMANDATIONS 1Les fournisseurs de soins de sante doivent veiller a ne pas stigmatiser les femmes qui ont subi une excision genitale feminine (III-A). 2Les demandes de reinfibulation doivent etre refusees (III-B). 3Il y a lieu que les fournisseurs de soins de sante approfondissent leur comprehension et leurs connaissances en matiere d'excision genitale feminine et perfectionnent leurs competences relativement au traitement de ses complications et a la sensibilite culturelle dans la prestation de soins aux filles et femmes qui ont subi une excision genitale (III-A). 4Il est recommande aux fournisseurs de soins de sante d'utiliser leurs connaissances et leur influence pour sensibiliser les familles et de leur deconseiller la pratique de l'excision genitale feminine sur leurs filles et d'autres membres de la famille (III-A). 5Il convient que les fournisseurs de soins de sante militent en faveur de la disponibilite de services de soutien et d'accompagnement appropries et de l'acces a de tels services (III-A). 6Il y a lieu pour les fournisseurs de soins de sante de preter leur voix a des projets communautaires qui visent a promouvoir l'elimination de l'excision genitale feminine (III-A). 7Il convient pour les fournisseurs de soins de sante de profiter des interactions avec les patientes pour sensibiliser les femmes et leurs familles a l'excision genitale feminine ainsi qu'a d'autres aspects lies a la sante et aux droits reproductifs des femmes (III-A). 8Il y a lieu d'entreprendre des recherches sur l'excision genitale feminine afin d'explorer les perceptions et les experiences des femmes relativement a l'acces aux soins de sante sexuelle et reproductive au Canada (III-A). Il y a egalement lieu d'etudier les perspectives, les connaissances et les pratiques cliniques des fournisseurs de soins de sante en matiere d'excision genitale feminine (III-A). 9Il convient d'integrer des renseignements et recommandations relativement a l'excision genitale feminine dans les programmes d'enseignement en soins infirmiers, en medecine, en pratique sage-femme et des autres professions de la sante ainsi que dans les programmes de residence (III-A). 10La prestation de soins optimaux aux femmes ayant subi une excision genitale feminine comprend les pratiques importantes suivantes : aPorter attention a la maniere dont la femme fait reference a l'excision genitale feminine et utiliser la meme terminologie qu'elle dans le cadre de la prestation de soins (III-C). bDeterminer le type d'excision genitale feminine de la femme le cas echeant et consigner clairement cette information dans son dossier medical (III-C). cLors de la prestation de soins a une femme qui eprouvent des difficultes linguistiques, veiller a la disponibilite d'une interprete qualifiee, neutre et de confiance qui peut garantir la confidentialite et n'exercer aucune influence indue sur l'interaction patiente-medecin (III-C). dAssurer l'inscription adequate des antecedents medicaux de la femme dans son dossier pour limiter la necessite de recueillir les antecedents de nouveau ou de repeter les examens et faciliter la transmission de l'information (III-C). eFournir a la femme des renseignements adequats en temps opportun, y compris de l'information sur son appareil reproducteur et sa sante sexuelle et reproductive (III-C). fAssurer la confidentialite et la protection de la vie privee de la femme en limitant l'acces a la piece aux membres de l'equipe de soins (III-C). gFournir des soins centres sur la femme en veillant a solliciter et a respecter son avis et ses volontes, notamment en lui expliquant pourquoi il n'est pas possible d'acceder a certaines demandes pour des motifs d'ordre juridique ou ethique (III-C). hAider la femme a comprendre le systeme de sante et a y cheminer notamment pour acceder aux soins preventifs (III-C). iUtiliser les consultations de suivi prenatal pour preparer la femme et sa famille a l'accouchement (III-C). jEn cas de demande de consultation, veiller a ce que les services et/ou les praticiens vises par la demande puissent assurer une prestation de soins avec competence et sensibilite culturelles et a ce qu'on accorde une attention particuliere aux preoccupations relatives a la confidentialite et a la protection de la vie privee (III-C).

Building software systems is hard work, with challenges ranging from technical issues to usability issues. If the technical issues are not addressed, the software cannot work - but if the usability issues are not addressed, many potential users and customers are not even interested in whether it works. Further, usability must be inclusive: software needs to support diverse sorts of users. To help software professionals address gender-inclusive usability, we have created the GenderMag Recorder's Assistant tool. This Open Source tool is the first to semi-automate evaluating gender biases in software that is being designed, developed, or maintained. In this showpiece, we will demo the tool and encourage attendees to get involved in using it and improving upon it.

How can we support software professionals who want to build human-adaptive sociotechnical systems? Building such systems requires skills some developers may lack, such as applying human-centric concepts to the software they develop and/or mentally modeling other people. Effective socio-technical methods exist to help, but most are manual and cognitively burdensome. In this paper, we investigate ways semi-automating a socio-technical method might help, using as our lens GenderMag, a method that requires people to mentally model people with genders different from their own. Toward this end, we created the GenderMag Recorder's Assistant, a semi-automated visual tool, and conducted a small field study and a 92-participant controlled study. Results of our investigation revealed ways the tool helped with cognitive load and ways it did not; unforeseen advantages of the tool in increasing participants' engagement with the method; and a few unforeseen advantages of the manual approach as well.

Inclusive design is important in today's software industry, but there is little research about how to teach it. In collaboration with 9 teacher-researchers across 8 U.S. universities and more than 400 computer and information science students, we embarked upon an Action Research investigation to gather insights into the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) that teachers need to teach a particular inclusive design method called GenderMag. Analysis of the teachers' observations and experiences, the materials they used, direct observations of students' behaviors, and multiple data on the students' own reflections on their learning revealed 11 components of inclusive design PCK. These include strategies for anticipating and addressing resistance to the topic of inclusion, strategies for modeling and scaffolding perspective taking, and strategies for tailoring instruction to students' prior beliefs and biases.

This position paper considers what studying Open Source Software tools can lend to understanding the topic of Gender Diversity in Open Source Software. More specifically we investigate the GenderMag method, a Gender Inclusive method and how it can help increase gender inclusiveness in the tools that are used by OSS communities.