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Simple Summary: Stylo silage is widely used as a protein source for ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions. High levels of biogenic amines in stylo silage are harmful to the health of ruminant animals. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of formic acid and sugar on biogenic amines and amino acids concentrations and bacterial composition and fermentation profile of stylo silage. The results showed that putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine became predominant in the control silage, and applying formic acid and sugar significantly decreased putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and total biogenic amine concentrations. Clostridium pabulibutyricum, Weissella cibaria and W. paramesenteroides were the predominant bacteria in the control silage, and the application of both additives remarkably lowered their relative abundance. Correlation analysis showed that C. pabulibutyricum, W. cibaria and W. paramesenteroides were positively related to putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine formation. The application of formic acid or sugar significantly reduced the undesirable bacterial population and improved the fermentation and hygienic quality of the stylo silage. Substantial proteolysis occurs and free amino acids can be degraded to biogenic amines by decarboxylation during stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) ensiling. High biogenic amine concentrations in silage are harmful to the health of ruminant animals. The purposes of this work were to (1) analyze the biogenic amines and amino acids concentrations, bacterial composition, and fermentation profile of spontaneously fermented stylo silage, (2) explore the effect of formic acid or sugar additive on these silage parameters, and (3) further reveal the correlations between silage amines and fermentation parameters, amino acids, and bacteria. Freshly chopped stylo was treated with distilled water (control), formic acid (4 mL/kg), and sugar (20 g/kg) and fermented for 28 days. The results indicated that putrescine (321 mg/kg dry matter), cadaverine (384 mg/kg dry matter), and tyramine (127 mg/kg dry matter) rapidly increased in concentration and become predominant in the control silage after 28 days of fermentation. Applying formic acid and sugar at ensiling, especially the acidifier, significantly decreased putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and total biogenic amine concentrations compared with the control treatment (p < 0.0001). Clostridium pabulibutyricum, Weissella cibaria and W. paramesenteroides were the predominant bacteria in the control silage, and the application of both additives remarkably lowered their relative abundance in comparison with the control treatment (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were positively related to pH, butyric acid, non-protein nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.01). These amines also had significant correlations with C. pabulibutyricum, W. cibaria and W. paramesenteroides (p < 0.001). Putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine were the main biogenic amines and C. pabulibutyricum was the predominant undesirable bacterium in naturally fermented stylo silage. C. pabulibutyricum, W. cibaria and W. paramesenteroides were positively related to putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine formation. The application of formic acid or sugar significantly reduced the undesirable bacterial population and improved the fermentation and hygienic quality of the stylo silage. These findings lay the foundation for further elucidating the microbial mechanism underlying the main biogenic amine formation during fermentation of stylo silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many wastewater treatment methods have been developed because large amounts of organic pollutants (OPs) entered into the water bodies and adsorption is one of the classic and important technologies. Recently, magnetic adsorbents have garnered extensive attention due to the high efficiency and distinctive recyclability. The control of their structures and surface properties is crucial. Here, the magnetite@carbon (Fe3O4@C) composite was prepared by coupling microreactor and pyrolysis reactor. The structures and surface properties of the Fe3O4@C were effectively adjusted by changing the pyrolysis temperature and Na2CO3 concentration. The Fe3O4@C composite prepared at 800°C of pyrolysis temperature with 1 mol·L−1 of Na2CO3 concentration has lipophilicity and the highest adsorption capacity of 92# gasoline among those adsorbents, which is as high as 7.6 g·g−1. The Fe3O4@C synthesized at 500°C with 1 mol·L−1 of Na2CO3 concentration has hydrophilicity and the highest adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B and Methyl Blue. The saturated adsorption capacities are about 166 and 301 mg·g−1, respectively. Fe3O4@C can be easily separated from wastewater and simply regenerated with less capacity loss after five cycles. The results show that the Fe3O4@C prepared by this method could be suitable for the removal of different OPs by adjusting the preparation conditions. Magnetic adsorbents Fe3O4@C were prepared by coupling microreactor and pyrolysis reactor. Structure and property of Fe3O4@C were effectively controlled by adjusting reaction parameters. Fe3O4@C composite exhibits outstanding adsorption performances for different organic pollutants. Fe3O4@C composite shows excellent recyclability and reusability. The adsorption kinetics fitted the pseudo-second-order model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As LEDs continue to miniaturize, in addition to the side‐wall defect effect causing a decrease in LED luminous efficiency, the reduction in LED size also leads to the emergence of downward and lateral light emission. These non‐forward emissions are prone to total internal reflection and significant refraction at interfaces between packaging layers and air, consequently diminishing forward light emission. To mitigate the loss of forward luminance and ambient light reflection, we propose a secondary‐optical design and simulate the physical model by commercial software. The simulation result shows that the loss was reduced from 40.06% to 18.51% with Hexagonal Structure, and the ambient light reflection was reduce from 25.41% to 4.78%. With the addition of microlens array, loss can be further reduced to 2.67%, and ambient light reflection was reduced to 5.34%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrinking LEDs reduces Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) and challenges light collection[1]. This study employs LightTools® for geometric optical simulations to create a secondary optical structure with reflector and a black matrix, enhancing Micro‐LED efficiency. This approach significantly reduces light emission loss from the original 40% to 4.54%. and ambient light reflection from the original 25% to 4.85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrophysical events that occur in active galactic nucleus (AGN) disks are believed to differ significantly from the ordinary in the interstellar medium. We show that stars located in the outer region of the AGN disk would explode near the original migration starting points instead of being accreted by the central supermassive black hole owing to the effect of viscosity. AGN disks provide a dense environment for supernova (SN) explosions, which inevitably involve ejecta–disk interactions. In this paper, we investigate the light curves (LCs) of core-collapse SNe that exploded in AGN disks. In addition to the fundamental energy source of the ^56 Ni– ^56 Co– ^56 Fe decay reaction powering the SN LCs, the forward/reverse shock produced during interactions may contribute significantly to the observed flux. If the stellar winds manage to create a cavity surrounded by a shell near the star before the SN explosion, the ejecta–winds–disk configurations are expected. We present various SN LCs from different types of progenitors and find that the SN LCs are dominated by the radiation of ejecta–disk interaction induced shocks. The resulting SNe in the AGN disk are promising transient sources for UV and optical band detection by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, the Ultraviolet Explorer, and wide-field survey telescopes such as the Ultraviolet Transient Astronomy Satellite, the Wide Field Survey Telescope, and the Legacy Survey of Space and Time at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. These detections could aid in the investigation of AGN disks and the associated high-energy transient occurrences.

Although dominant gain-of-function triplet repeat expansions in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene are the underlying cause of Huntington disease (HD), understanding the normal functions of nonmutant HTT protein has remained a challenge. We report here findings that suggest that HTT plays a significant role in selective autophagy. Loss of HTT function in Drosophila disrupts starvation-induced autophagy in larvae and conditional knockout of HTT in the mouse CNS causes characteristic cellular hallmarks of disrupted autophagy, including an accumulation of striatal p62/SQSTM1 over time. We observe that specific domains of HTT have structural similarities to yeast Atg proteins that function in selective autophagy, and in particular that the C-terminal domain of HTT shares structural similarity to yeast Atg11, an autophagic scaffold protein. To explore possible functional similarity between HTT and Atg11, we investigated whether the C-terminal domain of HTT interacts with mammalian counterparts of yeast Atg11-interacting proteins. Strikingly, this domain of HTT coimmunoprecipitates with several key Atg11 interactors, including the Atg1/Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 kinase complex, autophagic receptor proteins, and mammalian Atg8 homologs. Mutation of a phylogenetically conserved WXXL domain in a C-terminal HTT fragment reduces coprecipitation with mammalian Atg8 homolog GABARAPL1, suggesting a direct interaction. Collectively, these data support a possible central role for HTT as an Atg11-like scaffold protein. These findings have relevance to both mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and to therapeutic intervention strategies that reduce levels of both mutant and normal HTT.

TORC1, a conserved protein kinase, regulates cell growth in response to nutrients. Localization of mammalian TORC1 to lysosomes is essential for TORC1 activation. Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P(2)), an endosomal signaling lipid, is implicated in insulin-dependent stimulation of TORC1 activity in adipocytes. This raises the question of whether PI(3,5)P(2) is an essential general regulator of TORC1. Moreover, the subcellular location where PI(3,5)P(2) regulates TORC1 was not known. Here we report that PI(3,5)P(2) is required for TORC1 activity in yeast and regulates TORC1 on the vacuole (lysosome). Furthermore, we show that the TORC1 substrate, Sch9 (a homologue of mammalian S6K), is recruited to the vacuole by direct interaction with PI(3,5)P(2), where it is phosphorylated by TORC1. Of importance, we find that PI(3,5)P(2) is required for multiple downstream pathways via TORC1-dependent phosphorylation of additional targets, including Atg13, the modification of which inhibits autophagy, and phosphorylation of Npr1, which releases its inhibitory function and allows nutrient-dependent endocytosis. These findings reveal PI(3,5)P(2) as a general regulator of TORC1 and suggest that PI(3,5)P(2) provides a platform for TORC1 signaling from lysosomes.