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The aim of the present paper was to discuss how different pain management techniques influence the experiences of pain during labor. The techniques are described and the influence of each one is considered in relation to the pain relief and the progress of labor. The paper consists of a theoretical and research parts. Concluding the studies, the analysis is presented based on which it is shown that non-pharmacological methods have a very positive effect on the degree to which women experience the labor pain. What is more, those methods have a very welcome effect on the labor's progress. This is because being active and using different facilities serves the betterment of effectiveness of the effacement and dilation of cervix. Pharmacological methods as well decrease the experience of pain. They are even more effective in easing the pain, however, their influence of the labor progress is lesser sometimes even leading to the labor slowdown. The research was conducted among 100 random women after their labor in natural ways.

Normal undisturbed voiding is a complex mechanism controlled by central nervous system, peripheral autonomic somatic, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. The process of urination is depended on complex coordinated action of bladder and urethra, regulated by action of several neurotransmitters. This interdependent process may lead to various pathologies. One of it is over activity of detrusor muscle which etiology is multifactorial, diagnosis remains a challenge and therapy may be difficult. Multifactorial etiology of overactive bladder with urgency symptoms and urinary frequency with or without urinary incontinence may lead to difficult therapeutic situations. Combination of lifestyle, changes, pharmacological treatment and physiotherapy are all not fully satisfying. Epidemiological data are not completely clear and environmental influences seem to be important. The clinical problems of overactive bladder due to their substantial impact on women's health need further analysis which should improve prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy.

Efficacious primary, secondary and tertiary preventive measures are necessary for effective reduction of mortality due to cervical cancer. Currently, greater...

The study showed the treatment of frenulum breve in 24 patients. Nine of them were treated with CO2 and eight ones with Nd:YAG lasers. In seven males the classical surgical procedures were done. All patients were treated in Department of Reproduction, Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Karol Marcinkowski School of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland between March 1995 and September 1996. All procedures were collected successful and no serious complications were observed. The all males are still under control in our department. The use of lasersurgery is the safe and efficient method in treatment of frenulum breve. Lasersurgery may be conducting as the out-patient procedure or one-day surgery because of possibility of NLA and local anesthesia. The use of CO2 seems to be the better method than Nd:YAG laser with fibertom system in treatment of frenulum breve because of shorter time of healing. There are no differences between hemostasis achieved by CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers. The incision effect is the same, when CO2 and Nd:YAG laser with fibertom system are used.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The authors described the results of treatment of vaginal cysts with CO2 laser under colposcopic control in 12 women. In five of them the recurrent Bartholin's, in another five the Gartner's and in tow the endometrial cysts were diagnosed. All laser surgeries were done in the Department of Reproduction, Institute of Gynecology, Karol Marcinkowski School of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland between September 1995 and September 1996. In the authors' opinion the use of CO2 laser is the efficient method of treatment of vaginal cysts. The most of laser procedures are doing as the one-day surgery. There are no serious postoperative complications after laser surgery.

The results of treatment of condylomata acuminata of the anogenital region in pregnant women are presented. All patients were treated between the 28th and 35th weeks of gestation. The laser surgery was done in 23 patients. One laser procedure was done in 14 women. In 5 patients we performed two and in 4 women 3 laser therapies. Complete destruction of pathological changes was obtained and no recurrences were diagnosed. There were no clinical signs of HPV infection in all neonates. In the authors' opinion the use of carbon-dioxide laser under colposcopic control is an efficient and safe method in the treatment of condylomata acuminata in pregnant women. Colposcopic control allows us to discover and coagulate the bleeding spots using the defocused laser beam with low power density.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The study shows the treatment of superficial endometriosis of the uterine cervix in 79 patients. After first vaporization 74 patients were cured successfully. In two cases the laser procedure should be repeated and in 3 women the operation should be performed for the third time. All patients are still under control in our department and there is no recurrence observed. Carbon- dioxide laser vaporization under colposcopic control is an efficient method of treatment of superficial endometriosis of the uterine cervix that requires no anaesthesia. The healing process after laser procedures is fast and without complications. The number of recurrences is low. Use of carbon-dioxide laser under colposcopic control because of precise destruction of lesions, fast healing and a low number of recurrences seems to be the method of choice.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The results of laser therapy in the treatment of condylomata acuminata of male reproductive organs are reported. Between November 1991 and February 1995 in the Department of Reproduction, Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Karol Marcinkowski University School of Medical Sciences, Poznan in 28 patients with condylomatous changes of reproductive organs carbon-dioxide laser therapy under colposcopic control was done. In 24 of them the healing was achieved. In four patients second laser therapy was done. All patients are still under control in the Department of Reproduction and there was no recurrence diagnosed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.