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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the diagnostic accuracy of atopy patch tests (APT) in the clinical practice of pediatric gastroenterology. Moreover, APTs containing purified food extracts have recently become available, but their diagnostic accuracy is largely undefined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of food challenge, skin prick test (SPT), serum specific IgE determination, and APT using fresh food and commercial food extracts in parallel in children referred for suspected food allergy-related gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: Eighty-nine food challenges were performed in 60 patients (38 boys, median age 23 months, range 3-48 months): 31 tested positive for cow's milk (CM), 19 for hen's egg (HE), and two for wheat. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) determination, and SPT, respectively, were positive in 7/31 and 14/31 of patients with cow's milk allergy (CMA), and in 7/19 and 7/19 with HE allergy. The results of APT with fresh food vs a commercial assay were (1) CM: sensitivity: 64.5%vs 6.4%, specificity 95.8%vs 95.6%, positive predictive value (PPV) 95.2%vs 66.6% and negative predictive value (NPV) 67.6%vs 43.1%; (2) HE: sensitivity 84.2%vs 5.2%, specificity 100%vs 100%, PPV 100%vs 100% and NPV 75.0%vs 33.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Atopy patch test is a useful tool in the diagnostic work up of children with food-allergy-related gastrointestinal symptoms. The diagnostic accuracy of ATP was higher with fresh food than with commercial food extracts.

OBJECTIVE: Gastric acidity (GA) inhibitors, including histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), are the mainstay of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treatment. A prolonged GA inhibitor-induced hypochlorhydria has been suggested as a risk factor for severe gastrointestinal infections. In addition, a number of papers and a meta-analysis have shown an increased risk of pneumonia in H2-blocker-treated intensive care patients. More recently, an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia associated with GA inhibitor treatment has been reported in a large cohort of adult patients. These findings are particularly relevant to pediatricians today because so many children receive some sort of GA-blocking agent to treat GERD. To test the hypothesis that GA suppression could be associated with an increased risk of acute gastroenteritis and pneumonia in children treated with GA inhibitors, we conducted a multicenter, prospective study. METHODS: The study was performed by expert pediatric gastroenterologists from 4 pediatric gastroenterology centers. Children (aged 4-36 months) consecutively referred for common GERD-related symptoms (for example, regurgitation and vomiting, feeding problems, effortless vomiting, choking), from December 2003 to March 2004, were considered eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria were a history of GA inhibitors therapy in the previous 4 months, Helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, chronic lung or heart diseases, cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency, food allergy, congenital motility gastrointestinal disorders, neuromuscular diseases, or malnutrition. Control subjects were recruited from healthy children visiting the centers for routine examinations. The diagnosis of GERD was confirmed in all patients by standard criteria. GA inhibitors (10 mg/kg ranitidine per day in 50 children or 1 mg/kg omeprazole per day in 50 children) were prescribed by the physicians for 2 months. All enrolled children were evaluated during a 4-month follow-up. The end point was the number of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis or community-acquired pneumonia during a 4-month follow-up study period. RESULTS: We obtained data in 186 subjects: 95 healthy controls and 91 GA-inhibitor users (47 on ranitidine and 44 on omeprazole). The 2 groups were comparable for age, gender, weight, length, and incidence of acute gastroenteritis and pneumonia in the 4 months before enrollment. Rate of subjects presenting with acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia was significantly increased in patients treated with GA inhibitors compared with healthy controls during the 4-month follow-up period. In the GA inhibitor-treated group, the rate of subjects presenting with acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia was increased when comparing the 4 months before and after enrollment. No differences were observed between H2 blocker and PPI users in acute gastroenteritis and pneumonia incidence in the previous 4 months and during the follow-up period. On the contrary, in healthy controls, the incidence of acute gastroenteritis and pneumonia remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective study performed in pediatric patients showing that the use of GA inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in GERD-affected children. It could be interesting to underline that we observed an increased incidence of intestinal and respiratory infection in otherwise healthy children taking GA inhibitors for GERD treatment. On the contrary, the majority of the previous data showed that the patients most at risk for pneumonia were those with significant comorbid illnesses such as diabetes or immunodeficiency, and this points to the importance of GA suppression as a major risk factor for infections. In addition, this effect seems to be sustained even after the end of therapy. The results of our study are attributable to many factors, including direct inhibitory effect of GA inhibitors on leukocyte functions and qualitative and quantitative gastrointestinal microflora modification. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms of the increased risk of infections in children treated with GA inhibitors, and prophylactic measures could be considered in preventing them.

We evaluated the clinical usefulness of 99mTc-pertechnetate per-rectal portal scintigraphy (PPS) in the assessment of portal circulation in children with chronic cholestasis.PPS percentage shunt index (%SI) (the amount of radionuclide that shunts the liver and reaches the systemic blood after injection in the rectum) was measured in 22 children (mean age, 7.2 +/- 4.9 y) and compared with established clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic and imaging parameters of portal hypertension (PH). Fourteen children had surgically treated biliary atresia, and 8 had chronic intrahepatic cholestasis. Six clinically well children served as control subjects.The %SI was 14.3 +/- 3.1 and 34.7 +/- 18.8 in controls and in patients, respectively (P0.01). A cutoff of 19% correctly allocated 100% of controls and 86% of patients. Mean %SI values were significantly higher in patients with biliary atresia, a high risk of pretransplantation death, esophageal varices (EV) at endoscopy, and an abnormal value for the ratio of lesser omentum thickness to abdominal aorta diameter (LO/Ao) at ultrasonography. Correlations between %SI values and several ultrasonographic continuous variables were statistically significant only for LO/Ao ratios (r = 0.51; P = 0.005) and spleen longitudinal diameters (r = 0.53; P = 0.01). The presence of EV could correctly be predicted only when values of %SI were greater than 30% (100% specificity; 56% sensitivity). Endoscopic and PPS findings agreed for a diagnosis of PH with EV in 3 of 7 patients with normal or borderline ultrasonographic LO/Ao ratios. PPS patterns and %SI values became normal in 3 children who underwent liver transplantation.In children with chronic cholestasis, PPS may be an advantageous, minimally invasive tool complementary to ultrasonography and endoscopy for better assessment and follow-up of PH before and after liver transplantation.

The introduction of new oral contrast agents that enhance image quality has increased the importance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the management of ulcerative colitis. The aim of our study was to investigate the usefulness of a new negative superparamagnetic oral contrast (ferumoxil) alone or in association with gadolinium i.v. in the assessment of the disease. Twenty-eight patients with clinically active ulcerative colitis and 10 control subjects entered the study. In each patient a clinical,endoscopic,histological,and MRI evaluation was performed. In particular,in 14 patients affected by ulcerative colitis (group A) and in five controls,magnetic resonance images were acquired 1 h after the oral administration of 900 ml of ferumoxil,while the remaining 14 patients (group B) and five controls were submitted to double-contrast MRI (ferumoxil and gadolinium). In both groups,wall thickness,length of affected bowel segments,and,in group B,also percent contrast enhancement were calculated.

OBJECTIVE: To study distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with or without onychopathy, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Twenty-three patients with PsA (9/14 F/M, median age 47 yrs), 12 with onychopathy (2/10 F/M, median age 44 yrs) and 11 without (7/4 F/M, median age 52 yrs), and 10 control subjects (5/5 F/M, median age 43.2 yrs) were enrolled. MRI of nail and distal phalanx (DP) including examination of DIP joints was carried out. MRI was performed with a surface coil in a 1.5 T device. For each selected finger, both longitudinal and axial scans were performed. The involvement of nail, DP, and DIP joint was scored. RESULTS: Nail thickening with or without surface irregularity occurred in 95.7% of cases (100% with onychopathy and 90.9% without). MRI nail involvement was more frequent in patients with clinical evidence of onychopathy than in those without (p = 0.003). Similarly, 95.7% of patients showed MRI abnormalities of DP (100% with onychopathy and 90.9% without). MRI DP abnormalities were more marked in patients with clinical evidence of onychopathy than in those without (p = 0.009). Involvement of DIP joints was present in 34.8% of cases (58.3% with onychopathy and 9.1% without), and onychopathic patients showed marked MRI DIP joint involvement in 5 cases and mild in 2, while patients without onychopathy showed minimal changes in one case (p = 0.03). Considering the entire group of patients, MRI involvement of DIP joints was always associated with MRI DP changes, and in no case was it present alone. CONCLUSION: MRI nail involvement was present in almost all patients with PsA studied, even in those without clinically evident onychopathy. MRI involvement of DP always overlapped with nail involvement, since it was present in all psoriatic cases showing MRI nail involvement. In contrast, MRI DIP joint involvement was almost exclusively in a lower percentage of the patients with clinical nail involvement and was always associated with MRI DP changes. Our results suggest that DIP joint involvement is always secondary to nail and DP involvement.

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is frequently localized in the small bowel, with the diagnosis of disease and the assessment of its extension made by ileo-colonoscopy (IC) and small bowel enteroclysis (SBE). Transabdominal bowel sonography (BS) and Tc-99m- HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy (LS) are increasingly used for the diagnosis of CD because of their minimal invasiveness, reproducibility, and acceptable costs. Methods: FromMarch 2000 to July 2003, we performed IC, SBE, BS, and LS in 84 patients with either suspected or known small bowel CD. Results: Small bowel CD was present in 50 patients, whereas the other 34 patients received a different diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy were, respectively, 98%, 97%, 98%, 97%, and 0.97 for SBE; 92%, 97%, 98%, 88%, and 0.94 for BS; and 90%, 93%, 96%, 85%, and 0.92 for LS. In addition, the combined use of BS and LS led to overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of 100%, 93%, 96%, 100%, and 0.97, respectively. BS showed a fair concordance with SBE in terms of location (k = 0.71) and a correlation with the extension of the disease (r = 0.67, P , 0.001). LS showed a concordance with SBE with regard to location in about one-half the population (k = 0.54), whereas it was less effective than SBE in defining disease extension. Conclusions: BS and LS are 2 accurate techniques for the diagnosis of small bowel CD, and their combined use can be recommended as an early diagnostic approach to patients in which the disease is suspected. SBE remains the best procedure for the definition of the location and extension of the disease.

To characterize the clinical pattern of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) sine psoriasis.Fifty-seven patients (31 men, 26 women, mean age 46.32 +/- 14.12 yrs) with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (SpA) were studied. Two subsets were defined: (1) 21 patients with familial psoriasis (12 men, 9 women, mean age 49.29 +/- 14.17 yrs); (2) 36 patients without familial psoriasis (19 men, 17 women, mean age 44.58 +/- 14.00 yrs). The prevalence of the following clinical variables was evaluated: low back pain, enthesopathy, dactylitis, distal interphalangeal (DIP) arthritis, spinal involvement, and discitis. In all patients the following HLA haplotypes were tested: B7, B13, B17, B18, B27, B38, Cw6, and DR7.Dactylitis and DIP arthritis were markedly present in the articular subset with familial psoriasis (p0.0001) that also showed a high frequency rate of HLA-Cw6 (p0.0001 vs controls and patients without familial psoriasis). HLA-B27 was markedly frequent in patients without familial psoriasis (p0.0001 vs controls and p = 0.019 vs patients with familial psoriasis). In addition, in patients with familial psoriasis the log-linear model showed that the presence of HLA-Cw6 was related to the presence of DIP arthritis as well as dactylitis (likelihood ratio chi-square change of 5.891 and p = 0.015).A subset of patients with PsA "sine psoriasis" is identified by the occurrence of a SpA with dactylitis and/or DIP arthritis, presence of HLA-Cw6, and familial psoriasis in first or second-degree relatives.