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The aim of this study was to determine the disease activity index (DAI) and the colonic mucosa damage index (CMDI), and to detect the colonic mucosal expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC). We also aimed to investigate the protective role of Etiasa in UC. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control, an Etiasa-treated group and a UC model group. Rats were sacrificed on days 14, 21, 35 or 56 following the administration of treatment by enema and the DAI, CMDI and colonic expression levels of MMP-2 and TNF-α were assessed. In the UC model group, the DAI and CDMI scores and the colonic expression levels of MMP-2 and TNF-α increased significantly compared with the control at all timepoints, and were also significantly higher than those in the Etiasa-treated group. In conclusion, the expression levels of MMP-2 and TNF-α increased significantly in rats with UC. Etiasa reduces colonic mucosal damage by downregulating the expression of MMP-2 and TNF-α.

In the unsymmetrical title complex, [Ni(C(20)H(23)N(4)O(4))]ClO(4), the coordination geometry for the Ni(II) atom can be described as square planar. The aromatic rings in the two ligands are almost vertical, with a dihedral angle of 85.3°. In the crystal, cations and anions are linked by weak C(N)-H⋯O hydrogen bonding.

In the solvated title complex, [Ni(C(46)H(47)N(6)O(2))]ClO(4)·2CH(4)O, the coordination sphere around the Ni(II) ion can be described as distorted cis-NiO(2)N(4) octa-hedral defined by two phenolate O atoms and four N atoms from the hexa-dentate ligand. An intra-molecular bifurcated N-H⋯(N,O) hydrogen bond helps to establish the conformation of the complex mol-ecule. In the crystal, the components are connected by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

In the title dinuclear complex, [Cu(2)(C(14)H(20)ClN(4)O)ClO]·3H(2)O, one Cu(II) cation assumes a distorted square-planar coordination geometry and the other a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Both Cu(II) cations are N,N',O-chelated by one arm of the 2,6-bis-[(2-amino-eth-yl)imino-meth-yl]-4-chloro-phenolate anion, and one oxide anion bridges the two Cu(II) cations, forming a dinuclear complex. One of the Cu(II) cations is further coordinated by an Cl(-) anion in the apical direction. In the crystal, lattice water mol-ecules are linked with the complex mol-ecule via O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds while O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding occurs between lattice water mol-ecules , forming three-dimensional network structure.

In the title solvated mol-ecular salt, [CuCl(C(28)H(30)N(4))]ClO(4)·CH(3)OH, the Cu(2+) ion is coordinated by the N,N',N'',N'''-tetra-dentate ligand and a chloride ion, generating a very distorted square-based pyramidal CuN(4)Cl coordination geometry with the Cl(-) ion in the basal position. In the crystal, the solvent mol-ecules and anions are linked by weak O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding.

The title compound, C(18)H(26)O(11), was synthesized by a condensation reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide and butyric acid. The acet-oxy-methyl and butyrate groups are located on the same side of the pyran ring, showing the β configuration for the d-glycosyl ester; the butyl group adopts an extend conformation, the C-C-C-C torsion angle being 179.1 (7)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

1,10-Phenanthroline has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity. Here, a series of imidazo [4,5f][1,10] phenanthroline derivatives 1-10 were synthesized and their biological activities were further elucidated. We found that 2-(4-Brominephenyl)-imidazo [4,5f][1,10] phenanthroline (compound 3) possessed potent antiproliferation activities again a variety of tumor cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that compound 3 induced both through apoptosis and necrosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549. Moreover, compound 3 treatment led to up-regulation of IκBα and down-regulation of p65 and c-myc in A549 cells. Taken together, these results suggested that compound 3 inhibited cell proliferation by suppression of NF-κB activity and down-regulation of c-myc gene expression and may be a candidate for further evaluation as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for human cancers, especially for lung cancer., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim. To observe the disease activity index (DAI) and the colonic mucosa damage index (CMDI), detect the colonic mucosal expression of PPARγ, NF-κB, and TNF-α in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC), and to investigate the protective role of rosiglitazone in UC. Methods. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a rosiglitazone treatment group, and a UC model group. Rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, 21, or 35 following administration of treatment after enema and DAI, CMDI and colonic expression of PPARγ, NF-κB, and TNF-α were assessed. Results. In the UC model group, DAI, CDMI and the colonic expression of NF-κB and TNF-α increased significantly compared to the control group at all timepoints, but PPARγ decreased significantly. Furthermore, in the rosiglitazone treatment group, DAI and CMDI decreased significantly on the 14-day, 21-day, and 35-day timepoints compared to the UC model group; the colonic expression of NF-κB and TNF-α decreased compared to UC model group at all timepoints, but the PPARγ expression increased significantly. Conclusions. Rosiglitazone can alleviate colonic mucosal inflammation and have the protective role on UC by upregulating PPARγ expression and downregulating NF-κB and TNF-α expression.

We study the nonequilibrium dynamics of colloidal system with short-range depletion attraction and screened electrostatic repulsion on a disordered substrate. We find a growth-melting process of the clusters as the temperature is increased. By strengthening the screened electrostatic repulsion, a depinning transition from moving cluster to plastic flow is observed, which is characterized by a peak in threshold depinning force. The corresponding phase diagram is then mapped out. Due to the influences of disorder from substrate, the clusters are polarized by the strong external force, accompanied by the appearance of interesting orientational order parallel to the force and translational order perpendicular to the force. Under the condition of strong external force, the influences of density of pins and temperature are also studied., (© 2011 American Institute of Physics)

We apply a Langevin model by imposing additive and multiplicative noises to study thermally activated diffusion over a fluctuating barrier in underdamped dynamics. The barrier fluctuation is characterized by Gaussian colored noise with exponential correlation. We present the exact solutions for the first and second moments. Furthermore, we use direct simulations to calculate the asymptotic probability for a Brownian particle passing over the fluctuating barrier. The results indicate that the correlation of the fluctuating barrier is crucial for barrier crossing dynamics., (©2011 American Physical Society)

We study analytically and numerically the anomalous diffusion across periodically modulated parabolic potential within Langevin and Fokker-Planck descriptions. We find that the probability of particles passing over the saddle is affected strikingly by the periodical modulation with average zero bias. Particularly, the initial phase plays an important role in the modulation effect. The effect of the correlation time of external Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise on dynamical process is also discussed. A reduction in overpassing probability is observed due to finite correlation time.

The effect of curcumin on JAK-STAT signaling pathway was investigated in hepatoma cell lines Huh7 and Hep3B. Curcumin inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of both cell lines, but Huh7 cells were more sensitive to curcumin than Hep3B cells. Curcumin (50 micromol x L(-1)) significantly increased phosphorylations of p38 (T180/Y182) and STAT-1 (S727) in Huh7 and Hep3B cells, and caused relocalization of phosphorylated-STAT-1 (Y701) from cytoplasm to nucleus in Hep3B cells. In addition, curcumin (25 and 50 micromol x L(-1)) dramatically suppressed the phosphorylation level of STAT-1 (Y701) and resulted in a significant reduction of nuclear phosphorylated-STAT-1 (Y701) in Huh7 cells.

It has been shown that cell volume regulation mechanisms play important roles in various cell functions. We demonstrated previously that volume-activated chloride channels were involved in cell volume regulation. The present study aimed to clarify the roles of various types of potassium channels in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) induced by hypotonic challenges in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-2Z cells). The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record hypotonic challenge-induced potassium currents. During current recordings, cells were held at 0 mV and stepped to +/-46 and +/-92 mV, repeatedly. The cell volume was computed from cell diameters. The changes of cell volume were monitored and analyzed by the time-lapse imaging technique. The results showed that the exposure to 160 mOsm/L hypotonic solution caused the cells to swell by (144.5+/-4.2)%, activated a potassium current (59.2 pA/pF+/-13.3 pA/pF at 92 mV), and induced RVD. Cell volume was recovered from hypotonic challenge-induced swelling by (48.9+/-4.6)% after 20 min. The potassium current (at 92 mV) and RVD were inhibited by the calcium-dependent potassium channel blocker, clotrimazole (100 mumol/L), by (98.5+/-2.8)% and (89.3+/-4.9)%, respectively. Depletion of extracellular calcium prevented the activation of the hypotonic challenge-induced potassium current and inhibited the process of RVD. The voltage-gated potassium channel blocker, 4-AP (5 mmol/L), partially inhibited the hypotonic challenge-activated potassium currents by (66.6+/-5.3)% (at 92 mV). These results suggest that the Ca(2+)-dependent potassium channel is the main component of volume-activated potassium channels and plays an important role in volume regulation of CNE-2Z cells. The voltage-gated potassium channels may also contribute in part to the formation of the volume-activated potassium current.

In the present study, shRNA plasmid of pSi-p21 targeting p21 mRNA was constructed and the effect of p21 shRNA on curcumin-induced apoptosis of human hepatoma Huh7 cells was investigated. The effect of curcumin on the expression of p21 mRNA and protein and the silence efficiency of pSi-p21 were detected with RT-PCR and Western blotting. The effect of pSi-p21 on curcumin-induced apoptosis of Huh7 cells was evaluated with DAPI staining. The results showed that curcumin significantly upregulated p21 mRNA and protein expression, which was knocked down by pSi-p21 of Huh7 cells. DAPI staining results showed that pSi-p21 significantly decreased curcumin-induced apoptosis of Huh7 cells. The data suggested that curcumin induced apoptosis of Huh7 cells via upregulation of p21 expression.

Suppression of spiral and turbulence in inhomogeneous media due to local heterogeneity with higher excitability is investigated numerically. When the inhomogeneity is small, control tactics by boundary periodic forcing (BPF) is effective against the existing spiral and turbulence. When the inhomogeneity of excitability is large, a rotating electric field (REF) is utilized to "smooth" regional heterogeneity based on driven synchronization. Consequently, a control approach combining BPF with REF is proposed to suppress the spiral and turbulence. The underlying mechanism of successful suppression is discussed in terms of dispersion relation.

In the title compound, [Ni(C(13)H(11)ClN(3)O(2))(2)], the Ni(II) atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and is six-coordinated by four N atoms and two phenolate O atoms from the two equal Schiff base ligands in a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry. The complex mol-ecules are connected by C-H⋯Cl, C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

4-Amino-4'-nitrobiphenyl, which is formed by catalytic effect of trichlorfon on sodium perborate oxidizing benzidine, is extracted with a cloud point extraction method and then detected using a high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). Under the optimum experimental conditions, there was a linear relationship between trichlorfon in the concentration range of 0.01-0.2 mgL(-1) and the peak areas of 4-amino-4'-nitrobiphenyl (r=0.996). Limit of detection was 2.0 microgL(-1), recoveries of spiked water and cabbage samples ranged between 95.4-103 and 85.2-91.2%, respectively. It was proved that the cloud point extraction (CPE) method was simple, cheap, and environment friendly than extraction with organic solvents and had more effective extraction yield.

Slit is a secreted protein known to function through the Roundabout (Robo) receptor as a repellent for axon guidance and neuronal migration, and as an inhibitor in leukocyte chemotaxis. We have previously shown that Slit2 is also secreted by a variety of human cancer cells whereby it acts as a chemoattractant to vascular endothelial cells for tumor angiogenesis. We used a blocking antibody to investigate the role of Slit-Robo signaling in tumor angiogenesis during oral carcinogenesis. In this report we undertook a multistage model of 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced squamous cell carcinoma in the hamster buccal pouch. R5, a monoclonal antibody against the first immunoglobulin domain of Robo1, was used to study whether R5 blocks the Slit-Robo interaction and furthermore inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth in our model. In addition, the expression of Slit2, von Willebrand factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor were examined using human tissue of oral cheek mucosa with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Our data showed that Slit2 was expressed minimally in normal and hyperplastic mucosa, moderately in dysplastic mucosa, and highly in neoplastic mucosa obtained from hamster buccal pouch. We also found that increased Slit2 expression was associated with higher tumor angiogenesis, as reflected by increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and microvessel density. A similar Slit2 expression profile was found in human tissue. Importantly, interruption of the Slit2-Robo interaction using R5 inhibited tumor angiogenesis and growth in our in vivo model, which indicates that Slit2-mediated tumor angiogenesis is a critical process underlying the carcinogenesis of chemical-induced squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, targeting Slit-Robo signaling may offer a novel antiangiogenesis approach for oral cancer therapy.

Aim: To examine the expression of matrix metallo-proteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the colon mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC)., Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the expression of MMP-1 and TNF-alpha at both mRNA and protein levels in the colon mucosa of patients with UC. Correlation between MMP-1 and TNF-alpha and their correlation with the severity of the disease were also analyzed statistically., Results: The expression of MMP-1 and TNF-alpha in the ulcerated and inflamed colon mucosa of patients with UC was significantly higher than that in the non-inflamed mucosa of normal controls at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the expression of MMP-1 and TNF-alpha in the ulcerated area was significantly higher than that in the inflamed area of patients with UC (0.9797 +/- 0.1433 vs 0.6746 +/- 0.0373, 0.8669 +/- 0.0746 vs 0.5227 +/- 0.0435, P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the non-inflamed area of normal controls. There was a significant correlation between MMP-1 and TNF-alpha expression (0.9797 +/- 0.1433 vs 0.8669 +/- 0.0746, P < 0.05), the correlating factor was 0.877. MMP-1 and TNF-alpha showed a significant correlation with the severity of the disease (0.0915 +/- 0.0044 vs 0.0749 +/- 0.0032 , 0.0932 +/- 0.0019 vs 0.0724 +/- 0.0043, P < 0.05), their correlating factors were 0.942 and 0.890, respectively., Conclusion: Excessively expressed MMP-1 directly damages the colon mucosa by degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) in patients with UC. While damaging colon mucosa, excessively expressed TNF-alpha stimulates MMPs secreting cells to produce more MMP-1 and aggravates the mucosa damage. MMP-1 promotes secretion of TNF-alpha in a positive feedback manner to cause further injury in the colon mucosa. MMP-1 and TNF-alpha correlate well with the severity of the disease, and therefore, can be used clinically as biological markers to judge the severity of UC.

L-Homoserine, serves as a non-essential precursor for the essential amino acids derived from L-aspartate in both animals and humans. It finds widespread applications across the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and animal feed industries. Microbial fermentation, primarily utilizing Escherichia coli, is the dominant approach for L-Homoserine production. However, despite recent advancements in fermentative processes employing E. coli strains, low production efficiency remains a significant barrier to its commercial viability. This review explores the biosynthesis, secretion, and regulatory mechanisms of L-Homoserine in E. coli while assessing various metabolic engineering strategies aimed at improving production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological restoration and environmental risk control on bauxite residue disposal areas have received persistent attention worldwide as it concerns the sustainable development of global alumina enterprises. Currently, microbially driven ecological restoration has been regarded as a promising way in consideration of its cost effectiveness, lower risks, and durability. However, the extremely degraded environment (e.g., high alkalinity, poor physical structure, and low organic carbon content) poses significant challenges for the activity and effectiveness of functional microorganisms involved in bioremediation. Moreover, the specific mechanisms of functional microorganisms, including alkaline regulation, stable aggregate formation, organic carbon accumulation, and plant growth promotion, in the soil-formation and revegetation process are not well understood, hindering the widespread application of microbially driven ecological restoration strategies in large-scale bauxite residue disposal. To date, these strategies have not been demonstrated in a large scale. To address these gaps, this review focuses on the microbial properties of bauxite residue disposal areas and the limiting factors of microbial functions. Furthermore, considering the differences between bauxite residue and natural soils, the roles of microorganisms in alkaline stabilization, aggregate formation, and organic carbon accumulation in bauxite residue during the soil-formation process are explored. Meanwhile, the microbially driven ecological restoration on bauxite residue disposal areas, including plant growth capacity and restoration process regulation, are discussed. Lastly, future research directions for understanding microbially driven soil-formation processes and ecological restoration on bauxite residue disposal areas are envisaged. This review provides new insights into the driving mechanisms of microorganisms on the soil formation of bauxite residue, offering a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for ecological restoration on bauxite residue disposal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineralization temperature determination is fundamental to economic geology research, yet quantifying it across mineralization remains a challenge. Sphalerite is ubiquitous in various types of mineral deposits and particularly abundant in Pb–Zn deposits, and its trace element composition is temperature-dependent, making it an ideal candidate for geothermometry. Here, we first compiled a global sphalerite trace element composition dataset (n = 1416, T = 75–430 °C), encompassing different Pb–Zn deposit types (Mississippi Valley-type, epithermal, sedimentary-exhalative, skarn-type, and volcanic massive sulfide deposits). After data processing following statistical norms, the different machine learning algorithms (random forest (RF), gradient boosted decision trees, artificial neural networks, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, and linear regression) were employed to train different models to explore the potential link between the sphalerite-forming temperature and trace element geochemistry. Each of the model's performance was evaluated using the leave-one-out cross-validation approach, which revealed the RF (R2 = 0.88, RMSE = 26 °C) as the best-performing algorithm. Meanwhile, five-fold cross-validation results indicated that the RF model (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 25 °C) outperformed the GGIMFis thermometer (R2 = 0.53, RMSE = 50 °C). Meanwhile, the feature importance analysis revealed that Ge and Mn displayed significant impacts on temperature prediction as the high temperature generally favors Mn, but not Ge, incorporation into the sphalerite structure. Finally, a model was trained with the entire dataset, generating a reliable sphalerite thermometer (SPRFT software, freely provided here) suitable for low to moderate temperature (75–430 °C) hydrothermal environments. This SPRFT thermometer was applied to evaluate the temperature of Pb–Zn mineralization in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb–Zn metallogenic belt (SW China) and it provides an innovative perspective into the ore-fluid evolution. This study demonstrated a robust approach for calculating mineralization temperatures using machine learning. This novel methodology opens new avenues for investigating and recalculating more mineral geothermometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Minle manganese (Mn) deposit is a typical Mn-bearing deposit in the Datangpo Formation in southern China. The metallogenic environment and associated changing processes directly determine the migration, enrichment, and precipitation of Mn. To have a better understanding of the metallogenic structure, magnetotelluric (MT) method was performed to explore the Minle deposit. Electrical spindle analysis of MT data was conducted based on the Swift decomposition and the phase tensor decomposition, and inversion of the transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) models was carried out using the Occam inversion method. The results revealed that the main structural strike of the MT section was approximately 37° north to east and obtained the distribution characteristics of the deep electrical properties in the study area. The "concave structure" in the resistivity model is the main geophysical marker for delineating the Mn-ore body. In the metallogenic structure of Mn ore, a "funnel-shaped structure" of the strata was found, which provided favorable space for the percolation and enrichment of Mn deposits. The results of this study will be helpful in improving geophysical prospecting techniques for sedimentary Mn deposits in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the deformation mechanism in polycrystalline metals is critical to use them in high-value high-risk applications. Here, we report an automated framework based on lattice rotation analysis for accurately identifying slip system and assessing the multiple slip activities in large data set of polycrystalline Zr, aims to statistically provide deep insight on deformation mechanism of Zr. Results show that multiple slip is the dominant slip system rather than single slip system. This method can be applied as a complementary method to the intragranular misorientation axis (IGMA) method and can act as bridges between macro-mechanical response and microstructural deformation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity of biological tissues to undergo self‐healing is crucial for the performance of functions and the continuation of life. Conventional intrinsic self‐healing materials demonstrate analogous functionality depending on the dissociation‐recombination of reversible bonds with no need of extra repair agents. However, the trade‐off relationship between mechanical strength and self‐healing kinetics in intrinsic self‐healing systems, coupled with the lack of additional functionality, restricts their service life and practical applications. Diversified highly ordered structures in organisms significantly affect the energy dissipation mechanism, signal transmission efficiency, and molecular network reconstruction capability due to their multi‐dimensional differentiated macroscopic composite constructions, microscopic orientation textures, and topologies/bonding types at molecular level. These architectures exhibit distinctive strengthening mechanisms and functionalities, which provide valuable references. This review aims at providing the current status of advanced intrinsic self‐healing materials with biomimetic highly ordered internal micro/nanostructures. Through highlighting specific examples, the classifications, design inspirations, and fabrication strategies of these newly developed materials based on integrating dynamic interactions with ordered nano/microstructures are outlined. Furthermore, the strengthening and self‐healing balance mechanisms, structure–functionalization relationships, and potential application values are discussed. The review concludes with a perspective on the challenges, opportunities, and prospects for the development, application, and promotion of self‐healable materials with bio‐like ordered architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jaceosidin (JAC) is a natural flavonoid with anti-oxidant and other pharmacological activities; however, its anti-cancer mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the mechanism of action of JAC in gastric cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays showed that JAC effectively killed multiple gastric cancer cells and induced apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Network pharmacological analysis suggested that its activity was linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS), AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, JAC accumulated ROS to up-regulate p-JNK, p-p38, and IκB-α protein expressions and down-regulate the p-ERK, p-STAT3, and NF-κB protein expressions. Cell cycle assay results showed that JAC accumulated ROS to up-regulate p21 and p27 protein expressions and down-regulate p-AKT, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E protein expressions to induce G0/G1 phase arrest. Cell migration assay results showed JAC accumulated ROS to down-regulate Wnt-3a, p-GSK-3β, N-cadherin, and β-catenin protein expressions and up-regulate E-cadherin protein expression to inhibit migration. Furthermore, N-acetyl cysteine pre-treatment prevented the change of these protein expressions. In summary, JAC induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest and inhibited migration through ROS-mediated signaling pathways in AGS cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant natural products (PNPs) exhibit a wide range of biological activities and have essential applications in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and flavors. Given their natural limitations, the production of highvalue PNPs using microbial cell factories has become an effective alternative in recent years. However, host metabolic burden caused by its massive accumulation has become one of the main challenges for efficient PNP production. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the transmembrane transport process of PNPs. This review introduces the discovery and mining of PNP transporters to directly mediate PNP transmembrane transportation both intracellularly and extracellularly. In addition to transporter engineering, this review also summarizes several auxiliary strategies (such as small molecules, environmental changes, and vesicles assisted transport) for strengthening PNP transportation. Finally, this review is concluded with the applications and future perspectives of transportation engineering in the construction and optimization of PNP microbial cell factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jiadi and Damaidi gold deposits in southwest Guizhou Province are the largest basalt-hosted Carlin-type gold deposits recently discovered in China. This study uses the Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer, supported by detailed field investigations, regional geological data, and extensive sample collections, including mineralized ore, altered wall rock, and unaltered basalt samples, for ore-bearing and geochemical analyses. Comparative analysis between altered and unaltered basalt samples revealed a mineral assemblage of sericite, quartz, and pyrite. This mineral composition forms through the hydrothermal alteration of unaltered basalt, originally containing feldspar, pyroxene, and ilmenite. The wall rock primarily features sericite, quartz, and hematite. During the alteration process, major, trace, and rare earth elements notably migrate. In the Jiadi deposit, K2O, Rb, Au, and REE significantly increase, while Na2O, CaO, MgO, and MnO decrease. SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 levels remain relatively stable. In the Damaidi deposit, K2O, Rb, and Au enrich, contrasting with the depletion of Na2O, CaO, MgO, and MnO, while SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, and REE show no significant changes. In the wall rock, TiO2, Al2O3, K2O, and REE increase, while Na2O, CaO, MgO, and MnO decrease; SiO2 and Fe2O3 content remains unchanged. The mineralization process likely originated from mid- to low-temperature, reductive magmatic hydrothermal fluids rich in CO2, CH4, N2, H+, S2−, HS−, H3AsO3, and [Au(HS)2]−. These fluids migrated to tectonically weak zones in the Lianhuashan area, where Emeishan basalts are present. They reacted with Fe-bearing minerals in the basalt, such as ferro-hornblende and ilmenite, forming pyrite, arsenic-bearing pyrite, and arsenopyrite, thus enriching Au in these minerals. Additionally, K+ and H+ in the fluid reacted with plagioclase in the basalt, forming sericite and quartz. As the fluid entered the wall rock from structural weak zones, its oxidation increased, leading to the complete or partial reaction of Fe-bearing minerals in the wall rock, resulting in the formation of hematite or magnetite. This mineralization process is similar to that observed in carbonate-hosted Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou, with the primary distinction being the iron source. In carbonate deposits, iron originates from ferridolomite within the wall rock, while in basalt-hosted deposits, it derives from ferripyroxene and ilmenite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Huxu Au-dominated polymetallic deposit is a hydrothermal deposit located in the Dongxiang volcanic basin in the middle section of the Gan-Hang tectonic belt in South China. The orebodies primarily occur within the Jurassic-Cretaceous quartz diorite porphyry, while the genesis of this deposit is unclear. This study focused on geological and mineralogical characteristics, in-situ trace elements and S-Pb isotopes of three generations of pyrite of the Huxu deposit to clarify the distribution of trace elements in pyrite, ore-forming fluid and material sources, and genetic types of the deposit. The mineralization stage of the deposit can be divided into quartz-pyrite stage (S1), quartz-pyrite-hematite stage (S2), quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage (S3) and quartz-hematite stage (S4), with the corresponding pyrite being divided into three generations (Py1–Py3). in-situ trace element data of pyrite show that Au in pyrite mainly exists in the form of solid solution (Au+), and the content is relatively low at all stages (0.18 ppm for Py1, 0.32 ppm for Py2, 0.68 ppm for Py3), while Pb and Zn mainly exist as sulfide inclusions in the pyrite. S-Pb isotopes show that the sulfur and ore-forming material of this deposit are mainly sourced from magma. The mineral association, mineral textures and trace elements in different stages of pyrite indicate that fluid boiling and fluid mixing are the key factors of native gold precipitation in S2 and S4, respectively, while water-rock interaction controlled the precipitation of Pb-Zn sulfides. These integrating with geological characteristics suggests that the deposit should be an intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessibility of paclitaxel and other taxoids from natural resources is restricted. Endophytic fungi are novel, rapidly growing resources for producing these compounds. Neopestalotiopsis vitis (N. vitis) has been recently isolated from Corylus avellana, and its ability to produce a variety of taxoids has been detected and confirmed by analytical methods. Simultaneous growth and high production of taxoids by application of different sorts and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were targeted in the present research. These criteria were assessed in different acidities (pH 4.0–7.0), carbon sources (sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, and malt extract), and nitrogen forms (urea, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and ammonium sulfate) by testing one parameter at a time approach. The first analysis introduced pH 7.0 as the best acidity of the medium for N. vitis, where the highest paclitaxel yield was generated. Further analysis introduced 3% Malt extract as the best carbon-providing medium. In the next step, the effects of nitrogen forms on the growth rate, paclitaxel yield, alkaloids, and amino acid contents were evaluated. Based on the results of this experiment, 5 mM ammonium sulfate was selected as the best nitrogen source to obtain the maximum biomass and paclitaxel yield. Overall, the results introduce a medium containing 3% (w/v) malt extract and 5 mM ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 as the best medium in which N. vitis produces the highest paclitaxel yield coincident with rapid and sustainable growth. The findings pave the way for industrial manufacturing of taxoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the folding behavior of protein sequences by numerically studying all sequences with a maximally compact lattice model through exhaustive enumeration. We get the prionlike behavior of protein folding. Individual proteins remaining stable in the isolated native state may change their conformations when they aggregate. We observe the folding properties as the interfacial interaction strength changes and find that the strength must be strong enough before the propagation of the most stable structures happens.

We study the medium effects on the selection of sequences in protein folding by taking into account surface potential in hydrophobic-polar model. Our numerical calculation demonstrates that the surface potential enhances the average gap for the highly designable structures. It also shows that the most stable structure may be no longer the most stable one if the medium is changed.

To investigate regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and its mechanism in primary-culturing fetal human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, living cell imaging technique was employed to detect the volume changes following exposure to hypotonic solution, and blockage of Cl- channels was used to clarify the role of Cl- channels in RVD. The results showed that extracellular hypotonic treatment swelled the cells and induced RVD. 47% hypotonic solution (160 mOsmol/L) swelled the cell by 144.7% and induced 38.7% recovery of cell volume within 20 min. RVD was correlated negatively to the extracellular osmolarity (r=-0.99, P<0.05) and positively to the swelling volume(r=0.99, P<0.05) in "S" shape, respectively. Chloride channel blockers, tamoxfen (20 micromol/ L), ATP (10 mmol/L) and NPPB (100 micromol/L), inhibited RVD by 100%, 76.3% and 62.7% (P< 0.01), respectively. The results indicated that primary-culturing fetal human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells are capable of RVD. Cl- efflux through Cl- channels is the key mechanism of RVD.

To characterize the background current in fetal human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and clarify its relationship with volume activated Cl(-) currents (I(Cl,vol)), whole-cell patch clamp and cell imaging techniques were employed. Under isotonic conditions, a background current [(5.9+/-2.1) pA/pF at +80 mV, n=21] was detected. The current presented a weak outward rectification and a negligible time-dependent inactivation. The current-voltage relationship showed that the reversal potential of the background current [(-0.73+/-1.7) mV, n=21] was close to the calculated equilibrium potential for Cl(-)(-0.9 mV). Application of extracellular hypertonic stimulation (440 mOsmol/L) suppressed the current by (59.6+/-7.1)% and the inhibition was reversible after returned to isotonic conditions. Bathing the cells in hypotonic solution (160 mOsmol/L) induced a volume-sensitive Cl(-) current. The Cl(-) channel blockers, tamoxifen (20 micromol/L) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) (100 micromol/L), inhibited the background current by (74.0+/-5.2)% (P<0.01, n=5) and (60.9+/-8.9)% (P<0.01, n=6) at +80 mV and increased basal cell volume by (107.7+/-2.9)% (P<0.01, n=25) and (104.4+/-2.4)% (P<0.01, n=19), respectively. The data indicate that Cl(-) current is an important component of the background current in fetal human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. The background Cl(-) current is involved in volume activated Cl(-) current and basal cell volume regulation.

We investigate the heat conduction in a quasi-one-dimensional gas model with various degrees of chaos. Our calculations indicate that the heat conductivity kappa is independent of system size when the chaos of the channel is strong enough. The different diffusion behaviors for the cases of chaotic and nonchaotic channels are also studied. The numerical results of divergent exponent alpha of heat conduction and diffusion exponent beta are consistent with the formula alpha = 2 - 2/beta. We explore the temperature profiles numerically and analytically, which show that the temperature jump is primarily attributed to superdiffusion for both nonchaotic and chaotic cases, and for the latter case of superdiffusion the finite size affects the value of beta remarkably.

The transwell chamber migration assay and CCD digital camera imaging techniques were used to investigate the relationship between regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and cell migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-2Z cells). Both migrated and non-migrated CNE-2Z cells, when swollen by 47% hypotonic solution, exhibited RVD which was inhibited by extracellular application of chloride channel blockers adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) and tamoxifen. However, RVD rate in migrated CNE-2Z cells was bigger than that of non-migrated cells and the sensitivity of migrated cells to NPPB and tamoxifen was higher than that of non-migrated cells. ATP, NPPB and tamoxifen also inhibited migration of CNE-2Z cells. The inhibition of migration was positively correlated to the blockage of RVD, with a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.99, suggesting a functional relationship between RVD and cell migration. We conclude that RVD is involved in cell migration and RVD may play an important role in migratory process in CNE-2Z cells.

Whole-cell patch clamp and cell volume measurement techniques were used to investigate the ATP-activated chloride current and the ATP effect on cell volume in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Extracellular application of ATP in micromolar concentrations activated a current with the properties of modest outward rectification and negligible time-dependent inactivation in a dose-dependent manner. The current reversed at a potential [(-0.05+/-0.03) mV] close to the Cl- equilibrium potential (-0.9 mV). Substitution of Cl- with gluconate in the extracellular solution decreased the ATP-activated current and shifted the reversal potential positively. NPPB, one of the chloride channel blockers, inhibited the current by (81.03+/-9.36)%. The current was also depressed by the P2Y purinoceptor antagonist, reactive blue 2, by (67.39+/-5.06)%. ATP (50 micromol/L) decreased the cell volume under the isotonic condition. Depletion of extracellular and intracellular Cl- abolished the ATP effect on cell volume. The results suggest that extracellular ATP of micromolar scales can induce a chloride current associated with cell volume regulation by activation of chloride channel through binding to purinoceptor P2Y.

The transwell chamber migration assay and the patch-clamp technique were used to investigate the volume-activated Cl(-) current (I(Cl.vol)) in migrated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-2Z). 47% hypotonic solution activated a ICl.vol in the migrated CNE-2Z cells. Compared with the control cells (non-migrated), the properties of this current and the sensitivity to Cl(-) channel blockers were changed. The current density in migrated CNE-2Z cells was higher than that in non-migrated cells. The current was almost completely inhibited by extracellular application of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP, 10 mmol/L), 5-nitro-2-3-phenylpropylamino benzoic acid (NPPB, 100 mmol/L) and tamoxifen (30 mmol/L) in all voltage steps applied. The inhibition of NPPB and tamoxifen on the current was stronger in migrated cells than that in non-migrated cells. The permeability sequence of the four anions was Br(-)>Cl(-)> I (-)>Gluconate. The sequence was different from that of the non-migrated cells (I(-)> Br(-)> Cl(-)> Gluconate). The results suggest that volume-activated chloride channels may be involved in the CNE-2Z cell migration.

A derivative-ratio derivative spectrum method was devised for resolving the interference of two components in a two-component mixture measured in derivative spectrum method. The ratio derivative spectrum was obtained from the derivative absorption spectrum of the mixture divided by a derivative absorption spectrum of one of the components. The derivative of ratio derivative spectrum against wavelength resulted in the derivative-ratio derivative spectrum that was determined by the concentration of one component of the mixture. The results suggest that this method is better than ratio derivative spectrum method and it can be applied for determining nitrate and nitrite (NO3- and NO2-) in environment water samples. Being simple and stable, it can eliminate the influence of the interfering materials, giving a recovery rate of more than 96.7%.

Low-temperature polymetallic melts can scavenge gold from aqueous fluids and may be instrumental in the formation of some hydrothermal lode gold deposits. However, this process is yet to be fully appreciated, because of the difficulty in recognizing textural evidence for preexisting melts and a lack of awareness that metallic melts can persist in hydrothermal systems down to very low temperature. The Xiaoqinling gold district, central China, belongs to the world-class East Qinling gold province in the North China Craton. Samples of pyrite from the S60 quartz vein at Xiaoqinling record evidence of multistage gold mineralization, with abundant Au-rich polymetallic droplets trapped as primary melt inclusions in pyrite. We examine this pyrite using a combination of nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, electron probe microanalysis, and scanning electron microscopy. We present textural evidence left by migration of melt inclusions, which can be used to distinguish previously trapped polymetallic melt inclusions from mineral inclusions. We propose that polymetallic melt inclusions trapped early in the crystallization history of the host mineral could migrate to the crystal surface and enter into contact with aqueous fluids. The same effect can also be achieved by fracturing of the host mineral. In this way, relatively low volumes of polymetallic melts can continue to scavenge gold from the multiple pulses of ore fluids that are commonly involved in the formation of large gold deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern Zhou period of China, characterised by complex interactions among vassal states, witnessed significant advancements in bronze production technology. However, the investigation of interactions based on technological comparison among dominant and dependent states remains limited. Focusing on two newly excavated foundry sites, Baidian in Houma, Shanxi, and Xincun in Hebi, Henan, this study provides crucial insights into the bronze production technologies and material sources used by Jin, a major vassal state in Central China, and Wei, a dependent state of Jin, during the Eastern Zhou period. Elemental analysis and microstructural examinations of slags, fragments of crucible wall and furnace wall, show the diversity of bronze production techniques between these two sites: in the Baidian site, bronzes were predominantly produced by co-melting of metallic copper and tin, and remelting of recycled bronzes, whereas in the Xincun site, bronze were probably made by co-melting of copper and tin ore. Furthermore, lead isotope analysis results suggest that the lead materials used for the bronze production at both the sites were likely from the Xiaoqinling region. Integrated with the historical background of complex interactions among vassal states, these findings not only shed light on the technological advancements and resource networks of the Jin and Wei states but also explain the relationships between technology, resources and social dynamics from various perspective. Hopefully this research would promote archeometallurgical study among regions and be applied to other Bronze Age cultures in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfect absorption with adjustable Q factor and wavelength is essential in both theory and application. To address this issue, a structure composed of an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ)- SiO2 grating and a multilayer dielectric structure was designed. In the structure, the intrinsic loss is related to the ENZ thickness, while the external leakage depends on the grating parameters. By adjusting the ENZ film thickness, the intrinsic loss rate was tuned to match the external leakage rate corresponding to different grating parameters, realizing the critical couplings with different Q factors and wavelengths. Under critical coupling, the absorption rate reached a maximum of 99.999%, demonstrating ultra-perfect absorption. The Q factor was adjusted from 4350 to 35800, and the absorption wavelength was modified from 1050 to 1282 nm. The design work may provide new ideas for developing wavelength- and Q-selective absorbers, optical modulators, dielectric sensors, and photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taxol, derived from Taxus trees, is a valuable natural resource for the development of anticancer drugs. Endophytic fungi from Taxus trees are a promising alternative source of Taxol. However, the impact of plant-endophytic microbial interaction on the host's Taxol biosynthesis is largely unknown. Results: In the current study, the diversity of endophytic fungi in three different Taxus species was analyzed using Internal Transcribed Spacer sequencing. A total of 271 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified, grouping into 2 phyla, 8 classes, 16 orders, 19 families, and 19 genera. Alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated significant differences in endophytic fungal communities among the various Taxus trees. At the genus level, Alternaria and Davidiella were predominantly found in T. mairei and T. media, respectively. By utilizing a previously published dataset, a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to predict the taxol biosynthesis-related fungal genera. Following screening, two isolates of Alternaria (L7 and M14) were obtained. Effect of inoculation with Alternaria isolates on the gene expression and metabolite accumulation of T. mairei was determined by transcriptomic and untargeted metabolomic studies. The co-inoculation assay suggests that the two Alternaria isolates may have a negative regulatory effect on taxol biosynthesis by influencing hormone signaling pathways. Conclusion: Our findings will serve as a foundation for advancing the production and utilization of Taxus and will also aid in screening endophytic fungi related to taxol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rate at which the anticancer drug paclitaxel is cleared from the body markedly impacts its dosage and chemotherapy effectiveness. Importantly, paclitaxel clearance varies among individuals, primarily because of genetic polymorphisms. This metabolic variability arises from a nonlinear process that is influenced by multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Conventional bioinformatics methods struggle to accurately analyze this complex process and, currently, there is no established efficient algorithm for investigating SNP interactions. Methods: We developed a novel machine‐learning approach called GEP‐CSIs data mining algorithm. This algorithm, an advanced version of GEP, uses linear algebra computations to handle discrete variables. The GEP‐CSI algorithm calculates a fitness function score based on paclitaxel clearance data and genetic polymorphisms in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. The data were divided into a primary set and a validation set for the analysis. Results: We identified and validated 1184 three‐SNP combinations that had the highest fitness function values. Notably, SERPINA1, ATF3 and EGF were found to indirectly influence paclitaxel clearance by coordinating the activity of genes previously reported to be significant in paclitaxel clearance. Particularly intriguing was the discovery of a combination of three SNPs in genes FLT1, EGF and MUC16. These SNPs‐related proteins were confirmed to interact with each other in the protein–protein interaction network, which formed the basis for further exploration of their functional roles and mechanisms. Conclusion: We successfully developed an effective deep‐learning algorithm tailored for the nuanced mining of SNP interactions, leveraging data on paclitaxel clearance and individual genetic polymorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in atmospheric p O2 has been proposed as a trigger for the Cambrian Explosion at ∼539–514 Ma but the mechanistic linkage remains unclear. To gain insights into marine habitability for the Cambrian Explosion, we analysed excess Ba contents (Baexcess) and isotope compositions (δ138Baexcess) of ∼521-Myr-old metalliferous black shales in South China. The δ138Baexcess values vary within a large range and show a negative logarithmic correlation with Baexcess, suggesting a major (>99%) drawdown of oceanic Ba inventory via barite precipitation. Spatial variations in Baexcess and δ138Baexcess indicate that Ba removal was driven by sulfate availability that was ultimately derived from the upwelling of deep seawaters. Global oceanic oxygenation across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition may have increased the sulfate reservoir via oxidation of sulfide and concurrently decreased the Ba reservoir by barite precipitation. The removal of both H2S and Ba that are deleterious to animals could have improved marine habitability for early animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Songshugang deposit is a large Ta–Nb deposit in South China, with Ta–Nb mineralization associated genetically with the granite and pegmatite. A diversity of quartz from topaz–albite granite, quartz–mica pegmatite, quartz–feldspar pegmatite, and quartz–fluorite pegmatite at Songshugang was studied by CL and LA–ICP–MS in order to constrain enrichment mechanisms of Nb and Ta and to find geochemical indicators of quartz for rare metal deposits. Cathodoluminescence image illuminates a canvas of complexity, the quartz from topaz–albite granite, quartz–mica pegmatite, quartz–feldspar pegmatite, and quartz–fluorite pegmatite, exhibits numerous dark CL streaks, patches, and a series of healed fractures. These textures suggest that the rocks were fractured because of deep crustal pressure, and underwent later hydrothermal metasomatism and quartz filling. The quartz from quartz–fluorite pegmatite present limited patches or fractures but distinct growth bands, indicating that the melt fluid composition during the formation of quartz at this stage varies greatly and is less affected by mechanical fragmentation. The LA–ICP–MS analysis of quartz shows that there is a positive correlation between Al and Li in the quartz from topaz–albite granite, quartz–mica pegmatite, quartz–feldspar pegmatite, to quartz–fluorite pegmatite, indicating that Al mainly enters the quartz lattice through charge compensation substitution mechanism with Li. However, our data deviate from the theoretical Li:Al mass ratio of ~ 1:3.89 in quartz, indicating that there may be competition between H+ and Li in a water-rich magmatic environment. The quartz from topaz–albite granite is enriched in K and Na elements, and the quartz from quartz–fluorite pegmatite is enriched in fluorite with a low Ca content in quartz, further elucidating that these rocks were subjected to hydrothermal metasomatism. From topaz–albitite granite to quartz–fluorite pegmatite, Al, Li and Ge content and Al/Ti, Ge/Ti, Sb/Ti ratios in quartz gradually increased, but Ti content gradually decreased, reflecting the high evolution of magma, which can enrich rare metal elements. Based on the characteristics of quartz CL textures and trace elements in topaz–albite granite, quartz–mica pegmatite, quartz–feldspar pegmatite, and quartz–fluorite pegmatite, combined with the albitization and K-feldspathization of rocks, it is suggested that the Nb–Ta mineralization in Songshugang may be influenced by the combined action of magmatic crystallization differentiation and fluid metasomatism. By comparing the quartz in the Songshugang pluton with the quartz in the granite type and pegmatite type rare metal deposits recognized in the world, the Songshugang pegmatite share similarities with the LCT-type pegmatite. Combined with previous studies, the Ge/Ti > 0.1 and Ti < 10 ppm, as well as Al, Li, Ge, Sb, K, Na contents and Al/Ti, Sb/Ti ratios in quartz have the potential to be a powerful exploration marker for identifying granite-like pegmatitic Nb–Ta deposits in other places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive research has been implemented to raise the efficiency of the geochemical survey of stream sediments (SSs) that formed under the cryolithogenesis conditions. The authors analysed the composition, structure and specific features of the formation of exogenous anomalous geochemical fields (AGFs) identified through SSs of large river valleys of IV order. In our case, these were the valleys of Maly Ken, Ken and Tap Rivers. These rivers are located in the central and southern parts of the Balygychan–Sugoy trough enclosed in the Magadan region, North–East of Russia. The authors proposed a new technique to sample loose alluvium of SSs in the large river valleys along the profiles. The profiles were located across the valleys. The AGFs of Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Sn, Bi, Mo and W were studied. Correlations between elements have been established. These elements are the main indicator elements of Au–Ag, Ag–Pb, Sn–Ag, Mo–W and Sn–W mineralization occurring on the sites under study. The results obtained were compared with the results of geochemical surveys of SSs. It is concluded that the AGFs recognized along the profiles reflect the composition and structure of eroded and drained ore zones, uncover completely and precisely the pattern of element distribution in loose sediments of large water flows. The alluvium fraction < 0.25 mm seems to be most significant in a practical sense, as it concentrated numerous ore elements. Sampling of this fraction in the river valleys of IV order does not cause any difficulty, for this kind of material is plentiful. The developed technique of alluvium sampling within large river valleys is efficient in searching for diverse mineralization at all stages of prognostic prospecting. It is applicable for geochemical survey of SSs performed at different scales both in the North–East of Russia, as well as other regions with similar climatic conditions, where the SSs are formed under the cryolithogenesis conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the fluid inclusions of W–Mo deposits in the mineralization area of Ningshan–Zhen'an , Shaanxi Province, China shows that the gas–liquid two-phase inclusions are mainly present in W–Mo deposits, and the ore-forming fluid can be divided into four types: high-temperature type, middle–high-temperature type, middle-temperature type and low-temperature type. The formation depths of the W–Mo mineralization range from 4.2 to 8.4 km. The boiling and mixing of fluid may have been important mechanisms for the formation of W–Mo mineralization. The skarn-type mineralization is dominated by magmatic water, the quartz-vein-type mineralization includes both magmatic water and meteoric water, and the meteoric water is more involved in the quartz-fluorite-vein-type, beryl-quartz-vein-type and pegmatite-type mineralization. Magma is the main source of sulfur; that is, magma is the main source of mineralization. Combined with the metallogenic setting and geological characteristics of typical ore deposits, in the process of structural system transformation in South Qinling, the ore-forming magma fluid in the Late Indosinian–Yanshanian period was uplifted and emplaced along the NW–WNW direction and NE–NNE direction, and eventually, NW–WNW fault-controlled skarn-type W–Mo mineralization and quartz-vein-type W–Mo deposits accompanied by greisenization, albitization and potash feldspathization formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]