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Several efforts have been made and are constantly being made to keep the Aedes aegypti virus under control. Numerous scholars are involved in the study of medicine, while others are working in computer science and mathematics to model the spread of this disease. This study will help to comprehend how this epidemic sickness behaves. A complex network has been established from the complex dengue phenomenon. We have evaluated dengue network topology by pondering scale-free network properties. The network’s resilience in tracking the dengue epidemic is measured by systematically removing nodes and links. The primary hubs of this network are emphasized, and the vulnerability of the network structure has been examined through an in-depth investigation of the dengue virus’s spreading behavior. Understanding the intricate web of dengue outbreaks relies heavily on geographic representation. The applied method on the dengue epidemic network and the results will be added as scientific additions to the literature on complex networks. Different network analysis metrics have been applied (closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, network density), and the network’s stability has been evaluated. This network is extremely vulnerable to targeted attacks; results showed that after removing 8% of focal hubs, 34% of the network is destroyed.

The gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA/GAST) gene family is widely distributed in plants and involved in various physiological and biological processes. These genes also provide resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, including antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal. We are interested in characterizing the GASA gene family and determining its role in various physiological and biological process in Theobroma cacao. Here, we report 17 tcGASA genes distributed on six chromosomes in T. cacao. The gene structure, promoter region, protein structure and biochemical properties, expression, and phylogenetics of all tcGASAs were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses divided tcGASA proteins into five groups. Among 17 tcGASA genes, nine segmentally duplicating genes were identified which formed four pairs and cluster together in phylogenetic tree. Differential expression analyses revealed that most of the tcGASA genes showed elevated expression in the seeds (cacao food), implying their role in seed development. The differential expression of tcGASAs was recorded between the tolerant and susceptible cultivars of cacao, which indicating their possible role as fungal resistant. Our findings provide new insight into the function, evolution, and regulatory system of the GASA family genes in T.cacao and may suggest new target genes for development of fungi-resistant cacao varieties in breeding programs.