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Since 1979, Peshawar has hosted tens of thousands of mostly Pashtun refugees, hampering the city's ability to provide public services to most residents. Since July 2016, refugee returns have increased dramatically, likely stemming from factors including doubling of cash grants received upon arrival in Afghanistan, campaigns by the Afghan and Pakistani Governments urging refugees to return, and an end to documentfree border crossings at Torkham. The authors found that the latter is a deal breaker for many refugees, most of whom want to maintain tribal or family ties in Afghanistan. Based on an original household survey of 1,000 Afghan households residing in the Peshawar area, the paper explores structures of refugees' social networks, linking them to economic well-being and exploring ways in which the presence of refugees may create opportunities for urban regeneration. The research reveals that the vast majority of refugees are making a living, but mostly in low-value-added occupations. While most earn more than the minimum wage, access to health care and educational attainment are low. Participation in community organisations and regular support from government or humanitarian sources is also low. The authors recommend supporting the creation of institutionalised collective action platforms that could strengthen existing social ties, providing leverage for resourceconstrained humanitarian actors. The national governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan, in coordination with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), must rearticulate a clear, unified policy position toward refugees so families have a more certain socio-economic future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study has been planned to know that under standardized tooth preparation procedure what immediate morphological changes are observed in a different clinical setting, which could be the cause of pulp necrosis later on. Materials and Methods: 140 intact premolars were used as a subject and were equally divided in four groups (One control and three experimental groups). In each experimental group different depth of tooth preparation procedure was done along with copious irrigation of water and new dental bur for each subject. The teeth were extracted after the procedure and were fixed in 10% formalin solution. Teeth specimens were processed in laboratory and slides were observed under the light microscope. Results: In terms of acute inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis 100 % success was observed as none of the study groups revealed this abnormality however other morphological changes including, vacuolated odontoblastic layer with disrupted nuclei, and vasodilatation were observed in all study groups. Chi Square test was applied as inferential statistics. Conclusion: Morphological changes do occur in all experimental groups. These changes become more severe and aggressive as the depth of tooth preparation is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of enumerating minimal unsatisfiable subsets (MUSes) of an infeasible constraint system is challenging due first to the complexity of computing even a single MUS and second to the potentially intractable number of MUSes an instance may contain. In the face of the latter issue, when complete enumeration is not feasible, a partial enumeration of MUSes can be valuable, ideally with a time cost for each MUS output no greater than that needed to extract a single MUS. Recently, two papers independently presented a new MUS enumeration algorithm well suited to partial MUS enumeration (Liffiton and Malik, , Previti and Marques-Silva, ). The algorithm exhibits good anytime performance, steadily producing MUSes throughout its execution; it is constraint agnostic, applying equally well to any type of constraint system; and its flexible structure allows it to incorporate advances in single MUS extraction algorithms and eases the creation of further improvements and modifications. This paper unifies and expands upon the earlier work, presenting a detailed explanation of the algorithm's operation in a framework that also enables clearer comparisons to previous approaches, and we present a new optimization of the algorithm as well. Expanded experimental results illustrate the algorithm's improvement over past approaches and newly explore some of its variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As policy-makers search for signposts to guide the design and implementation of successful public policies, international benchmarking is increasingly viewed as an attractive source of inspiration and policy learning. Yet, despite its popularity, its claims as a technique for policy learning are surprisingly understudied. This paper critically examines the use of international benchmarking as a policy-making tool and draws insights from structured interviews with a diverse range of policy-makers, researchers, and academics. First, the study found that rather than being used as a tool for policy learning, international benchmarking is more often employed to steer political agendas. Second, there is a notable resistance on the part of policy-makers to adopt the ‘lessons’ of international comparisons, often on the basis of claims of ‘exceptionalism’. Finally, the appeal of rankings, league tables, and best practices can gloss over important contextual factors that inform the policy learning process, crowding out other valuable modes of policy learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]