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Civilizational development entails the formation of a contradiction between the technosphere and the biosphere, with the consequences of greenhouse effects; it is carried out within the framework of technological structures independent of socio-economic formations. Governing bodies and activities that provide significant growth (or control planetary environmental safety) are key factors, as are technological innovations, with industry and consumption playing a key role in the spread of a new technological order. The technosphere, as the main product of civilizational development, has gone through a number of pre-industrial and at least five industrial technological modes and will most likely move into the sixth (post-industrial) technological mode. The main causes of greenhouse gases are gas emissions, methane, and ozone. The rise in the 20th century of the temperature on the surface of the planet is a result of a reaction to anthropogenic emissions of gases, including accidental oxides, tropospheric ozone and its “expectations”, halogenated hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc.

Abstract Recent years have seen a steep rise in the number of skin cancer detection applications. While modern advances in deep learning made possible reaching new heights in terms of classification accuracy, no publicly available skin cancer detection software provide confidence estimates for these predictions. We present DUNEScan (Deep Uncertainty Estimation for Skin Cancer), a web server that performs an intuitive in-depth analysis of uncertainty in commonly used skin cancer classification models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). DUNEScan allows users to upload a skin lesion image, and quickly compares the mean and the variance estimates provided by a number of new and traditional CNN models. Moreover, our web server uses the Grad-CAM and UMAP algorithms to visualize the classification manifold for the user’s input, hence providing crucial information about its closeness to skin lesion images from the popular ISIC database. DUNEScan is freely available at: https://www.dunescan.org .

This paper introduces an optimal algorithm for solving the discrete grid-based coverage path planning (CPP) problem. This problem consists in finding a path that covers a given region completely. First, we propose a CPP-solving baseline algorithm based on the iterative deepening depth-first search (ID-DFS) approach. Then, we introduce two branch-and-bound strategies (Loop detection and an Admissible heuristic function) to improve the results of our baseline algorithm. We evaluate the performance of our planner using six types of benchmark grids considered in this study: Coast-like, Random links, Random walk, Simple-shapes, Labyrinth and Wide-Labyrinth grids. We are first to consider these types of grids in the context of CPP. All of them find their practical applications in real-world CPP problems from a variety of fields. The obtained results suggest that the proposed branch-and-bound algorithm solves the problem optimally (i.e., the exact solution is found in each case) orders of magnitude faster than an exhaustive search CPP planner. To the best of our knowledge, no general CPP-solving exact algorithms, apart from an exhaustive search planner, have been proposed in the literature.

The article reveals the digital intervention in the legal mechanisms of detection of corruption proceeds. It is determined that digital technologies in the prevention of corruption are tools to promote integrity in the public sphere of public relations by ensuring non-contact interaction of an official with other citizens, avoiding the physical delivery of gifts and bribes, formalizing procedures and eliminating anthropogenic and sociogenic factors. Legal mechanisms through digital technologies are capable of neutralizing corruption risks. Their ability to take into account the specificity of the corrupting influence of private interest on the public interest, energetically superior to human control, does not detect expression and/or other variants of subjectivity, which are ontologically corrupt in and of themselves. Innovativeness becomes an important feature of anti-corruption legislation implemented through digital tools, as they are constantly updated. Due to this connection, the anti-corruption legal mechanism acquires the features characteristic of the digital format of information circulation through telecommunications. This makes anti-corruption legislation a more dynamic system, which is minimally archaic, eliminates the dysfunction of algorithms of existing rules, because it is mathematically consistent. It is established that the process of changing the anti-corruption legislation due to the intervention of the digital format of data circulation has become natural. This contact between the numbers and the rules of law is strengthened. They are united by an initial element for recording specific legal and mathematical values, respectively. Numbers are the ontological essence of formalization of legal requirements in electronic format. The calculation of the functional purpose of anti-corruption legislation is mentally seen through the construction of abstract models of legal regulation of social relations, based on human virtues. It is emphasized that the intensified use of digital technologies will help to differentiate the nature of corrupt practices for all dimensions of public administration and/or economic relations. Particular effects are expected in the areas of state budgets/funds, taxes, finance, national defense, law enforcement, circulation of information, and culture. It is emphasized that the electronic algorithmization of anti-corruption procedures makes it possible to provide a valid correlation of the degree of corruption risks with the degree of thoughtfulness of the proposed legal norms to eliminate them. Such norms must be consistent with the values and other components of the political and legal system in which they are applied, as well as prevent problems of cross-border corruption, in particular within the framework of the EU, into which Ukraine is integrating. It is concluded that electronic methods of anti-corruption law enforcement together and separately reveal the specifics of their manifestation. It is important to combine them with traditional legal regulators of integrity in the sphere of public law, where human nature is respected. It is promising to identify the specifics of digital technologies used in transitional and sustainable legal forms of organization of political, economic and other social interaction.

Energy-saving processes for granulating multicomponent materials are widely used in industry. To develop these processes, an information CALS-model was created at 6 levels of the hierarchy. At the top level, a grouping is carried out according to 8 types of medium for granulated materials. At the 2nd level of the hierarchy, for each type of medium, 11 classes of granulated products are considered and assigned. At the 3rd level of the hierarchy, specific target products related to the corresponding types of media and classes of granulated materials are considered. At the 4th level, the system architecture includes the main methods for obtaining granular compositions, for each of which, at the 5th level, technological equipment - granulators is considered. At the last 6-th level of the hierarchy, the main indicators of product quality are analyzed. The carried-out systematization allowed for the first time to develop a multifunctional information system that effectively solves a set of tasks: the operational search for a multicomponent product, taking into account the type of medium and the class of granulated materials; analysis of the main quality indicators with subsequent selection of the optimal granulation method; selection of advanced equipment for each considered granulation method. The developed CALS-system improves the quality of scientific research by improving access to the necessary unified information.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading mortality causes. According to the latest guidelines, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is one of the main non-invasive methods for diagnosis of CHD, which allows for quantification of stenosis severity and the characterization of stenotic lesions. Aim of the study. It is to study the role, diagnostic value and dependence of coronary artery calcification on the degree of stenotic lesion of the coronary arteries and anthropometric parameters in patients with coronary artery disease examined by computed tomography. Materials and methods. According to the purpose of the study, 46 patients were included: 32 (69.6 %) males and 14 (30.4 %) females. The average age of the patients was 59.0 ± 9.8 years, height – 172 ± 9 cm, weight – 85.6 ± 12.9 kg, body mass index (BMI) – 28.6 ± 4.13, body surface area (BSA) – 1.98 ± 0.17 m2. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Independent t-tests were conducted between two groups of patients (Agatston index ≥400 and

Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is one of the greatest global medical and social challenges that have emerged in recent history. Human coronavirus strains discovered during previous SARS outbreaks have been hypothesized to pass from bats to humans using intermediate hosts, e.g. civets for SARS-CoV and camels for MERS-CoV. The discovery of an intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 and the identification of specific mechanism of its emergence in humans are topics of primary evolutionary importance. In this study we investigate the evolutionary patterns of 11 main genes of SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies suggested that the genome of SARS-CoV-2 is highly similar to the horseshoe bat coronavirus RaTG13 for most of the genes and to some Malayan pangolin coronavirus (CoV) strains for the receptor binding (RB) domain of the spike protein. Results We provide a detailed list of statistically significant horizontal gene transfer and recombination events (both intergenic and intragenic) inferred for each of 11 main genes of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our analysis reveals that two continuous regions of genes S and N of SARS-CoV-2 may result from intragenic recombination between RaTG13 and Guangdong (GD) Pangolin CoVs. Statistically significant gene transfer-recombination events between RaTG13 and GD Pangolin CoV have been identified in region [1215–1425] of gene S and region [534–727] of gene N. Moreover, some statistically significant recombination events between the ancestors of SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, GD Pangolin CoV and bat CoV ZC45-ZXC21 coronaviruses have been identified in genes ORF1ab, S, ORF3a, ORF7a, ORF8 and N. Furthermore, topology-based clustering of gene trees inferred for 25 CoV organisms revealed a three-way evolution of coronavirus genes, with gene phylogenies of ORF1ab, S and N forming the first cluster, gene phylogenies of ORF3a, E, M, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b and ORF8 forming the second cluster, and phylogeny of gene ORF10 forming the third cluster. Conclusions The results of our horizontal gene transfer and recombination analysis suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could not only be a chimera virus resulting from recombination of the bat RaTG13 and Guangdong pangolin coronaviruses but also a close relative of the bat CoV ZC45 and ZXC21 strains. They also indicate that a GD pangolin may be an intermediate host of this dangerous virus.

Relevance. In terms of revising the provisions of legal regulation of relations in the field of transport with the borrowing of competitive principles of the European institutes to ensure the integration of transport into European and world transport area, with revision of models of relations between relevant public administration entities and private entities, ensuring balance of their interests , including in the context of national and supranational threats and focus on expanding the implementation of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the latter in the field of transport, strengthening of the principles of decentralization of power in the system of public authorities occurs, resulting in a significant increase in the number and diversity of regulatory and legal acts aimed at settling the above relations. Unfortunately, at the same time the processes of "growth" and a variety of forms of corruption in the activities of public servants, whose professional sphere is directly related to transport relations with the involvement of municipal transport, are also active. Analysis of law enforcement activities of anti-corruption entities in all its manifestations shows a fairly steady trend towards an increase in the number of detected acts of corruption committed by public servants directly related to the exercise of their authority over the procedure for admission to municipal passenger transportation. The specifics of the legislative regulation of the latter presupposes the presence of many "defects", which create the basis for variable manifestations, including illegal, of the activities of public servants with a subjective arbitrary interpretation of the latest provisions of the law. "Low-quality" regulation of the provisions of the activity of public servants to exercise power over the admission to municipal passenger transportation has a negative impact not only on the implementation of passenger rights (of various categories), but also provision of the public interest, and contributes to the formation of a national threat with a "corrosive" sign of power within administrative and territorial units, especially the country in general. An integrated approach to clarifying the problems of "municipal passenger transportation" with an emphasis on eliminating corruption risks in the activities of public servants at the stage of exercising their power to admit to transportation, which will contribute to the "quality" of such entities and will form an effective regulatory framework for the relevant component of transport in general, its effective existence, the realization of the public interest and its correlation with the interests of individuals. The purpose of the paper is the justification of the relationship of the "quality" of standardization of the procedure for admission of entities to municipal passenger transportation and corruption risks in the professional activities of public servants, which is related to this area, formulating proposals for their multi-balance ratio to minimize these risks and "qualitative" standardization of the relevant component of passenger transportation and transport relations in general based on the analysis of various sources. The objects of the article are public relations directly related to municipal passenger transportation. The subject of the article is the "quality" of standardization of relations in admission to municipal passenger transportation and its connection with corruption risks in activity of public servants connected with the specified sphere of relations. Methods of research. Both general legal and special methods of scientific cognition were used in research. As the basis, the dialectic method was used, which allowed to reveal problematic issues in dynamics; juridical and logical method allowed to form options for borrowing positive and avoiding negative experience of relevant rulemaking and law enforcement in foreign countries; forecasting and modeling were used for making proposals to strengthen "quality" of standardization of the procedure of admission to municipal passenger transportation in order to eliminate corruption risks in the activities of public servants. Results. Admission to municipal passenger transportation should be considered as a form of public procedure, the subjects of which are servants of local public authorities. Given the specifics of municipal transport in general, any activity associated with its use, objectively anticipates the risks of possible, including illegal, priority satisfaction of private interests of public servants and the interests of relatives during the exercise of the public authority, which causes "corrosion" of public authority. The procedure of admission to the relevant transportation, the "corruption freedom" of which depends on the "quality" of normalization of its provisions, is not an exception. The relationship between the "quality" of legislation and the "corruption risk" of professional activity of public servants, which is associated with the procedure of admission to the services mentioned, is interdependent (the lower the quality of legislation, the higher the risks of "corrosion" of professional activity of public servants and vice versa). In order to improve the "quality" of standardization of the procedure for admission to the transportation and minimize corruption risks in the professional activities of public servants associated with the above procedure, it is appropriate to strengthen the provisions of certainty of the content of relevant legislation, their systematization (including in the form of codification), streamlining the thematic definition series, meaningful consolidation of the principles of transparency, publicity, participation, public-private partnership, guarantee of all elements and admission procedures in general.

Obesity is a heterogenous condition that affects the life and health of patients to different degrees and in different ways. Yet, most approaches to treat obesity are not currently prescribed, at least in a systematic manner, based on individual obesity sub-phenotypes or specifically-predicted health risks. Adipose tissue is one of the most evidently affected tissues in obesity. The degree of adipose tissue changes – “adiposopathy”, or as we propose to relate to herein as Obesity-related Adipose tissue Disease (OrAD), correspond, at least cross-sectionally, to the extent of obesity-related complications inflicted on an individual patient. This potentially provides an opportunity to better personalize anti-obesity management by utilizing the information that can be retrieved by assessing OrAD. This review article will summarize current knowledge on histopathological OrAD features which, beyond cross-sectional analyses, had been shown to predict future obesity-related endpoints and/or the response to specific anti-obesity interventions. In particular, the review explores adipocyte cell size, adipose tissue inflammation, and fibrosis. Rather than highly-specialized methods, we emphasize standard pathology laboratory approaches to assess OrAD, which are readily-available in most clinical settings. We then discuss how OrAD assessment can be streamlined in the obesity/weight-management clinic. We propose that current studies provide sufficient evidence to inspire concerted efforts to better explore the possibility of predicting obesity related clinical endpoints and response to interventions by histological OrAD assessment, in the quest to improve precision medicine in obesity.

The article reveals the transition of quantitative indicators of corruption into the quality of extreme forms of denial of legal values, such as war. The tolerant attitude of citizens to corruption and the high level of involvement of society in corrupt relations eventually weakens such a nation to the point that it becomes incapable of resisting external military aggression. The fact of such a failure is proof of the transition of the quantitative indicators of corruption into the quality of violence and war as extreme forms of denial of legal values, which are reflected at the level of the constitution and the norms of international law, including humanitarian law. It has been established that the main burden of destroying and weakening key economic and state institutions of power in peacetime is borne by corrupt and traitorous individuals. Their activities range from illicit enrichment through the decline of entire sectors of the economy to espionage (the transfer of secret information to foreign states), propaganda of the values of other nations/states, terrorism and other subversive activities. Bribery, appointments to positions based on kinship and personal ties rather than professional qualities, and other ways of corruption reveal the social danger of the motive (subjective side) of the perpetrator and the method (objective side) of the customer of the crime. War is caused by the inability of law enforcement agencies to neutralize corruption in peacetime. This pattern is characteristic of both sides of the war. The state had the advantage of striving to integrate into a civilization whose standards allowed for much greater anti-corruption efforts (legislative, organizational-institutional, etc.) than a state not integrated into a highly developed civilization. The desire to return the occupied territories becomes an additional incentive to improve the activities of law enforcement agencies and other components of state power. At the same time, the aggressor state, which violates international law, has no such incentives to eradicate corruption and improve (organizational and technological) law enforcement. The author also emphasized that military law is a fully dynamic matter of change in the rules at the national and international level in the territory of war and in time of war. It is a system of generally binding rules. It regulates the legal relations between military personnel, and in wartime extends to the entire population. It is also noted that all national legislation during martial law and its transformation due to war, variations in the legal requirements of the occupiers in territories under their control, the norms of international humanitarian law and the practice of its application by the International Committee of the Red Cross, relevant judicial and other acts of law. The author recognized that the implementation of national law in time of war is limited by the need for organizational, economic and other costs to counter the enemy. Its effectiveness is also shown by the inertia of great corruption in peacetime, namely: insufficient technical equipment of troops; underdevelopment and psychological weakness of civil servants in a number of positions, etc. Public authorities are forced to focus on informing and educating the population through programs adequate to the military challenges for civil servants (ideological level). There is a growing need to formulate timely and adequate changes in legislation to meet the changing conditions of war. It is important to activate existing and form other organizational institutions to neutralize the enemy as quickly as possible and restore constitutional order throughout the country (volunteers, volunteers, territorial defense of local communities, and other forms of self-organization).