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Cohen and Machalek’s (1988) evolutionary ecological theory of crime explains why obscure forms of predation can be the most lucrative. The lure of white-collar crime takes off through the anomic conditions of warfare and the ‘creative destruction’ of capitalism. Edwin Sutherland explained that it is better to rob a bank at the point of a pen than the point of a gun. The Savings and Loans scandal suggested ‘the best way to rob a bank is to own it’. Lure constituted by the anomie of warfare and transition to capitalism in Yugoslavia revealed that the best way to rob a bank is to control the regulatory system. It is not to own a bank but to control a central bank. This makes possible theft not only of massive chunks of the people’s money, but of all the money in all the wallets of the people, in the safes of all the businesses and all the banks of a society. The criminological imagination must attune to anomie created by both boom and bust in capitalism, and to the evolutionary ecology of lure.

SrLip is an extracellular enzyme from Streptomyces rimosus (Q93MW7) exhibiting lipase, phospholipase, esterase, thioesterase, and tweenase activities. The structure of SrLip is one of a very few lipases, among the 3D-structures of the SGNH superfamily of hydrolases, structurally characterized by synchrotron diffraction data at 1.75 Å resolution (PDB: 5MAL). Its crystal structure was determined by molecular replacement using a homology model based on the crystal structure of phospholipase A1 from Streptomyces albidoflavus (PDB: 4HYQ). The structure reveals the Rossmann-like 3-layer αβα sandwich fold typical of the SGNH superfamily stabilized by three disulfide bonds. The active site shows a catalytic dyad involving Ser10 and His216 with Ser10-OγH···NεHis216, His216-NδH···O═C-Ser214, and Gly54-NH···Oγ-Ser10 hydrogen bonds essential for the catalysis ; the carbonyl oxygen of the Ser214 main chain acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor ensuring the orientation of the His216 imidazole ring suitable for a proton transfer. Molecular dynamics simulations of the apoenzyme and its complex with p-nitrophenyl caprylate were used to probe the positioning of the substrate ester group within the active site and its aliphatic chain within the binding site. Quantum-mechanical calculations at the DFT level revealed the precise molecular mechanism of the SrLip catalytic activity, demonstrating that the overall hydrolysis is a two-step process with acylation as the rate-limiting step associated with the activation free energy of ΔG⧧ENZ = 17.9 kcal mol– 1, being in reasonable agreement with the experimental value of 14.5 kcal mol–1, thus providing strong support in favor of the proposed catalytic mechanism based on a dyad.

Nakon gotovo tri desetljeća od izdanja trećeg, dopunjenog izdanja Rječnika rimskog prava profesora dr. Ante Romca (Informator, 1989.) zainteresiranima je nedavno ponuđen reprint tog izdanja (izdavačka kuća Dominović d.o.o., Zagreb, 2018.). Činjenica da se koji primjerak prethodnih izdanja mogao, uz malo sreće, naći u nekom antikvarijatu te činjenica da interes za Rječnik rimskog prava nije ograničen samo na studentsku populaciju, točnije na kandidate za polaganje predmeta Rimsko pravo, ponukalo je spomenutu izdavačku kuću na ovaj dobar poslovni potez. Za ovu vrstu stručne literature postoji u pravilu širok krug interesenata te i brojne verzije i izdanja. U pojavi nedavnog reprint-izdanja Rječnika rimskog prava profesora Romca vidimo pravu prigodu da se prisjetimo golemog i značajnog opusa autora, dugogodišnjeg pročelnika Katedre za rimsko pravo i jednog od najznačajnijih imena na listi profesora Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, koji, osim dugačke liste znanstvenih radova, obuhvaća više povijesno-leksikografskih knjiga, visoko ocijenjenih od stručne kritike i većinom publiciranih u više izdanja., Almost three decades after the publication of third edition of Rječnik rimskog prava (Dictionary of Roman Law) by Ante Romac, there was recently published the reprint of that, third edition. This was also an occasion to remind the public of the works written by Ante Romac and their significance.

In this paper Responsive Regulation of Political Parties is used as a model to Fight Political Corruption.

U ovom smo istraživanju pokušali odgovoriti na pitanje: Što se događa jednom kad policija neki incident inicijalno označi kao mogući ZiM? U izvješću koje je pred vama bavimo se opisom i procjenom odgovora policije i pravosudnih tijela na ZiM kao manifestaciju nesnošljivosti, sa željom da doprinesemo boljem razumijevanju ovog fenomena i ponudimo preporuke za unapređenje prakse. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu projekta „IRIS – Unapređenje borbe protiv nesnošljivosti kroz istraživanje, izradu preporuka i obuku“, koji financira Europska unija kroz program „Prava, jednakost i građanstvo“. Projekt provodi Hrvatski pravni centar u partnerstvu s Državnim odvjetništvom Republike Hrvatske, Policijskom akademijom i Uredom za ljudska prava i prava nacionalnih manjina Vlade Republike Hrvatske te u suradnji s Vrhovnim sudom Republike Hrvatske i Visokim prekršajnim sudom Republike Hrvatske. Temeljna pretpostavka za provedbu ovog projekta bila je spremnost projektnih i suradnih organizacija – Policijske akademije Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova, Državnog odvjetništva RH, Vrhovnog suda RH, Visokog prekršajnog suda RH te Ureda za ljudska prava i prava nacionalnih manjina Vlade RH da prihvate inicijativu koordinatora, Hrvatskog pravnog centra kao nevladine organizacije za suradnjom na ovom projektu u cilju unapređenja odgovora na najteže oblike nesnošljivosti.

International audience; Zeolites are materials widely used in many fields of human activities. Furthermore, new potential applications constantly emerge, so understanding their possible impact on the environment is necessary. Within this study, the potential toxicity of nanosized particles (140 and 600 nm) of a widely used zeolite beta was evaluated using zebrafish Danio rerio embryos. Embryotoxicity test, with an emphasis on sublethal changes, was performed on three concentrations of each nanosized zeolite sample (calcined and non-calcined). Toxicity of tetraethylammonium species (TEA) present in non-calcined zeolite samples was also investigated using experimental and computational approaches. The data suggest that non-calcined zeolites and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) itself caused hatching failure, but also initiated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Such observation confirmed certain TEA leaching from the zeolite framework, thus impacting embryonic development. Since molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations did not show TEA inhibition of the hatching enzyme ZHE1 and the ROS formation was detected using fluorescence microscopy, it was concluded that oxidative stress is the major mechanism underlying the toxicity of non-calcined samples and TEAOH. Contrary to that, calcined zeolite nanoparticles, although having a strong interaction with the chorion and subsequently with the embryos, did not show a negative impact on zebrafish survival/development. Such a comprehensive study pinpointed zeolite nanoparticles as safe materials and opened the door for their application

The paper discusses human tights in times of coronavirus and impacts on criminal behavior, rule of law and democracy.

Histamine is a mediator of many different important processes such as contraction of smooth muscle tissues and gastric acid secretion. It is also engaged in neurotransmission and immunomodulation. Because of its important roles, insufficient histamine degradation may cause adverse effects. There are two pathways of histamine degradation, diamine oxidase (DAO) catalyze direct oxidative deamination of histamine to imidazole acetaldehyde.[1, 2] In the other, histamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to the secondary amino group of the imidazole ring forming N-methylhistamine. This compound is further metabolized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) forming N-methyl-imidazole acetaldehyde. In this work, we combined molecular dynamics simulations, [3] quantum mechanical cluster calculations[3] and EVB simulations to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of MAO B and DAO catalyzed oxidative deamination of N-methylhistamine and histamine. Our results suggest that the in vivo degradation of histamine to yield an imine always occurs via the same catalytic mechanism, namely direct hydride transfer from histamine and N-methylhistamine to the corresponding cofactor (TPQ or FAD, respectively), regardless of the histamine catabolic pathway. [1] T. Bieganski, J. Kusche, K. D. Feussner, R. Hesterberg, H. Richter, W. Lorenz, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 28, (1980) 901. [2] T. Bieganski, J. Kusche, K. D. Feussner, R. Hesterberg, H. Richter, W. Lorenz, Agents Actions, 10, (1980) 108. [3] A. Marsavelski, R. Vianello, Chem-Eur J. 23, (2017) 2915.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes catalyze the degradation of a very broad range of biogenic and dietary amines including many neurotransmitters in the brain, whose imbalance is extensively linked with the biochemical pathology of various neurological disorders. Although sharing around 70% sequence identity, both MAO A and B isoforms differ in substrate affinities and inhibitor sensitivities. Inhibitors that act on MAO A are used to treat depression, due to their ability to raise serotonin concentrations, while MAO B inhibitors decrease dopamine degradation and improve motor control in patients with Parkinson disease. Despite this functional importance, the contributions affecting MAO selectivity are poorly understood. Here we used a combination of MD simulations, MM–PBSA binding free energy evaluations, and QM cluster calculations to address the unexpected, yet challenging MAO B selectivity for N-methylhistamine (NMH) over histamine (HIS), differing only in a single methyl group distant from the reactive ethylamino centre. We show that a dominant selectivity contribution is offered by a lower activation free energy for NMH by 2.6 kcal mol–1, in excellent agreement with the experimental ΔΔG‡ EXP = 1.4 kcal mol–1, together with a more favourable reaction exergonicity and active site binding. This study also confirms the hydrophobic nature of the MAO B active site and underlines the important role of Ile199, Leu171 and Leu328 in properly orienting substrates for the reaction.

Pyridine substituted with one and two bicyclic guanidine groups has been studied as a potential source of superbases. 2-{; ; ; hpp}; ; ; C5H4N (I) and 2, 6-{; ; ; hpp}; ; ; 2C5H3N (II) (hppH = 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1, 2-a]pyrimidine) were protonated using [HNEt3][BPh4] to afford [I-H][BPh4] (1a), [II-H][BPh4] (2), and [II-H2][BPh4]2 (3). Solution-state 1H and 15N NMR spectroscopy shows a symmetrical cation in 2, indicating a facile proton-exchange process in solution. Solid-state 15N NMR data differentiates between the two groups, indicating a mixed guanidine/guanidinium. X-ray diffraction data are consistent with protonation at the imine nitrogen, confirmed for 1a by single-crystal neutron diffraction. The crystal structure of 1a shows association of two [I-H]+ cations within a cage of [BPh4]− anions. Computational analysis performed in the gas phase and in MeCN solution shows that the free energy barrier to transfer a proton between imino centers in [II-H]+ is 1 order of magnitude lower in MeCN than in the gas phase. The results provide evidence that linking hpp groups with the pyridyl group stabilizes the protonation center, thereby increasing the intrinsic basicity in the gas phase, while the bulk prevents efficient cation solvation, resulting in diminished pKa(MeCN) values. Spectrophotometrically measured pKa values are in excellent agreement with calculated values and confirm that I and II are superbases in solution.

Mainstream discussion about transitional justice swings between the International Criminal Court (ICC), hybrid and national criminal justice responses. Fieldwork in former Yugoslavia (as part of the Peacebuilding Compared Project) inform integration of a three-level transitional justice response, which minimizes criminal justice intervention for lower-level actors and maximizes impact at the top. A bottom level is a restorative justice response that has the task of addressing the greatest number of individual offenders (mainly foot soldiers and low-ranking military officials) and their victims. Instead of court trials, the primary transitional justice mechanism would be a reparation and reconciliation commission, established and supported by a specialized international unit designed for that purpose (International Reparation and Reconciliation Support Unit - IRRSU). The IRRSU would be affiliated with the United Nations and it would move from one post-conflict region to another to provide support where it is needed. Yet the Commission itself would be locally based and composed of local members. Its primary task is reconciling communities and providing reparations to victims, but the hope is that the positive impact of restorative justice would cascade beyond that. Restorative justice would aim to stop denial policies at their root, provide immediate reparations to victims and move quickly to help collect the evidence about individual crimes when there is a need to move up the criminal enforcement pyramid. The bottom-level national response would boost the efficiency of a mid-level internationalized response. Mid-level response would be composed of an international transitional justice unit (ITJU) integrated into national criminal justice administration. The ITJU, also established by the UN or in cooperation with major regional organizations, would move from one post-conflict region to another. It would include international staff (judges, prosecutors, police, military and other peacebuilding professionals). The ITJU would work with national judiciaries and police to indict and arrest middle-ranking officials and those who failed to cooperate at the bottom level. Uncooperative low level defendants would be given a second chance to cooperate in a plea-bargaining process. Finally, the top response would process the high-ranking officials who are most responsible for mass atrocities (including heads of state, defense ministers and generals). These individuals would be tried at the ICC because post-conflict national criminal justice administrations, even where there is strong international support, typically struggle in such cases to deliver fair trials that provide adequate satisfaction to victims.

U radu se razmatraju situacije u kojima se okrivljenik pri ostvarenju svog iznimno značajnog prava - prava na obranu u formalnom smislu - suočava sa financijskim opterećenjem čiji je isključivi uzrok u greškama pravosudnog sustava. Sukladno pozitivnim zakonskim odredbama u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i u Republici Sjevernoj Makedoniji, okrivljenik, u slučaju kada se postupak završava presudom kojim se oglašava krivim, nije u mogućnosti ishoditi naknadu troškova kojima je izložen u realizaciji prava na izabranog branitelja, a koji nastaju uslijed potrebe ponavljanja postupka iz razloga koji se ne mogu dovesti u vezu sa skrivljenim postupanjem okrivljenika. Paradoks koji u takvim sitacijama nastaje izraženiji je u zemljama tranzicijskog pravosuđa u kojima se često pojavljuju pogreške koje odugovlače postupak i zbog kojih je takvo pravosuđe neefikasno kako u vremenskom, tako i u financijskom smislu. Predmet ovog rada je problemsko pitanje u kojoj mjeri takve pravosudne pogreške koje nerijetko izazivaju nerazmjerne troškove obrane i cijelog kaznenog postupka trebaju padati na teret osuđenika kako pritom ne bi bilo ugroženo njegovo temeljno ljudsko pravo – pravo na izabranog branitelja zajamčeno u kontekstu prava na pošteno suđenje u članku 6. stavku 3.(c) Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava.

Relating to the practice of medicine in the large sense, this subset of the International Encyclopaedia of Laws covers national and international medical law. The national monograph on Croatia contains, besides a general introduction, a description for the country in question relating to the following: 1) law related to the medical profession, such as access to the medical profession, illegal practice of medicine and control over the practice of medicine ; 2) physician–patient relationship (the rights and duties of physicians and patients) and specific issues such as abortion and euthanasia ; and 3) national law dealing with the physician in relation to his colleagues, to other health care providers and the health care system

Two highly homologous extracellular enzymes of the SGNH hydrolase supefamily-lipase from Streptomyces rimosus (SrLip)1, 2 and phospholipase A1 from Streptomyces albidoflavus (SaPLA1)3, 4 revealed the catalytic dyad Ser and His instead of common triad Ser-His-Asp. Their different substrate specificity has intrigued us to examine closely characteristic modes of ligand binding into corresponding pockets available in the enzyme interiors, and the influence of the phosphate polar head in the case phospholipid activity. SaPLA1 is preferably phospholipase with a preference towards long acyl chains, showing no detectable lipase activity towards triacylglycerol 1- palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol (POL). The maximum activity SaPLA1 shows towards 1- palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol-3-phosphate (POPA) whereas half of the activity is observed with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (POPC).4 On the other hand, SrLip shows both phospholipase and lipase activity, as well as thioesterase, and Tweenase activities, however it prefers shorter acyl chains.1 To understand this substrate promiscuity, we performed docking using both AutoDock Vina and SwissDock to obtain complexes of POPA, POPC, POL and SaPLA. We then performed classical molecular dynamics simulations of apo SaPLA and SaPLA in complex with POPA, POPC and POL to understand the stability and conformational changes in binding. Each structure was simulated in triplicates for 150 ns giving in total 450 ns per structure. Cluster analysis using dihedral angles of amino acids that line the hydrophobic pocket revealed that chi1 dihedral angle of Tyr142 with the average value of -170 degrees is characteristic for productive binding of POPA. The value of -60 degrees is characteristic for apo SaPLA and for non- productive complex with POL. The analysis of the hydrogen bonds has revealed a network that extends from Tyr142 located in the hydrophobic pocket towards the surface of the enzyme. It was shown that when the substrate is productively bound, this network is broken, and Tyr142 does not interact with the side chain of Asp10, but rather forms T-shaped stacking interaction with Phe145. This extensive research requires systematic comparison of ligand binding into interior of these two studied enzymes based on: i) aliphatic chains lengths, ii) saturated vs unsaturated chains and iii) phospholipase vs lipase substrates.

The paper discusses international criminal courts and their alternatives with a particular focus on the concepts of transitional justice cascades and responsibility of political parties.

Human heparanase (HPSE) cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) localized in the extracellular matrix allowing immune response to occur as well as cell proliferation and angiogenesis. On the other hand, increased HPSE activity promotes a variety of pathological conditions such as arterial thrombosis and tumor metastasis[1], making HPSE an important drug target. Although crystal structures of HSPE are available[2], the nature of interactions with its very flexible and highly negatively charged polysaccharide substrate HS is not fully understood. To better understand processes that govern substrate recognition, we have explored the ligand binding mechanism of HPSE by analysing its conformational landscape with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and multi- conformer models generated by crystallographic ensemble refinement. Our results imply that HS binding to HPSE is a complex process. Heparan sulfate is stabilized and immobilized at the active site, whereas the outer regions of the enzyme binding site in complex with HS are characterized with dynamic ionic interactions and exhibit substantial conformational flexibility (Fig. 1). This dynamic substrate binding mechanism allows HSPE to retain high affinity towards its substrate while minimizing the entropic costs associated with binding highly flexible molecules. [3]

U radu se, polazeći od stajališta pravne teorije, sudske prakse i statističkih podataka, daje kritička analiza prijedloga pete novele Kaznenog zakona, s posebnim osvrtom na pooštrenje zakonske kaznene politike za kaznena djela s elementima nasilja. U uvodnom dijelu ističe se da bi nedoumice i nesuglasja u praksi prvenstveno trebalo rješavati ispravnim tumačenjem zakona, a zatim se u zasebnim poglavljima prikazuju najvažnija područja predložene novele. Stajalište autora jest da je predlagatelj Zakona posegnuo za pooštravanjem kazni za određena kaznena djela protiv života i tijela zbog iznimno blage kaznene politike sudova. Zakonodavna intervencija u kaznena djela protiv osobne slobode obuhvaća kaznena djela prijetnje i nametljivog ponašanja, kojima se dodaju nove kvalifikatorne okolnosti, a progon će se ubuduće poduzimati po službenoj dužnosti. Iako ni teorija ni praksa nisu dovodili u pitanje kazneno djelo teškog sramoćenja, zakonodavac se neopravdano, neočekivano i nenajavljeno odlučio za njegovo brisanje, dajući za to neprihvatljivo i netočno obrazloženje – naime, suprotno navodima predlagatelja, zaštita časti i ugleda od neistinitih činjeničnih tvrdnji moguća je učinkovito i potpuno samo uz građanskopravnu i kaznenopravnu zaštitu, a navedeno kazneno djelo sadržano je u zakonodavstvima država koje su bile uzor pri izradi Kaznenog zakona. Brisanjem kaznenog djela spolnog odnošaja bez pristanka i njegovim uklapanjem u kazneno djelo silovanja neće se riješiti problem pogrešnih kvalifikacija uočen u praksi niti će doći do strožeg kažnjavanja jer je za temeljni oblik silovanja i dalje moguće izreći uvjetnu osudu. Kao novo obilježje kaznenog djela nasilja u obitelji uvodi se dugotrajna patnja, a nedoumice u praksi, glede procesuiranja djela kada je žrtva zadobila tjelesnu ozljedu, otklanjaju se usporednom novelom Zakona o zaštiti od nasilja u obitelji, uslijed koje će svaka tjelesna ozljeda biti kvalificirana kao kazneno djelo. Novelom se propisuje novo kazneno djelo prisila prema osobi koja obavlja poslove od javnog interesa ili javnom službeniku, ali se tim djelom navedene osobe štite samo kada ih se sprječava u obavljanju njihove radnje. U praksi se kao problem može pojaviti nepostojanje zakonske definicije javnog interesa i javnog službenika. Uz isticanje i drugih predloženih zakonskih promjena (inkriminiranje samostalne mjere opreza određene sudskom odlukom, proširenje statusa službene osobe na radnike u odgoju i obrazovanju i socijalne radnike i drugo), autori u zaključku ističu da do postroženja sudske kaznene politike neće doći samo uslijed zakonskih promjena, već je potreban i snažan i ustrajan angažman državnog odvjetništva u predlaganju sankcija i podnošenju žalbi kod neadekvatno izrečenih kazni., This article, provides a critical analysis of the Proposal of the Fifth Amendment to the Criminal Code, which focuses on a stricter penal policy towards violent crimes, based on legal theory, case law and statistical analysis. The article emphasises that concerns and disagreements in practice should first and foremost be addressed through the correct interpretation of the law. The authors’ view is that the Proposal of the Amendment increases penalties for certain offences against life and limb due to the lenient criminal policy of the courts. Legislative intervention in criminal offences against personal liberty covers criminal offences of threat and stalking, to which new aggravated circumstances are added, and rules on prosecution ex officio. Although neither theory nor practice has called into question the crime of serious defamation, the legislature has unjustifiably, unexpectedly and non-transparently proposed to delete it, giving unacceptable and inaccurate reasoning for doing so. This would limit the protection of honour, reputation and privacy in the era of frequent ‘fake news’. Incorporating the criminal offence of non-consensual sexual intercourse into the offence of rape is another intervention that would not solve the problem of wrongfully lenient offence classifications in practice, nor is it likely to lead to harsher sentencing. Long-term suffering is introduced as a new element of the crime of domestic violence, and a parallel amendment to the Act on Protection against Domestic Violence will make any bodily injury a crime. The new law prescribes a new offence of coercion against a person who performs activities of public interest or a public servant, but the Proposed Amendment only protects those persons when they are prevented from performing their activity. In practice, the absence of a legal definition of public interest and public servant may be a problem. In addition to highlighting other changes in the Proposed Amendment, the authors conclude that the enforcement of judicial penal policy needs to come not only from legal changes but also from the strong and persistent involvement of the State Attorney’s Office in proposing sanctions and filing appeals for inappropriately imposed penalties.

Supramolecular ionogels were prepared by the gelation of room-temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4 ]) with (S,S)-bis(leucinol)oxalamide. Remarkably, the ionic conductivity of solutions and ionogels with low gelator concentrations is higher than that of neat [BMIm][BF4 ]. On the basis of molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations, the origin of this phenomenon is attributed to the higher affinity of gelator molecules towards [BF4 ](-) ions, which reduces the electrostatic attraction between [BMIm](+) and [BF4 ](-) and thus increases their mobility. With increasing gelator concentration, the ionic conductivity decreases due to the formation of a denser gelator matrix, which hinders the pathways for ionic transport. However, even for very dense ionogels, this decrease is less than one order of magnitude relative to neat [BMIm][BF4 ], and thus they can be classified as highly conductive materials with strong potential for application as functional electrolytes.

The paper discusses integrating transitional justice accross different levels of government and levels of offending

A standard narrative is that nonviolence failed in Kosovo: the Milosevic regime was ended by a NATO bombing campaign. This essay exposes errors in this narrative. Nonviolent resistance inside Kosovo succeeded in unifying the Kosovar masses against the Milosevic regime. That solidarity was crucial to victory. A distinctive innovation of Kosovo’s nonviolence was that it built solidarity by decisively reducing violence. In particular, it reduced murders in blood feuds. Kosovo emerged from war with a comparatively low rate of violence for a post-conflict, post-communist society with a large organized crime problem. We contrast Kosovo with post-conflict societies where more people are killed by criminal violence after their peace agreement than were killed in the war. Learning to reconcile blood feuds restoratively as part of Kosovo’s nonviolent campaign for freedom contributed to this accomplishment. Nonviolent resistance campaigns can be evaluated through a criminological lens whereby averting war is just one means to reducing death rates from intentional violence.

Usmeno izlaganje.

The book examines admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in criminal cases brought by the Special Prosecution Office in Macedonia, following the European human rights standards and comparative experiences.

Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are among the most promiscuous proteins in terms of protein-protein interactions and it is quite puzzling how ACPs select the correct partner between many possible upstream and downstream binding proteins. To address this question, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on dimeric Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gly:CP ligase 1 to inspect the origin of its selectivity towards the three types of carrier proteins, namely holoCP, apoCP, and holoCP-Gly, which only differ in the attached prosthetic group. In line with experiments, MM-GBSA analysis revealed that the ligase preferentially binds the holoCP form to both subunits with the binding free energies of -20.7 and -19.1 kcal mol(-1), while the apoCP form, without the prosthetic group, is also recognized, but the binding values of -9.2 and -3.6 kcal mol(-1) suggest that there is no competition for the ligase binding as long as the holoCP is present. After the prosthetic group becomes glycylated, the holoCP-Gly dissociates from the ligase, as supported by its endergonic binding free energies of 2.9 and 20.9 kcal mol(-1). Our results indicate that these affinity differences are influenced by three aspects: the form of the prosthetic group and the specific non-polar hydrophobic interactions, as well as charge complementarity dominantly manifested through Arg220-Glu53 ion pair within the binding region among proteins. A careful examination of the bonding patterns within the ligase active site elucidated the interactions with Arg258, Asp215 and Tyr132 as being predominant in stabilizing the prosthetic group, which are significantly diminished upon glycation, thus promoting complex dissociation.

U dvotomnom enciklopedijskom djelu Römisches Recht im Mittelalter (H. Lange, Bd. I, München, 1997. ; H. Lange – M. Kriechbaum, Bd. II, München, 2007.) sadržana je sinteza povijesti europskog privatnog prava do zaključno 1500. godine. Traktati o više od stotinu protagonista škola Irnerija i Bartola od Sassoferrata – njihovi biobibliografski podaci, opusi i literarne forme, metode istraživanja i dostignuća, osvrti na odnos civilista i kanonista, komentari pravne prakse i običajnog prava, odnos ius proprium i ius feudorum, izvješća o nastavi, programu studija, statutima i strukturi srednjovjekovnih sveučilišta – tek su sumarno nabrojane natuknice o dvama prvim razdobljima povijesti europskog privatnog prava prezentiranih na tisuću i pet stotina stranica. Ali da ni autori nisu uspjeli, uz cijelo to bogatstvo podataka, u svoja dva toma uvrstiti sve postojeće izvore iz tih najudaljenijih razdoblja povijesti europskog privatnog prava, pokazuje nedavno izdana knjiga profesorice Sveučilišta u Leidenu Marguerite Duynstee. I knjiga M. Duynstee i brojne druge publikacije, izdanja izvora i recentni projekti pokazuju da stoljećima duga povijest europskog privatnog prava još zadržava važnost aktualnog i dugoročnog projekta. Nakon što su istraživanjima K. F. von Savignyja otvorena vrata proučavanju dostignuća srednjovjekovne, na rimskoj baštini izgrađene znanosti europskog privatnog prava, taj pothvat rodonačelnika njemačke historijske škole nije ni tijekom 19. stoljeća, kada su u fokusu bila istraživanja rimske dogmatike i njezin povijesno- filozofski aspekt, a ni kasnije, u postkodifikacijskom razdoblju, bio bez sljedbenika, niti su istraživanja te povijesti bila posve u sjeni rimske dogmatike. Međutim, ova su istraživanja tek u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća stavljena u prvi plan, kada su zajednička pravna prošlost, zajednički pravni prostor, zajednička baština (Rechtsgemeinschaft) prepoznati kao ujedinjujući faktor poratne Europe. Sada već klasičnim djelima Paula Koschakera Europa und das römische Recht (1957.) i Franza Wieackera Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit (1962.) označen je početak prave posvećenosti istraživanju devet stoljeća dugog razvoja europske pravne znanosti čiji su konkretni rezultati – duga lista djela iz pera najeminentnijih imena europske pravne romanistike – dogmatsko-povijesne sinteze pojedinih razdoblja, dugi niz općih osvrta i prikaza, analize metoda, ciljeva i važnosti opusa predstavnika srednjovjekovnih pravnih škola, monografije o protagonistima tih razdoblja – od prvih vjesnika pravne renesanse do velikih autoriteta škole prirodnog prava i predstavnika pandektistike 19. stoljeća, ali i deseci edicija, reprint i digitalizirana izdanja, popisi i katalozi srednjovjekovnih rukopisa. Dodajmo još da je početkom 90-ih godina 20. stoljeća, istodobno s radovima u kojima se zagovara emancipacija povijesti privatnog prava od “balasta dogmatike”, objavljeno prvo od mnogih kasnijih izdanja, znamenito djelo Reinharda Zimmermanna Roman Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, u kojemu komparativnopovijesnim pristupom autorova istraživanja nadilaze geografske granice Europe i u kojem se na velika vrata vraća važnost rimske dogmatike.

U disertaciji je proučen katalitički mehanizam te supstratna specifičnost enzima MAO B i DAO koji su uključeni u katabolizam histamina. Naime, pokazano je kako je izmijenjena aktivnost i ekspresija enzima MAO B povezana s neurodegenerativnim bolestima poput Parkinsonove bolesti te neurološkim poremećajima, poput psihoze, depresije i impulzivnosti. S druge strane, izmijenjena aktivnost enzima DAO razlog je intolerancije na histamin, stanja koje je popraćeno neugodnim simptomima i probavnim problemima. Stoga, svrha ove disertacije je pouzdano definiranje katalitičkog mehanizma oba enzima te utvrđivanje determinanti specifičnosti primjenom najsuvremenijih metoda u računalnoj biokemiji. Rezultati disertacije mogli bi poslužiti kao temelj u racionalnom dizajnu lijekova za liječenje navedenih patoloških stanja. U radu su primijenjene računalne metode koje se koriste za proučavanje strukture, dinamike, selektivnosti i reaktivnosti enzima kao što su molekulsko-dinamičke simulacije, izračun Gibbsove energije vezanja, kvantno-mehanički računi u okviru klaster pristupa te metoda EVB. Molekulsko-dinamičke simulacije spomenutih enzima te izračun Gibbsove energije vezanja rezultirali su objašnjenjem supstratne specifičnosti enzima MAO B, dok su kvantno-mehanički računi u okviru klaster pristupa te metoda EVB dali kvantitativni uvid u katalitički mehanizam oba proučavana enzima. The scope of this dissertation is the elucidation of the catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity of MAO B and DAO enzymes involved in the catabolism of histamine. Altered expression and activity of MAO B is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, and neurological disorders such as psychosis, depression and impulsivity. On the other hand, the altered enzyme activity of DAO is the root cause for the histamine intolerance, a condition which is characterized by unpleasant symptoms and gastrointestinal problems. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to establish the catalytic mechanism of both enzymes together with the determinants of their specificity using the most advanced methods in computational biochemistry such as molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy and quantum mechanical calculations within the cluster approach and the empirical valence bond (EVB) simulations. Molecular dynamics simulations and the binding free energy calculations explain the substrate specificity of MAO B enzyme, while the quantum mechanical calculations together with the EVB simulations provide a quantitative insight into the catalytic mechanism of both enzymes.

The presentation will provide an overview of sampling strategies used in the Croatian homicide study, as well as access challenges and experiences from the field work. The aim is to provide colleagues interested in conducting the study in other countries with lessons learned as well as best practices for successful study implementation.

U dvotomnom enciklopedijskom djelu Römisches Recht im Mittelalter (H. Lange, Bd. I, München, 1997.; H. Lange – M. Kriechbaum, Bd. II, München, 2007.) sadržana je sinteza povijesti europskog privatnog prava do zaključno 1500. godine. Traktati o više od stotinu protagonista škola Irnerija i Bartola od Sassoferrata – njihovi biobibliografski podaci, opusi i literarne forme, metode istraživanja i dostignuća, osvrti na odnos civilista i kanonista, komentari pravne prakse i običajnog prava, odnos ius proprium i ius feudorum, izvješća o nastavi, programu studija, statutima i strukturi srednjovjekovnih sveučilišta – tek su sumarno nabrojane natuknice o dvama prvim razdobljima povijesti europskog privatnog prava prezentiranih na tisuću i pet stotina stranica. Ali da ni autori nisu uspjeli, uz cijelo to bogatstvo podataka, u svoja dva toma uvrstiti sve postojeće izvore iz tih najudaljenijih razdoblja povijesti europskog privatnog prava, pokazuje nedavno izdana knjiga profesorice Sveučilišta u Leidenu Marguerite Duynstee. I knjiga M. Duynstee i brojne druge publikacije, izdanja izvora i recentni projekti pokazuju da stoljećima duga povijest europskog privatnog prava još zadržava važnost aktualnog i dugoročnog projekta. Nakon što su istraživanjima K. F. von Savignyja otvorena vrata proučavanju dostignuća srednjovjekovne, na rimskoj baštini izgrađene znanosti europskog privatnog prava, taj pothvat rodonačelnika njemačke historijske škole nije ni tijekom 19. stoljeća, kada su u fokusu bila istraživanja rimske dogmatike i njezin povijesno-filozofski aspekt, a ni kasnije, u postkodifikacijskom razdoblju, bio bez sljedbenika, niti su istraživanja te povijesti bila posve u sjeni rimske dogmatike. Međutim, ova su istraživanja tek u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća stavljena u prvi plan, kada su zajednička pravna prošlost, zajednički pravni prostor, zajednička baština (Rechtsgemeinschaft) prepoznati kao ujedinjujući faktor poratne Europe. Sada već klasičnim djelima Paula Koschakera Europa und das römische Recht (1957.) i Franza Wieackera Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit (1962.) označen je početak prave posvećenosti istraživanju devet stoljeća dugog razvoja europske pravne znanosti čiji su konkretni rezultati – duga lista djela iz pera najeminentnijih imena europske pravne romanistike – dogmatsko-povijesne sinteze pojedinih razdoblja, dugi niz općih osvrta i prikaza, analize metoda, ciljeva i važnosti opusa predstavnika srednjovjekovnih pravnih škola, monografije o protagonistima tih razdoblja – od prvih vjesnika pravne renesanse do velikih autoriteta škole prirodnog prava i predstavnika pandektistike 19. stoljeća, ali i deseci edicija, reprint i digitalizirana izdanja, popisi i katalozi srednjovjekovnih rukopisa. Dodajmo još da je početkom 90-ih godina 20. stoljeća, istodobno s radovima u kojima se zagovara emancipacija povijesti privatnog prava od “balasta dogmatike”, objavljeno prvo od mnogih kasnijih izdanja, znamenito djelo Reinharda Zimmermanna Roman Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, u kojemu komparativnopovijesnim pristupom autorova istraživanja nadilaze geografske granice Europe i u kojem se na velika vrata vraća važnost rimske dogmatike., Review: Marguerite Duynstee, L'enseignement du droit civil à l'université d'Orléans du début de la guerre de Cent ans (1337) au siège de la ville (1428), Veröfentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 2013.

U radu se analizira odgovornost političkih stranaka za međunarodne zločine.

Histamine plays an important role in the human body and is involved in more than twenty different physiological processes. Due to histamine potent physiological activity, its degradation has to be carefully regulated to avoid adverse reactions. The major routes of histamine inactivation in mammals include monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) and diamine oxidase (DAO) enzymes. The fact that MAO B metabolizes only N-methylhistamine while DAO prefers histamine1-2, pinpoints their remarkable selectivity towards two compounds that differ only in one methyl group. The mechanism of enzyme catalysis and specificity are usually elucidated from the differences in mechanistic aspects of enzymatic reactions for each possible substrate, which provide unambiguous quantitative information about the thermodynamics and the kinetics of reaction pathways. Unfortunately, mechanistic studies are not always experimentally approachable. Therefore, we utilized a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, MM-PBSA binding free energy calculations and quantum mechanical cluster approach to address substrate specificity and mechanism of MAO B catalysis. We have identified favourable hydrophobic interactions between methyl group of the N-methylhistamine substrate and the hydrophobic side chains of the enzyme binding site that keep substrate anchored and properly oriented for the enzymatic reaction. Since histamine is deprived of methyl group it cannot be properly anchored and rotates within the active site, which results in non-productive orientation for the reaction. Quantum-chemical mechanistic analysis within the cluster model of the enzyme revealed higher activation parameters for histamine relative to its N-methyl counterpart, thus aiding in rationalizing the mentioned selectivity. Inspection of the calculated free-energy profiles (Figure 1.) convincingly shows that MAO B selectivity for the N-methylhistamine over histamine is a result of two synergistic effects: lower activation barrier and more favourable reaction thermodynamics. Moreover, reaction pathway obtained from QM calculations is consistent with recently proposed hydride mechanism of MAO B mechanism of catalysis3-4.

In this article we report a combined experimental and computational study concerning the effects of deuteration on the binding of histamine and two other histaminergic agonists to 3H-tiotidine-labeled histamine H2 receptor in neonatal rat astrocytes. Binding affinities were measured by displacing radiolabeled tiotidine from H2 receptor binding sites present on cultured neonatal rat astrocytes. Quantum-chemical calculations were performed by employing the empirical quantization of nuclear motion within a cluster model of the receptor binding site extracted from the homology model of the entire H2 receptor. Structure of H2 receptor built by homology modelling is attached in the supporting information (S1 Table) Experiments clearly demonstrate that deuteration affects the binding by increasing the affinity for histamine and reducing it for 2-methylhistamine, while basically leaving it unchanged for 4-methylhistamine. Ab initio quantum-chemical calculations on the cluster system extracted from the homology H2 model along with the implicit quantization of the acidic N–H and O–H bonds demonstrate that these changes in the binding can be rationalized by the altered strength of the hydrogen bonding upon deuteration known as the Ubbelohde effect. Our computational analysis also reveals a new mechanism of histamine binding, which underlines an important role of Tyr250 residue. The present work is, to our best knowledge, the first study of nuclear quantum effects on ligand receptor binding. The ligand H/D substitution is relevant for therapy in the context of perdeuterated and thus more stable drugs that are expected to enter therapeutic practice in the near future. Moreover, presented approach may contribute towards understanding receptor activation, while a distant goal remains in silico discrimination between agonists and antagonists based on the receptor structure.

Кога станува збор за расправата во врска со казнената одговорност на политичките партии, како клучни спротивставени интереси се појавуваат интересите на правдата и интересите на демократијата. И покрај тоа што историскиот развиток на казненото право се движеше во насока на напуштање на колективната одговорност, новите тенденции укажуваат на тоа дека индивидуалната казнена одговорност е сепак недоволна. Некои казнени дела се извршуваат од името на колективот и за задоволување на неговите интереси. Поради тоа, се смета за праведно да се казни целиот колектив како таков, а не само неговите поединци. Таков интерес на правдата постои и во поглед на политичките партии. Авторот во овој труд ја анализира проблематиката на казнената одговорност на политичките партии како правни лица

Pantothenamides are analogs of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), which is a natural precursor of coenzyme A (CoA). It has been shown that these compounds, predominantly N-substituted pantothenamides, possess antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus. It is widely accepted that these compounds act through combined inhibition of coenzyme A and fatty acid synthesis. However, the precise mechanism of action remains unrevealed. Here is reported the identification of a novel target of pantothenamides, never considered before. Molecular dynamics simulations together with free energy calculations reveal that the hydrophobic pocket of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) binds N-pentylpantothenamide. Consequently, the sequestration of the acyl chain attached to the Ppant prosthetic arm is defunct since the inhibitor occupies the hydrophobic core of the ACP. Thus, the acyl chain remains solvent-exposed and susceptible to hydrolysis. Moreover, the ACP with N-pentylpantothenamide bound could change its chain- flipping ability as well as its interaction propensity towards downstream enzyme partners of the fatty acid synthesis pathway, which could result in the suppression of the fatty acid synthesis rate.

U članku se razmatra jedno od najkompleksnijih pravnih pitanja u kontekstu trgovine ljudima – pitanje nekažnjavanja, tj. nepoduzimanja kaznenog progona prema žrtvama trgovine ljudima koje su ostvarile obilježja kaznenog djela u svezi sa svojom viktimizacijom, odnosno kao rezultat iste. Zaključci su utemeljeni na sveobuhvatnoj analizi tzv. klauzule o nekažnjavanju u obvezujućim međunarodnim dokumentima (Konvenciji Vijeća Europe, Direktivi EU), međunarodnim smjernicama i modelima (npr. Preporuke Visokog povjerenika UN-a za ljudska prava o ljudskim pravima i trgovanju ljudima), te u poredbenom zakonodavstvu i praksi. Dostupna poredbena praksa država ukazuje na nedostatke postojećih pravnih rješenja te na potrebu da se pitanje nekažnjivosti žrtava trgovine ljudima riješi na nedvosmislen način, bilo kroz uvođenje izričite i precizne odredbe o nekažnjavanju ili kroz uspostavu jasnih instruktivnih kriterija za postupanje u takvim slučajevima. Autori predlažu novi model nekažnjavanja i nepoduzimanja kaznenog progona prema žrtvama trgovine ljudima u RH, s ciljem izbjegavanja dodatne viktimizacije žrtava i u skladu s potrebama svakog konkretnog slučaja. Potreban je višedimenzionalan i fleksibilan pristup na temelju jasnih odredbi materijalnog i procesnog kaznenog prava, ali i smjernica koje će tužiteljima i sucima omogućiti da uspostave prikladnu ravnotežu između temeljnih načela hrvatskog pravnog sustava i prava osoba koje valja prvenstveno promatrati kao žrtve, a ne kao počinitelje.

Histamine is an important mediator of many biological processes including inflammation, gastric acid secretion, neuromodulation, and regulation of immune function. Due to its potent pharmacological activity even at very low concentrations, the degradation of histamine has to be carefully regulated to avoid adverse reactions. Two major routes of histamine inactivation in mammals are: (a) methylation of the imidazole ring, catalyzed by histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT), and (b) oxidative deamination of the primary amino group, catalyzed by diamine DAO oxidase (DAO). HMT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the secondary imidazole amino group forming N-methylhistamine, and is a highly specific enzyme that does not show significant methylation of other HMT substrates. N-methylhistamine is not active at the histamine receptor sites, and is further metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO), a primary degradation enzyme for a range of biogenic and dietary amines in cells, including amine neurotransmitters in the brain, which is why it has been the central pharmacological target for treating depression and Parkinson’s disease for over 60 years. The notion that histamine is essentially not a substrate for MAO, whereas N-methylhistamine is, raises the question of what is the origin of its unexpected MAO B selectivity towards two very similar compounds, yet completely identical in their reactive ethylamine chain parts.

Metal complexes with ML or ML2 stoichiometry have been isolated in the reaction of Zn(NO3)2, ZnBr2 or M(NO3)2/NaBF4, M = Zn(II), Co(II) or Ni(II), with either amino acid or amine substituted tridentate nitrogen ligands based on bis(2-picolyl)amine (bpa) or bis(2-quinaldyl)amine (bqa). The stoichiometry (M : L = 1 : 1 or 1 : 2) and stereochemistry (mer, trans-fac or cis-fac) of the products have been studied by NMR and IR spectroscopy, X-ray single crystal analysis and quantum-chemical calculations with an implicit SMD solvation model.

There is almost no sector in such a need for the development and application of dispute resolution techniques and processes as is the healthcare sector. Incorporation of negotiation, mediation, facilitation, and dialogue techniques with emerging issues such as patient safety, healthy clinical environments, labor shortages, bioethics, technological advances, public health emergencies, health professions education, and access to health services could provide the necessary infrastructure for the evolution of the culture of healthcare. Anyhow, patient-safety, quality improvements and avoidability of medical errors (including collection of data on errors) are prerogatives in finding best possible alternatives to court proceedings.

Histamine is an important mediator of many biological processes including inflammation, gastric acid secretion, neuromodulation, and regulation of immune function. Due to its potent pharmacological activity even at very low concentrations, the degradation of histamine has to be carefully regulated to avoid adverse reactions, since it can even be toxic when it is present either in excess or in the wrong metabolic context. Two major routes of histamine inactivation in mammals are: (a) methylation of the imidazole ring, catalyzed by histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT), and (b) oxidative deamination of the primary amino group, catalyzed by diamine oxidase (DAO). HMT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the secondary imidazole amino group forming Nmethylhistamine, and is a highly specific enzyme that does not show significant methylation of other substrates. N-methylhistamine is not active at the histamine receptor sites, and is further metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO), a primary degradation enzyme for a range of biogenic and dietary amines in cells, including amine neurotransmitters in the brain, which is why it has been the central pharmacological target for treating depression and Parkinson’s disease for over 60 years. The notion that histamine is essentially not a substrate for MAO, whereas N-methylhistamine is, poses a very important question: for a promiscuous enzyme such as MAO, what is the origin of its unexpected selectivity towards two very similar compounds, yet completely identical in their reactive ethylamine chain parts.

Obimom veliki sačuvani izvorni materijal jednog srednjovjekovnog grada u kontinuitetu od oko 170 godina u razdoblju tzv. razvijenog srednjeg vijeka (Monumenta historica liberae regiae civitais zagrabiensis) sam za sebe fenomen je evropske razine. Mimo više stotina samostalnih isprava, od velike važnosti za pravnog povjesničara su dvostruke i paralelno vođene gradske knjige - knjige sudskih presuda (Libri sententiarum ) - knjige u kojima je bilježen promet nekretninama (Libri funduales) iz čijih je podataka moguće rekonstruirati prije svega institute stvarnog prava ali i instituti ostalih pravnih sfera . Skromnije sačuvan izvorni materijal ostalih srednjovjekovnih zagrebačkih jurisdikcija uključujući Campus zagrabiensis omogućavaju također proučavanje pojedinih karakterističnih ustanova u tim posve različitim povijesnim političkim i pravnim sferama srednjovjekovnog Zagreba.

Most countries in the world have introduced criminal responsibility of legal entities, while at the same time in many countries political parties have a status of a legal entity, which allows to treat them like corporations. The expansion of criminal liability of legal persons has enabled to hold political parties criminally liable, unless there is a law that provides an exemption for them. This new possibility to punish political parties has been applied for the first time in March 2014 when a Croatian court convicted and sentenced a major political party (Croatian Democratic Union) for corruption. After determining that the crimes committed resulted in damaging state-owned companies for more than €9, 5 million, the Court found that CDU illegally obtained nearly €5, 2 million, part of which was taken by the party president Ivo Sanader (about €2 million). This case shall be used for assessing the legal, political and criminological aspects of criminal responsibility of political parties as legal entities. After a brief overview of historical developments of criminal responsibility of legal entities, this paper will compare how different theoretical concepts of liability could be applied to political parties and evaluate their consequences. The relevant theories of criminal responsibility of legal entities whose applicability to political parties are subject to evaluation are the following: strict liability, vicarious liability, identification or alter ego model, representation model, aggregation theory, corporate culture theory, theory of organisational fault and compliance, theory of wilful blindness and benefit theory.