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In mid‐2020, the municipal authority of Accra, Ghana levelled the dwellings of approximately 450 residents remaining in an informal beach settlement in Jamestown, long the centre of an artisanal fishing economy. The destruction marked the culmination of at least four demolition cycles to clear ground for a Chinese‐financed commercial harbour. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between demolitions, we demonstrate how residents erected smaller, more precarious structures designed for ease of disassembly/reassembly using cheaper, salvaged building materials—a tactic we term dis/incremental dwelling. We interpret these practices of everyday refusal as asserting residents’ “right to the beach”—a claim to access beach and marine space, to participate in convivial associative life and the informal fishing economy, and to resist political marginalisation from infrastructure development and ocean grabbing. The right to the beach provides a conceptual and political vocabulary to centre just coastal futures in urban West Africa and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep venous arterialization (DVA) is a final option for limb salvage in patients with end stage arterial anatomy. We report a 66-year-old dialysis dependent male with forefoot gangrene, Rutherford class 6 chronic limb ischemia, who required a redo endovascular DVA. On initial presentation an angiogram was demonstrated a desert foot with absent tibial runoff to his bilateral lower extremities. After discussion, patient elected to trial DVA in hope of avoiding a major amputation. A hybrid DVA was performed using a Pioneer Plus and.018″ Viabahn stents from the peroneal artery into the peroneal venous system; following this, the peroneal vein was anastomosed to the lesser saphenous vein via an open posterior approach at the ankle. 3 months later, a second DVA was performed by exposing the above knee popliteal artery and vein and creating an end-to-side anastomosis. Of note, the great saphenous vein was less than 2 mm in diameter and no arm vein was available due to history of prior fistulas in bilateral arms. Via the popliteal vein, the posterior tibial vein was selected and additional.018″ Viabahn stents were deployed from the malleolus to the P2 segment of the popliteal vein. Three months after the second hybrid DVA, the patient's forefoot had healed after split thickness skin grafting. Continued patency is noted of the re-do hybrid DVA with minimal calf edema. Newer creative strategies are required for "No Option Chronic Limb Ischemia" which is becoming more relevant in diabetic and dialysis dependent patients. This case illustrates the potential to convert a deep venous arterialization to a superficial venous arterialization for improved venous outflow and wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A learning format gaining attention that encourages language acquisition in science is the use of dynamic models as instructional tools. This grounded theory investigates the impact of the dynamic food chain model as an alternative lesson for teaching food chains. The researchers examined the impact of a paper-based activity and a dynamic model activity on 5th grade students' content knowledge and language development. A total of 96 English learners (ELs) and 62 native English speakers participated. Data were collected using a "What I Did/What I Learned" reflection and analyzed qualitatively. Results indicate that ELs exceeded native speakers in academic language development and in understanding interconnectedness of organisms. In addition, students engaging in the dynamic model activity expressed more joyful learning than students in the paper-based activity.

Background/purpose – The present study examined adolescent students' cyberbullying behavior and being a victim of cyberbullying specifically exploring potential differences by gender and grade level. Materials/methods – Based on a cross-sectional survey on 311 adolescent students continuing their high school education in secondary education institutions in Turkey, the study reported their findings as with differences between gender and grade level in cyberbullying and cyber victimization. The research data was obtained by using the Likert-type “Cyberbully/Cyber-victim Scale.” Together with statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey’s b test were applied the analysis of the collected data. Results – The study’s results suggest a significant difference in the level of students displaying cyberbullying behaviors and being exposed to them within virtual platforms with regards to the gender variable. Male students display cyberbullying behaviors and are also exposed to them in virtual platforms more than female students. In addition, the study’s results reveal that female students tend to rumor (gossip) more than male students on virtual platforms. There was also a significant difference in the level of participants performing and being exposed to cyberbullying behaviors on virtual platforms with regards to the grade level variable. According to the analyzed data, students from higher grade levels both perform cyberbullying behaviors more and are more frequently exposed to cyberbullying than students from lower grade levels. In other words, in higher grade levels, students’ performance of, and exposure levels to, cyberbullying was found to increase. Conclusion – This study’s findings emphasize the importance of developing prevention and intervention strategies must be developed in order to fight cyberbullying in schools when investigating the level of high school adolescents’ bullying of their peers, and the level of those exposed to cyberbullying.

Cerebral dominancy is well known on laterality; however, histological analysis of vertebral artery dominance has not been adequately studied. It was aimed to investigate the relationship between the dominant vertebral artery and hand preference. In this study, which fifteen male rabbits were examined, paw preference was evaluated with a food-reaching test. Vertebral artery samples just entering to the cranium were obtained from right- and left-pawed rabbits to evaluate luminal surface values histologically. Handedness preferences and vertebral arteries lumen surface values were compared statistically using the MannWhitney U test. As a result of the measurements made, the vertebral artery on the side with a larger diameter was accepted as dominant. The larger lumen surface values were found in the left vertebral artery than in the right vertebral artery in right-handed rabbits and vice versa. The mean lumen surface values of the left/right vertebral arteries were 0.395±0.068 / 0.305±0.034 mm2 in the right-pawed animals (p [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 596-9]

The role of the vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in tongue taste bud degeneration is well established; however, the role of lingual artery spasm induced by SAH in that has not been efficiently studied. It was aimed to investigate the relationship between the taste buds degeneration and lingual artery spasm after SAH. Seventeen rabbits were randomizied into three groups: untouched control group (n=5), physiologic serum saline injected group (SHAM; n=6), and subarachnoid hemorrhage group (study; n=6). Experimental SAH was performed by injection 0.75 ml auricular arterial homologous blood was injected into cisterna magna three times in two weeks. After three weeks, all the rabbits were sacrificed and their tongues were removed under general anesthesia following intracardiac formalin injections. Normal and degenerated taste buds numbers and lingual artery vasospasm indexes were examined stereologically. Results were analyzed statistically with the Kruskal Wallis and the Mann Whitney U tests. Significance was accepted as p [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 560-3]

Introduction: Patients with complex aortic anatomy require meticulous surgical planning to optimize intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. The GORE Excluder Conformable Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Endoprosthesis (CEXC Device, WL Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) allows for endovascular treatment of highly angulated and short proximal neck abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Owing to its recent approval, short-term clinical outcomes of this device remain scarce. Report: In this report, we present a case series of 3 patients who underwent endovascular aortic repair using the GORE Excluder Conformable device with highly angulated (>70°) aortic neck anatomy. Endografts were deployed in a radiology suite using standard 2D angiography in conjunction with a CYDAR Medical (Wilmington, Delaware) reconstructed 3D overlay. The patients' ages were 85, 67, and 85 years. The mean abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter in these cases was 6.9 cm. The mean proximal neck length was 2.1 cm, proximal mean neck angulation was 83°. The mean operative time, total fluoroscopy time, and contrast used were 208 minutes, 28.3°minutes, and 94.5 milliliters, respectively. No adjunctive procedures, such as proximal cuff or endo-anchors, were performed at the time of index procedure. Discussion: Type Ia endoleak was observed in 1 patient post-operatively but after treatment with an aortic cuff there was no evidence of enlarging aneurysm sac. The GORE Excluder Conformable Endoprosthesis expands access to endovascular management of AAAs. Our early experience with this device demonstrated excellent patient and clinical outcomes in a highly angulated neck anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the eyelid features' changes after N95 face mask (FM) usage in healthcare workers through the new type of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and make a comparison with home-office workers as a control group with a computer vision algorithm. Materials and methods: Sixty healthcare workers and forty control participants with similar demographic features included. Standardized biometric photographs which were taken before and after the COVİD-19 pandemic, analyzed by the ImageJ program (NIH, Bethesda, Md.) software. The distances between the central light reflex on the cornea and the upper (UE) and lower eyelid (LE) were recorded as the marginal reflex distances. (MRD1, MRD2 respectively) Parameters of pretarsal show (PTS) of UE and brow pupil diameter (BPD) were analyzed for both of the eyes. Results: There were no significant differences among the groups' measurements before the COVID-19 pandemic. In healthcare workers' group after the pandemic, values of MRD1, PTS, BPD showed a significant decrease in their right eye (p = 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.001 respectively) and same values reduced in the left eyes as well when compared with pre-pandemic measurements. (p = 0.048, p = 0.001, p = 0.001 respectively) PTS and BPD values were decreased for both right and left eyes of the controls. (p = 0.044, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, p = 0.001 respectively) MRD1 measurements after the pandemic showed no difference either in the right or left eyes of the control group after the pandemic. (p = 0.071 and p = 0.065 respectively). Discussion: Results showed that both BPD and PTS values decreased independently from the previous FM usage in both of the groups. Even though MRD1 values remained within the normal values, a significant decrease was detected in the healthcare workers group which suggested the cause was newly developed upper eyelid (UE) dermatochalasis after long hours of FM usage. Although it is hard to make a truly objective evaluation both usage of standardized biometric photographs and a computer-based measurement system makes the results reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 summer semester 2020 posed many challenges and uncertainties, quite unexpectedly and suddenly. In a sample of 314 psychology students, it was investigated how they experienced learning and preparing for an end-of-semester exam, which emotions and strain they experienced, how academic performance was affected, and how personal antecedents of learning as important facets of a learner’s identity could support or prevent overcoming adverse circumstances of learning. The participants of the study filled in a questionnaire about their achievement emotions and strain they experienced during learning and exam preparation as well as academic self-concept, motivation, gender, proneness to anxiety. Points achieved in the exam were also recorded. The interaction between the variables was investigated by a structural equation model. It showed that the investigated variables can be distinguished into two groups, variables that contribute mainly negatively to performance and variables with a positive contribution. Strain experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic and unpleasant emotions “belong together” in the sense that they inhibit academic performance directly or indirectly. Proneness to anxiety in academic situations was related with higher levels of mental, emotional, and physical disturbances due to the COVID-19 situation. In contrast, motivation and a high academic self-concept acted as support for learning and performance. Both contribute to pleasant achievement emotions in the learning situation; moreover, motivation had a direct relationship to academic performance. The results from the present study do not only provide insight into important students’ personal dispositions and their role for learning in adverse circumstances but also give advice how to strengthen students for successful learning.

Background This study evaluated the outcomes of a new modified Wies technique for patients with involutional lower eyelid entropion without horizontal eyelid laxity. Methods This case series retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with entropion who underwent surgery between January 2014 and March 2019 by the same experienced surgeon. Horizontal eyelid laxity, lower eyelid retractor function, and orbicularis muscle overriding were recorded before and after surgery. The recurrence rate and complications were also evaluated. This technique consisted of modified everting sutures combined with reattachment of the lower eyelid retractors to the inferior tarsal plate. Results This new technique was performed on 28 eyes in 25 patients (mean age, 71.0±8.0 years; range, 56–87 years). Nine patients (36%) were women and 16 (64%) were men. Lower lid entropion was present in the right eye in 14 patients (56%), the left eye in eight patients (32%), and both eyes in three patients (12%). The mean follow-up period was 27.3±12.4 months (range, 6–60 months). No intraoperative complications were observed. All patients’ symptoms were alleviated. One patient (3.6%) had recurrence after 2 years (success rate, 96.4%). The remaining 27 eyes maintained a satisfactory and comfortable eyelid position. No patients had problems with scarring. Conclusions The approach described herein proved to be safe and feasible in eyes with involutional lower eyelid entropion without horizontal eyelid laxity. These advantages of this procedure include the lack of a conjunctival scar, punctal eversion, and lateral canthal angle deformation. A low recurrence rate and a long interval to recurrence were also observed.

Solicitation of time and money donations are central to the success of nonprofit organizations like charities and political groups. Although nonprofits tend to prefer money, experimental and field data demonstrate that donors prefer to donate time, even when doing so does less good for the cause. However, despite the importance of this asymmetry, little is known about its psychological underpinnings. In the current investigation, we identify a previously unexplored difference between time and money, which we argue can explain the preference to donate time over money. Specifically, we propose that potential donors feel more personal control over their time (vs. money) donations, leading to greater interest in donating and donation amount. We test this framework across seven studies using incentive-compatible and hypothetical behaviors, utilizing both mediation and moderation approaches. Our results show that when donors' sense of control is threatened, donations of time might be used as a compensatory strategy and that simple linguistic interventions can increase perceived control and donations for money, which we find to typically lag behind time. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for marketing theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic rate is a key ecological variable that quantifies the energy expenditure needed to fuel almost all biological processes in an organism. Metabolic rates are typically measured at the whole-organism level (woMR) with protocols that can elicit stress responses due to handling and confinement, potentially biasing resulting data. Improved, non-stressful methodology would be especially valuable for measures of field metabolic rate, which quantifies the energy expenditure of free-living individuals. Recently, techniques to measure cellular metabolic rate (cMR) in mitochondria of blood cells have become available, suggesting that blood-based cMR can be a proxy of organismal aerobic performance. Aerobic metabolism actually takes place in the mitochondria. Quantifying cMR from blood samples offers several advantages such as direct estimates of metabolism and minimized disturbance of individuals. To our knowledge, the hypothesis that blood-based cMR correlates with woMR has not yet been directly tested. We measured cMR in red blood cells of captive great tits (Parus major), first during their morning activity period and second after subjecting them to a 2.5 h day-time respirometry protocol to quantify woMR. We predicted cMR to decrease as individuals transitioned from an active to a resting state. In the two blood samples we also assessed circulating corticosterone concentrations to determine the perceived disturbance of individuals. From respirometry traces we extracted initial and final woMR measures to test for a predicted positive correlation with cMR measures, while accounting for corticosterone concentrations. Indeed, cMR declined from the first to the second measurement. Furthermore, woMR and cMR were positively related in individuals that had relatively low corticosterone concentrations and displayed little locomotor activity throughout respirometry. By contrast, woMR and cMR covaried negatively in birds that increased corticosterone concentrations and activity levels substantially. Our results show that red blood cell cMR represents a proxy for woMR when birds do not display signs of stress, i.e., either before increases in hormonal or behavioral parameters have occurred or after they have abated. This method represents a valuable tool for obtaining metabolic data repeatedly and in free-living individuals. Our findings also highlight the importance of accounting for individual stress responses when measuring metabolic rate at any level.

In introductory programming courses (IPCs), students encounter various difficulties that are related to low achievement and high dropout and failure rates. Technology-rich approaches that promote self-directed learning while facilitating competency development and knowledge construction through social collaboration may offer advantages in this context. The current study assesses such an instructional approach by (1) identifying antecedents and process variables related to course achievement in an online flipped classroom IPC and (2) testing for gender differences regarding antecedents, process variables, and course achievement. In the winter semester of 2020/21, a sample of 144 Austrian university students participated in a survey with measurements at different points in time. Multiple linear regression was carried out to explore factors related to course achievement. The results indicate that gender, achievement-avoidance goals, academic self-concept, engagement in asynchronous learning, and course satisfaction were positively related to achievement. In contrast, work avoidance was identified as a barrier to achievement. Additionally, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was employed to test gender differences. MANOVA revealed significant gender differences regarding learning goals, mathematical self-concept, work avoidance, and engagement in synchronous learning. There were no gender differences regarding course satisfaction or achievement. The study has implications for designing innovative programming courses that could foster course satisfaction and achievement and thus reduce dropout and failure rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This research study investigated the effect of new decontamination protocols on the bonding capacity of saliva-contaminated monolithic zirconia (MZ) ceramics cemented with two different monomer-containing self-adhesive resin cements. Materials and Methods. Standardized tooth preparations (4 mm. axial height) were performed for eighty human maxillary premolars under constant water cooling system. Eighty monolithic zirconia crowns (Whitepeaks Supreme Monolith) (n = 8 / 10 groups) were manufactured by CAD-CAM. Specimens were kept in the artificial saliva at pH = 7.3 for 1 minute at 37°C except control groups. The specimens have not been prealumina blasted and grouped according to cleaning methods and resin cements: control groups (C) (no saliva contamination + GPDM + 4 ‐ META (N) (CN) and 10-MDP (M) containing resin cement (CM), alumina blasted AL + GPDM + 4 ‐ META (ALN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (ALM), zirconium oxide containing universal cleaning agent (IC) applied + GPDM + 4 ‐ META (N) (ICN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (ICM), pumice (P) applied + GPDM + 4 ‐ META (PN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (PM), and air-water spray (AW) applied + GPDM + 4 ‐ META (AWN) and 10-MDP containing resin cement (AWM)). Monobond Plus was applied to all surfaces for 40 seconds before cementation. The thermal cycle was applied at 5,000 cycles after cementation. The crowns were tested in tensile mode at a speed of 1 mm/min. The mode of failure was recorded. SEM examinations were carried out at different magnifications. Data were analyzed using rank-based Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. Results. No significant differences were found between the surface treatments and between the two types of resin cements. Interaction effects between surface treatments and resin cements were found to be significant by two-way ANOVA analysis. ICM group resulted in significantly better bond strength results compared with CN. ICM was found to result in better bond strength results compared with PM. The combination of universal cleaning agent and 10-MDP containing resin cement had significantly the highest cementation bond strength values. The increasing order of mean tensile bond strength values of decontamination protocols was C < AW < P < AL < IC. The mean tensile bond strength of 10-MDP containing resin cement was slightly higher than GPDM + 4 ‐ META containing resin cement. Conclusions. Universal cleaning agents can be preferred as an efficient cleaning method with 10-MDP-containing cement after saliva contamination for better adhesive bond strength of 4 mm crown preparation height of monolithic zirconia ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of lutein on methotrexate (MTX)-induced pulmonary toxicity in rats biochemically and histopathologically. Methods The rats in the MTX + lutein (MTXL, n = 6) group were given 1 mg/kg of lutein orally. A 0.9% NaCl solution was administered orally to the MTX (n = 6) group and the healthy group (HG, n = 6). One hour later, a single 20 mg/kg dose of MTX was injected intraperitoneally in the MTXL and MTX. Lutein or 0.9% NaCl solution was administered once a day for 5 days. At the end of this period, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total glutathione (tGSH), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the lung tissues from the animals euthanized with 50 mg/kg thiopental sodium anesthesia. Subsequently, histopathological examinations were performed. Results The levels of MDA, MPO, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the lung tissue of the MTX were significantly higher than those of the MTXL and HG groups (p < 0.0001), and the amount of tGSH was lower. The histopathological findings in the MTX group, in which the oxidants and cytokines were higher, were more severe. Conclusions Lutein prevented the MTX-induced oxidative lung damage biochemically and histopathologically. This result indicates that lutein may be useful in the treatment of MTX-induced lung damage.