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Japanese and Balinese mixed marriage children have become bilingual since the early years of the language acquisition period. They acquired the inheritance of the languages (Indonesian, Japanese, and Balinese) from their parents. This research was conducted to find the language choice of mixed marriage children of Balinese and Japanese in Bali. The language use domain is divided into two: family and social. In each domain, the topic, the background of the situation, and the people involved are determined. The data was gathered using questionnaires employed to 10 mixed married families. The method includes observation and interviews. The result of data analysis showed that in the family domain there are variations of the children's language preferences when communicating. The children choose Indonesian when communicating with the father, and Japanese with the mother. However, there are also other options for using mixed code between Indonesian, Japanese and also English. In the social domain, the language choice is more homogeneous, which is Indonesian. Meanwhile, it was found that there was resistance towards the use of Balinese by Japanese-Balinese Mixed Marriage Family (JBMF) and the factors that affected the children's language choice were also discovered.

This research aimed to explain the context of learning by applying the principles of cooperation during the teaching and learning process in the classroom, and the relationship of working principles between teachers and students. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach. The research subjects were Indonesian language teachers and students in Tampaksiring Senior High School 1. To gain data, the methods of recording, observation, and interview were applied. Data analysis was conducted with three stages of analysis, namely the stage of data collection, the stage of data verification, and the stage of drawing conclusions. The results showed that the application of the principle of cooperation was influenced by the context in the teaching and learning process, and was dominated by formal situations. In the principle of cooperation, the teacher and student are dominated by quantity maxim, quality maxim, relevance maxim, and manner maxim. It is concluded that by applying the principle of cooperation, especially in Indonesian learning, an atmosphere of effective and efficient teaching and learning will be built.

BDNF protein plays a role in the growth and survival of neurons. BDNF protein has some uniqueness, and information on this protein is still limited reported, especially in pigeons. The purpose of this study is to predict the three-dimensional structure of the pigeon of BDNF protein, to provide information in understanding the characteristics, structure of the protein using a homology approach through in-silico analysis. The BDNF protein is predicted using the SWISS-MODEL server and visualizing the prediction results on the CHIMERA Software. Pigeon BDNF protein was taken from Uniprot with a B4Z8Q access codewith a template of 1b8m.1. The analysis shows that BDNF protein has an identity of 93,20% consisting of 226 amino acids with a target QMEAN value of -0.17 and hydrophobic amino acids namely Trp, His, Tyr, Ile, Leu, Gly, Lys, Cys, Ala, Phe, Met, and Val. Carboxyl residues, namely Glu, Asp and Val, and amine residues, namely Lys and Ser, with 82 hydrogen bonds.

The aim of this research is to find out speech acts used in legal documents. To discuss the problems of this research, two theories are applied, namely, the translation theory of Newmark completed by the concept of pragmatic (for what purpose, to whom, when and where the legal documents are used), while for speech acts typology, Searle's theory is applied. The data used for this research were taken from 6 (six) legal documents in the form of employment contract, conciliation agreement, lease agreement, sales agreement, lease of resident and business place and lease of villa agreement. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that from the five specific types of speech acts put forward by Searle and Cruse, only 4 (four) speech acts were found, namely, (1) representative, (2) directive, (3) comisive, and (4) declarative speech acts. While expressive speech act was not found in this research.

This study aimed at identifying the phenomenon of speech level shift in the domain of the elderly¬ care in Japan and finding out the rationale of the shift. Speech level in Japanese language is defined as the formality and politeness level in an interaction, which in lingustics is related to the use of formal or non-formal forms at the end of an utterance and is usually said as honorific expressions. Speech level shift is a shift from one speech level to another. The subjects of this study were 68 Indonesian caregivers who worked in the nursing homes in Japan. The data were collected in three areas, namely Osaka, Yokohama and Toyohashi. They were collected by recording the speech events between the caregivers and the elderly. The findings of this study indicated that speech level shifts took place in the interaction between the caregivers and the elderly. There were two types of speech level shifts used by the caregivers, namely plus level shift and minus level shift. They took place in the contexts of formal and nonformal speeches between the two speakers and were done by the caregivers to enable the elderly understand their speeches faster.

This study aimed at finding out the role of Indonesian caregivers’ nonverbal elements and its relation to the face saving of the aged. This study was part of the author’s dissertation research that took the theme of Indonesian caregivers’ language politeness when they worked as caregivers for the aged in Japan. In this article the concept introduced by Brown & Levinson (1978, 1987) on FTA (Face Threatening Act) is used as the concept in the process of analysis beside the concept from Ekman and Friesen (1969) on nonverbal language. Qualitative method was used in this study and the data used were primary data in the form of the Indonesian caregivers’ utterances in their communication with the aged. The Indonesian caregivers who were used as the subjects consisted of 68 and all of them worked in the regions of Yokohama, Toyohashi, and Okayama. From the data analysis it was found that there were 11 types of nonverbal language which belonged to the emblems group, namely (1) eye contact, (2) smiling, (3) holding hand, (4) leaning forward, (5) lowering body position, (6) affirmative nodding, (7) gesture, (8) hugging, (9) patting shoulder, (10) interpersonal space, and (11) therapeutic touch. From the result of the analysis of the interviews with the aged it was concluded that all of these eleven nonverbal elements did not threat the faces of the aged and the use of the nonverbal elements could play the role as a mitigation of the threat towards the faces of the aged.

The Portrait of Noken as a manifestation of the Existence of Papuans is seen from the perspective of the socio-cultural aspect, Noken, as a manifestation of the indigenous Papuan representation in its mandate, is only vague but its meaning is very deep. Its meanings can be both denotative and connotative. For example, the Noken called mesin, as a medium of transporting various types of goods, has a denotative meaning. In addition, it also has a connotative meaning, namely a person who is open and likes giving whatever he/she has in his/her Noken. The next connotative meaning is as a mother who carries the burden of life or as it is usually called ifaj uk aromat mowran (a women carrying a lot of burden), starting from the period of menstruation, conceiving, giving birth and breastfeeding, which is identical to a Noken called mesin. Unlike the case of Noken, which is called mecoi, this kind of Noken has two kinds of meanings, namely denotatively as a means of transporting goods and connotatively as a person who is closed or stingy. Both mesin and mecoi are used for reducing the amount of garbage that has been wrapped around the life of the nation and the state.

The studies of phonological therapy for patients with both phonemic planning and articulatory implementation deficits report the related dichotomy of anterior and posterior syndrome with psycholinguistic model. However, there must be some investigation on segmental errors as input of rehabilitation within phonological framework. This study investigates whether the errors-based rehabilitation model can encourage two Balinese individuals with Broca's aphasia (KW and NS) to reduce the phonological errors. The results showed that KW and NS performed different segmental errors and types of the phonological process even though they suffered from identical non-fluent symptom. KW, in pre-intervention tended to present phonemes substitution, omission and insertion errors which mostly occurred in the initial position of words and he transposed the onset of the second syllable to the onset of the first syllable. Meanwhile, NS in some cases, tended to transpose the phonemes randomly, inserted other segments – especially [nasal] and [lateral] between two vowels (hiatuses) and altered the high complex segments with less complex ones. The phonological error-based rehabilitation was effective to reduce the errors and the phonetic relaxation helped them exhibit minor errors. This indicated that phonetic based training can stimulate the articulatory processing deficit as anterior syndrome.

Students’ understanding about Morphosyntax is often low due to its complex processes. This study attempted to design a learning handout that would help students solve their writing problems particularly in Morphosyntax cases. This qualitative study was conducted at two Indonesian Universities, namely UNTAG Banyuwangi and IAIN Jember Indonesia. Six phases in Design Based Research (DBR) by Hoadley (2004) and four phases of DBR by Reeves (2012) were combined as the design of the research. Four classes with a total of 114 students participated and the lecturers of writing course and grammar course were involved. Following the mixed design of DBR by Hoadley and Reeves, this study produced a learning handout that, after tested at the second cycle, proved helpful to solve students’ Morphosyntax problems especially in Writing Class. The students facing writing problems decreased averagely 35-40% after they learnt writing using the produced learning handout. In this case, the needs to master more on Morphosyntax to support their English proficiency skills especially in writing has been solved.

This study aims to uncover, analyze, and interpret the reality of hospitality language in tourism from the perspective of the duality. The underlying assumption that language is an action in social practices. This is shown by the practice of the English language in the service interaction. The structure of the English language is like schemata of principles for service interaction and at the same time empowering service provider to perform service interaction To uncover and interpret hospitality language practice, the theory of structuration is applied. Theory of pragmatics is used to analyze the linguistic phenomena. Based on the frame of structuration, this research is identified in four issues, namely (1) the structure of hospitality language, (2) the system of hospitality language, and (3) hospitality language as a representation facework. Problem (1) and (2) are analyzed by ethnography of communication. Problem (3) is analyzed using speech act theory and politeness theory. This study is a qualitative research, due to explore, pattern, interpreting the language practices, so it does not use statistical analysis to generalize the results. Population is not in large quantities, but using purposive sample to determine the number of informants based on the criteria and representativeness in service encounter. In addition, language behavior in general is homogeneous. Data collected by the ethnography of communication methods, observation, and recording. The data selected are English due to English as the main foreign language in the service interaction. The findings of this study are: (1) the structure of the hospitality language, namely (a) the structure of significance in the form of setting or scene of service encounter, (b) the structure of domination, namely participants (tourism practitioners and tourists), (2) the system of hospitality language in the form of (a) the schemata interpretation of act sequences and keys, (b) the schemata of facility is instrumentality, and (c) schemes of norm are in the form of interpretation and interaction norms, (3) facework, namely: (a ) communication practices in the form of expressive speech acts, directive, representative, and commissive, (b) the exercise of power in the form of face threatening acts, (c) the practice of sanctions in the form of face-saving or redressive actions. Empirically, facework is realized in the entity to be free (negative face) and received (positive face). Based on the results of the study can be suggested(1) the structure of the hospitality language can be used by the tourism practitioners in increasing competence and performance language, (3) the system of hospitality language can be used tourism practitioners to understand modalities of language, and (3) facework in the concepts of positive and negative hospitality, can be used as strategy of tourism practices for local community, government, and investors.

Cocoa bean is one of the main commodities from Indonesia for the world, which still have problem regarding yield degradation due to pathogens and disease attack. Developing robust cacao plant that genetically resistant to pathogen and disease attack is an ideal solution in over taking on this problem. The aim of this study was to identify Theobroma cacao genes on database of cacao genome that homolog to response genes of pathogen and disease attack in other plant, through in silico analysis. Basic information survey and gene identification were performed in GenBank and The Arabidopsis Information Resource database. The In silico analysis contains protein BLAST, homology test of each gene’s protein candidates, and identification of homologue gene in Cacao Genome Database using data source “Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6 v1.1” genome. Identification found that Thecc1EG011959t1 (EDS1), Thecc1EG006803t1 (EDS5), Thecc1EG013842t1 (ICS1), and Thecc1EG015614t1 (BG_PPAP) gene of Cacao Genome Database were Theobrom...

Nearly all of Broca's aphasic patients have the tendency to produce phonological errors in their non-fluent speech output. The grade of errors may vary depending on the severity of brain pathology, affected language area, and the scope of impaired sounds. Any types of the phonological process might be found in their weakening language modalities. So, the present study investigates the severity of the aphasics’ language modality, phonemic and phonetic errors of the impaired speech. This descriptive study analyzes Balinese speech produced by three individuals who suffer from Broca’s aphasia. To find out, they were requested to repeat words, name pictures, answer questions and read short text orally. As the result, their language modalities were categorized severe. The listeners required some hard efforts to conclude, question and predict what the informants said and further communication was impossible on more complex words. They produce not only distortions as phonetic errors but also substitutions, deletions, insertions, and metatheses as phonemic errors. Sound substitutions mostly appeared in a greater percentage for every phonological task given. By analyzing the errors with generative phonology, the findings suggest that the PND can lead a better phonetic realization, one of which is by substituting the target sounds in terms of their phonological features similarity. Though phonemic processing is more common in fluent aphasia, non-fluent aphasics also produced sonority substitutions. Furthermore, there was not synchronous coordination between the underlying form in the posterior region and phonetic representation in the anterior region due to the loss of the linguistic message.

Awig-awig ‘customary law’ is a written rule which is used to manage customary village organization in Bali. This customary law has a very important role in maintaining the environment in terms of natural environment (palemahan), social environment (pawongan), and spiritual environment (parhyangan). Therefore, every awig-awig made should be based on Tri Hita Karana (THK) concept. The THK is defined as ‘three causes of happiness and prosperity’. In this study, THK is considered as an ecosophy used to judge the existence of lexical items, grammatical contructs, and other linguistic features used in the awig-awig text. In critical discourse, the exisistence of any texts is considered to bring underlying power and ideology. Thus, the written text of the awig-awig belongs to Tenganan Pegringsingan village reveals the form of power fight and ideology. Therefore, this present study was aimed at finding the influence of the power domination and ideology revealed in the awig-awig text. By applying a critical discourse analysis, it was found the influence of the power domination depicted by the use of modality kawasa and wenang ‘may/can’. Most of the linguistic features used in the awig-awig text bring preservative ideologies that need to be promoted. However, in a small part of the linguistic features used in the text, especially in the social environment, implies destructive ideologies, such as marginalization and patriarchal that need to be resisted.

This research entitled The Analysis of Deixis in The Novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. Deixis is a study to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. The objectives of this study are (1) to find out and identify types of deixis in the novel The Fault in Our Stars (2) to analyze the function of each deixis type found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars. The data were collected using documentation and observation methods using the reading and note taking techniwques. Qualitative method was used to analyze the data and the method were done by descriptive technique. The method of presenting the result of data analysis was the descriptive method and was done by argumentative technique. The result of the research shows that there are three types of deixis found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green, namely person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. Person deixis consists of first person, second person and third person. The first person deixis is used to identify the speaker. The second person deixis is used to show the addressee. The third person deixis is used to show the referent not identified as the speaker or the addressee. The spatial deixis is used to describe a location participant in speech event. Temporal deixis is used to point a certain period of time.

The title of this paper is The Women’s Language Features in Moana Movie. This study aimed at identifying the women’s language features are applied by women and finding the context of the situation that influenced women’s language. The women’s language is analyzed based on the theory of sociolinguistics which is proposed by Lakoff (1975). The second theory applied to analyze the context of the situation is proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1989) who divides into three concepts: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. The data of this study was taken from a movie entitled Moana. The movie was chosen as the data source in this study because it contained many women conversations either formal or informal situation. The analysis comes to a conclusion. There were seven features of women’s language found in the movie entitled Moana, and the context of situation that influenced women language.

This study is entitled Figurative Language in The Song Lyrics of 5 Seconds of Summer and One Direction’s Albums. This study is aimed to identify figurative language and explain the meaning of those types of figurative language found in the song lyrics of 5 Seconds of Summer’s album entitled “Sounds Good Feels Good” and One Direction’s album entitled “Midnight Memories”. The data were collected using the documentation research method. After the required data were collected, they were analyzed using qualitative method. The analysis of the data were presented in a descriptive way to give clear explanation. The findings show that in 5 Seconds of Summer’s album five types of figurative language found in the data; they are: personification, irony, simile, metaphor and hyperbole. While from One Direction’s album four types of figurative language were found; they are: personification, simile, metaphor and hyperbole. There were two types of meaning found in the data; they are: conceptual meaning and connotative meaning. It can be concluded that in the rock band’s album Sounds Good Feels Good irony was found; however, in pop band’s album Midnight Memories irony was not found. Both in those two albums conceptual meaning was more frequently used.

Focus of this paper is the practice of using linguistic symbols in tourism. The locus is in Seminyak Bali tourism area. The purpose of this paper is to (1) identify the forms of linguistic symbols as capital practiced in tourism, (2) to pattern the linguistic dominance over people (tourists) and economtal and the duality of structure. Research data indicate that the existence of language symbols has shifted from local character to global character. Language symbols as a representation of foreign capital in the streets of Seminyak Bali as a phenomenon of foreign capital domination practice in the realm of tourism. The results found: (1) forms of linguistic capital (foreign investors), (2) forms of linguistic domination of people (tourists) and the economy (goods), and (3) the legitimacy of linguistic capital.

The title of this undergraduate thesis is Ellipsis in English Coordinated Clauses in the Novel Entitled 44 Scotland Street by Alexander McCall Smith. The aims of the study are to classify the types of ellipsis and to analyze the position of ellipsis in coordinated clauses. The data of this study were in the form of the English coordinated clauses with coordinating conjunction and, or, and but which were found in a novel entitled 44 Scotland Street by Alexander McCall Smith. The data were collected by using documentation method which was done by close reading on the data source, taking note, and continued by classification. This study used the theory of ellipsis proposed by Quirk, et al (1972) presented by using qualitative method in analyzing the data. The collected data were identified according to the categories of the types and the occurrence of ellipsis in coordinated clauses. This study used descriptive method in presenting the data. The result of this study shows that the types of ellipsis in coordinated are divided into six major namely: ellipsis of subject, ellipsis of auxiliary, ellipsis of subject and auxiliary, ellipsis of predication, ellipsis of head of noun phrase, and ellipsis of subject complement. Ellipsis of subject is the most frequently used type of ellipsis that occur in the data. The ellipsis can occur in the first and in the subsequent clauses in coordinated clauses. However, the ellipsis in the data is mostly anaphoric with the realized items in the first of a series of the clauses.

This article is designed to explore the problem of the rapingn crops encoded in the form of words, phrases, sentences and even discourse. This scientific study raised several issues, such as How do people manage raping plant as one of the supporting community cultural activity? How kerapingan forms of expression are seen as ideas, thoughts, and ideology of the environment in which they live? What are the meanings contained in the expression of kerapingan? What are the functions of kerapaingan expressions relating to the relationship between people and raping plants? This paper aims to describe the raping crop management, kerapingan form of expression, the meaning contained in kerapingan expression, and function of kerapingan expressions. To explain the problems of the study, eco-linguistic framework is used. The principle of eco-linguistic theory is a way of managing raping crop diversity to create a mutually dependent relationship between the public and raping plants, insects, and other plants. The framework of interaction and interdependence create also mutual respect, and respect between human beings and the natural surroundings, raping plants, bamboo plants, insects, such as wasps, and animals such as ferrets. To obtain such data, interviews and observation methods were applied

Language is used as a means of communication in social intercourse. It can be used to propose one’s ideas, deliver particular messages, and to express emotions. One of many ways of using language is by producing swear word. Swear word is an offensive word which often used to express humiliation, anger and any other tense emotions. This study concerns with the descriptive analysis of swear word found in Fast and Furious 6 movie and its function. Hopefully, this study will be useful for English Department students and also the viewers of the movie to gain better understanding in interpreting the meaning and function of the swear word found in the movie.The research method employed in this study is descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through observation and documentation method. The data was taken from the dialogue among the characters in the movie and its subtitles. Then, the deductive-inductive method was used in the step of the data analysis. Furthermore, in presenting the analysis, the data is explained descriptively in words, supported by tables.The finding presented that there are six kinds of swear words proposed by Hughes (2006) are performed by the characters in Fast and Furious 6 movie. There are seven swear words that related to sex (ass, asshole, ass-kicking, pussy, big-ass, bad-ass), two swear words related to excrement (shit and bullshit), a swear words related animal’s name (fox), three swear word related to personal background (bitch, son of a bitch, bastard), a word related to sexual activity (fuck) and three words related to taboo or religion or oath (hell, damn, goddamn). Meanwhile, swear word related to mentall illness and racism was not found in the movie. Furthermore, the function of swear words performed by the character of the movie are used as abusive swearing, cathartic swearing, idiomatic swearing and emphatic swearing. Swear word which used as dysphemistic swearing is not found in the movie.

Javanese is a well known for its speech levels called ngoko ‘low’ and krama ‘high’ which enable its speakers to show intimacy, deference, and hierarchy among the society members. This research applied critically Brown and Gilman (1960)’s theory of terms of address to analyze the asymmetrical, factors which influence, and politeness of the use of speech levels in Javanese. Method of observation, in depth interview, and document study were applied to collect the data. Recorded conversation was then transcribed into written form, classified and codified according to the speech levels, and analyzed using politeness system (Scollon and Scollon, 2001) and status scale (Homes, 2001). The use of speech levels shows asymmetric communication: two speakers use two different codes, i.e. ngoko and krama because of power (+P) and with/without distance (+/-D), and it is the reflection of hierarchical politeness. The asymmetrical use of ngoko and krama by God and His Angel, God and human beings strongly explicated the asymmetrical communication between superiors and inferiors. The finding of the research shows that the use of ngoko and krama could present the phenomena of code-switching, code-mixing, and the fundamental phenomenon is ‘code-crossing’. It is concluded that hierarchical politeness in Javanese is ‘social contract’ i.e. the acknowledgment of the existence of high class (superior) and low class (inferior) implemented in ‘communications contract’ using speech levels of the Javanese language in line with status scale. Asymmetrical use of ngoko and krama indexed inequality, hierarchy, and harmony

This paper presents a discussion of bilingualism among the adolescents in Badung Regency, the Province of Bali. It aims to explore the bilingualism situation and the existence of Balinese Language among them. The discussion is based on participant observation to the adolescents and it is based on Sociolinguistic Theory. The result of the discussion shows that the adolescents in Badung Regency are bilinguals of Balinese and Indonesian languages. They use Balinese language in all their communicative activities, except some females occasionally showed the use of Indonesian language. Their conversations both in Balinese and Indonesian languages are also followed by code mixing of the words and phrase of Indonesian, Balinese, and English languages. The result of the discussion also indicates that Balinese language still used and maintained by the adolescents in Badung Regency.

This research is an initiating reserach atempting to support the main project of developing pragmatic-based English teaching model at vocational college. Specifically, it is aimed examining whether (or not) sociocultural aspects of power, distance, and rank of imposition (PDR) proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) is applicable for hotel context. In addition, it was aimed at designing oral role play card used for the main research data collecting. The role play card focuses on speech act (SA) of request and refusal. Twenty hotel staff were involved in doing exemplar generation, and activity undertaken to list situations at hotel dealing with request and refusal, and to inventory two most widely occured situation of each SA to be used as topic of role play card. The card was piloted by involving three students to see whether they were appropriate and obtain input of correction both content and language before being used. It was concluded that PDR is not tottaly suitable sosiological aspect used for criteria in doing verbal interaction at hotel context as power and distace (P D) are not distinctive aspects.

Research on language shift related to social factor is included in sociolinguistic research. This study is to examine the phenomenon of Helong language (HL) shift in the District of West Kupang, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. HL shift is a product of language contact and language competition which is characterized by the use of HL by its speakers that is getting lower and switch to another more prestigious one. Therefore, the phenomenon of HL shift was analyzed based on the choice of HL language use in a domain that implies HL maintenance by its speakers among generations. In order to get the expected data, this study involved 100 respondents consisting groups of 40 parents, 29 adults, and 31 children. The data obtained through data collection techniques were analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative methods. It was conducted based on the attitude of language in the dimensions of language loyalty, language pride, and awareness of language norms in the domains of family, education, customs, neighborhood, government, and religion referring to the level of HL maintenance. The results showed that the phenomenon of HL shift in the District of West Kupang, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province reflected reducing number of intergenerational Helong native speakers in using their own language. The presence of Indonesian language (IL) intervening the use of language in the domains of education, government, and religion influencing the use of languages in the domains of family and neighborhood. Thus, HL is shifting towards death in the next generations.

This paper deals with the ways used by tourist guides (TG) in Bali to express their politeness to foreign tourists (FT) through several speech acts, such as greetings the FT, welcoming the FT to Bali, introducing themselves to the FT, thanking the FT, and apologizing to the FT. The research is conducted in several tourist objects at two Regency and Municipality in Bali, which are Badung Regency and Denpasar Municipality. The research result reveals that the tourist guides employ those speech acts to express their English language politeness to the foreign tourists (FT). Those speech acts are also used to perform their friendliness in providing tour guide services to the FT.

Politicians are considered to be the ones whose honesty is doubtful. This is proven by the fact that there are a lot of negative perception about them. Most of the people know that their ideology is power. In public discussion they often violate or apply politeness with the purpose to get as much power as possible. How polite they are in using the language will be measured by the combination of Grice’s maxims of cooperative principles (1975) and Leech’s mxims of politeness principle. Through analysing the language used by politicians in the talk show Today;s Dialogue, it was found that there were violation and application of politeness in their effort to realize their ideology, which is power.

Sociolinguistics pays attention to the social aspects of human language. Sociolinguistics discusses the relationship between language and society. In the following part of this paper, it will be focussed on the use of (1) language (2) dialects, (3) language variation, (4) social stratification, (5) register. This discussion talks about the five types of those topics because they are really problematic sort of things, which relate the social life of the local people. In relation to this, the most important point is to distinguish the terms from one to another. There are three main points to discuss: language, dialects and register. Languages which are used as medium of communication have many varieties. These language variations are created by the existence of social stratification in the community. Social stratification will determine the form of language use by the speakers who involve in the interaction. The language variation can be in the form of dialects and register. Dialect of a language correlates with such social factors such as socio-economic status, age, occupation of the speakers. Dialect is a variety of a particular language which is used by a particular group of speakers that is signaled by systematic markers such as syntactical, phonological, grammatical markers. Dialects which are normally found in the speech community may be in the forms of regional dialect and social dialect. Register is the variation of language according to the use. It means that where the language is used as a means of communication for certain purposes. It depends entirely on the domain of language used. It is also a function of all the other components of speech situation. A formal setting may condition a formal register, characterized by particular lexical items. The informal setting may be reflected in casual register that indicates less formal vocabulary, more non-standard features, greater instances of stigmatized variables, and so on.Keywords: language, dialect, register and sociolinguistic.

This study explored the formal oral Indonesian register ‘Bahasa Indonesia ragam lisan formal’ (hereinafter referred to as BIRLF) used in open examinations from syntactical-pragmatic perspective. In general, this study aims at analyzing the grammatical-pragmatic elements of the formal oral register used in open examinations; in particular, it aims at analyzing the forms of speech acts and the forms of politeness used in the open examinations held at the University of Airlangga ‘Universitas Airlangga’ (Unair) and the State University of Surabaya ‘Universitas Negeri Surabaya’ (Unesa). The theories used were the structural theory and the theory of pragmatics. The structural theory was used to analyze the grammatical structures of the sentences used in the dialogues taking place in the open examinations. The theory of pragmatics used in this study refers to the theory of politeness proposed by Lakoff (1972), Leech (1983), Brown and Levinson (1987), and the theory of speech act developed by Austin (1962) and Searle (1975). The data analysis showed that, based on the direction of extension in which the verb was the center, and the extending components, eleven types of imperative sentences were found. The extension took place to the left, to the right and to the left and to the right from the verb simultaneously. The extending components included words, phrases, clauses and combinations of phrases and clauses. The interrogative sentences used were both the close interrogative sentences and the open interrogative ones. The declarative sentences used were the complex coordinative and subordinative ones. Deletion, pronominalization,, and repetition characterized the two types of sentences. To identify politeness, the layers of the components constructing the sentences were analyzed. The imperative politeness was expressed grammatically and lexically. Grammatically, the grammatical politeness was shown by passivizing the verb, shifting moods, and changing sequences. Lexically, politeness was expressed by adding lexical items functioning to refine the directive force. The interrogative and declarative politeness was shown by hedging utterances using words functioning as politeness markers.

This study explores the sustainability of the Langkat Malay Language (Bahasa MelayuLangkat abbreviated as BML) spoken by the speech community of young people based on languagechoice, language attitude, language dynamics and influential socio- cultural and socio-ecologicalfactors. 230 (two hundred and thirty) young people were used as the samples in this study. The dataneeded were obtained by documentation, survey, interview, and participatory observation methods.The findings show that there was a shift from BML to Indonesian language (BahasaIndonesia abbreviated as BI) in every domain of use and in various situations of communication.As far as BML is concerned, some internal shifts were also found. The intention to adjust the BMLforms to the forms and meanings of BI in phonological, lexical and grammatical levels wasresponsible for this. Both the internal and external factors led to the shifts of BML to BI. Theinfluential internal factors included (1) high tolerance of other ethnic groups; (2) high socialmobility of the young people; (3) the decrease in cultural traditional activities; (4) the decrease inthe concept of Mel ecology; (5) the attitude of not being observant to BML, and (6) no simultaneitybetween traditional processions and the BNL use. The external factors included (1) the new comingethnic groups, especially the ethnic group of Eja, were getting more dominant; (2) the residingpattern was getting mixed; (3) as the National Language, BI was more widely used, understood bybilinguals, gave prestige in social intercourse; and (4) there was a high interaction between thecommunity of young people and the other communities coming from different ethnic groups andspeaking different languages. Ecologically, the domains of meanings referring to particularreferents in BML went down as far as the concepts of its speakers are concerned. Such a fallresulted from (1) the limited interaction between the community of young people and the Melecology-featured entities; (2) the entities were so scarce that they were not included in the speakers’minds; (3) and the lexical concepts internalized by the speakers, as far as those entities areconcerned, were excluded in BML but included in the other languages. The shift from BML to BImade by the young speakers made BML get highly less sustainable. By referring to the criteriaintroduced by Wurm (in Crystal, 2000: 20) concerning the extinction of languages, it may be statedthat BML is already in stadium 2, that is, a language which is almost getting extinct.

Tarsius is an endemic species in Indonesia but is is getting threatened. In-situ and ex-situ conservationof this species would yield better results when its genetic information and diversity determined. Theobjective of this ressearch was to study the genetic diversity of ND3 gene of Tarsius sp. Based on sequencingof PCR products using primer ND3F and ND3R resulted in 437 nts base sequence. Results of ND3 fragmentssequencing were put on multiple alignment with other primates from Genbank using of software ClustalW, and then were analyzed using MEGA program version 4.1. A different nucleotide site was found(nucleotide no. 24). The genetic distance based on nucleotide ND3 was calculated using Kimura 2-parametermodel. The genetic distance showed the smallest genetic distance 0%, the biggest 0,03% and average0,01%. The phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining method based on the sequence of nucleotide ND3 genecould not be used to differentiate among T. Dianae (from Central Sulawesi), T. Spectrum (from NorthSulawesi) and T. bancanus (from Lampung, South Sumatera).