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Highlights • A comprehensive and systematic study of climbing dunes was firstly conducted. • Try to put forward the definition of climbing dunes. • Clarify the distribution area and height of climbing dunes in the Plateau. • The factors affecting the formation of climbing dunes are preliminarily discussed. • Classify the climbing dunes according to the principle of formation–morphology. Abstract In this study, the climbing dunes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were digitalized through Google Earth images and field examinations in order to facilitate the investigation of their distribution patterns and to allow their classification. The results of this study showed that the total area covered by climbing dunes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is about 30,075 km2, which represents 7.5% of the total area of aeolian landforms in the plateau, and 1.15% of the entire plateau area. The climbing dunes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were densely distributed in the Qaidam Basin, Gonghe Basin, Kumukuri Basin, foothills of the Qilian Mountains, foothills of the Altun Mountains, and the Southern Tibet Valley. Sporadic distributions were also observed in the river and lake basins of the Hengduan Mountains, Qiangtang Plateau, and the Ali Plateau. The average climbing height of the climbing dunes in the Plateau was 191 m, with the maximum and minimum climbing height being 1416 m and 3 m, respectively. Based on morphogenetic principles, we have established a classification diagram for climbing dunes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; on going from the base of a slope to the crest, the morphologies of the dunes increased in complexity and the age of their formation grows earlier. The development of climbing dunes is related to interactions between wind regime, sand materials, dry climate, undulating terrain and accommodation space. The research results of the climbing dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could contribute to the understanding of aeolian landforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification in discrete object space is a widely used machine learning technique. In this case, we can construct a rule set using attribute level implication rules. In this paper, we apply the technique of formal concept analysis to generate the rule base of the classification. This approach is suitable for cases where the number of possible attribute subsets is limited. For testing of this approach, we investigated the problem of the part of speech prediction in natural language texts. The proposed model provides a better accuracy and execution cost than the baseline back-propagation neural network method.

The species identification of flies is a difficult problem, especially for species of flies, which are very close to the species. Because of the difference of morphology, the traditional morphological identification method is difficult to distinguish. The gene sequence molecular identification method was developed in recent years provides a new way to solve this problem. But sequencing technologies exist time-consuming, workload is big, the higher equipment technology requirement. At present we need simple, fast, low cost technology and methods as a species identification auxiliary means. The high-resolution melting curve (high resolution melt, HRM) can meet the demand of new technology and methods. In this study, the analysis of the mitochondrial COI region and the COII region DNA of HRM was used to accuracy class and all kinds of flies and by using animal model to collect the common carnivorous flies in Haikou area. The results showed that the HRM test of two mt-DNA genetic regions can be achieved to distinguish the different species of flies. Even though the species can be distinguished from the species, the results showed that the results were confirmed by sequencing. According to the results of the above studies, we mapped the HRM molecular identification of' 4 common species of the genus HRM in Haikou region. The species of the genus were identified, and the results were obtained. This study first proposed the idea and method of insect species identification by HRM molecular mapping. The results showed that the HRM technology has advantages of simple, fast, direct and low cost, and can be used as an important assistant tool for insect taxonomy and species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 52-year-old male patient who had a quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) associated with aortic regurgitation (AR) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). A new accessory cusp (ACC) with maximum thickness than other cusps was located between right coronary cusp (RCC) and left coronary cusp (LCC). The histopathological features revealed markedly thickened and distorted cusp architecture with fibrosis and/or myxomatous degeneration in both non-coronary cusp (NCC) and ACC. Two equal sizes for larger cusps (RCC and NCC) and two equal sizes for smaller cusps (LCC and ACC) were obtained. This QAV belonged to type C QAV of Hurwitz's classification, but also suggested as a modified type III of Jagannath's classification or a new type V of Nakamura's classification by locating ACC between RCC and LCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses issues related to the application of the General Theory of Classification in the development of a universal soil classification system. The requirements for such a system, a comparison of different approaches to its development, and obstacles on the way to it are outlined. Additionally, the problem of the definition of soils and the importance of distinguishing between differentiating and diagnostic criteria are discussed. It is shown that, from the perspective of the General Theory of Classification, a universal soil classification system should be natural, genetic, "fundamental-and-specific", and hierarchical. It is concluded that the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) does not meet these requirements and therefore cannot be considered as universal. Ways of addressing the problems of a universal soil classification system are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of genome medicine, the sub-classification of myeloid neoplasms, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), is now supported by genetic testing in selected cases. However, as the initial suspicion and primary diagnosis of the disease still largely relies on morphological features and numbers of hematopoietic cells, the establishment of a uniform diagnostic basis, especially for cell morphology, is essential. In this study, we collected nearly 100,000 hematopoietic cell images from 499 peripheral blood smear specimens from patients with MDS and used these to evaluate the standardization of morphological classification by medical technologists. The observers in this study ranged between two to eleven for each image, and the images were classified according to MDS criteria through a web-based system. We found considerable inter-observer variance in the assessment of dysplastic features. Observers did not recognize cytoplasmic hypo–granularity unless almost all granules in neutrophils were absent. Pseudo Pelger–Huët anomalies were also often overlooked, except for cells with a very typical “pince-nez” appearance. Taken together, this study suggests a requirement for further standardization in terms of morphological cell classification, and a need for the development of automatic cell classification–supporting devices for the accurate diagnosis of MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated all available researches on humus of the Caspian Hyrcanian forest ecosystems in order to find the relationship between humus forms and environmental factors. Based on this review it can be concluded that the most important environmental factors which affect the humus in the Caspian Hyrcanian forests are: climate conditions, above-ground biomass, forest canopy gap, soil fauna, landform and tree species composition. We also found that morphological classification of humus is a suitable tool to study humus forms in these ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodents use an array of long tactile facial hairs, the vibrissae, to locate and discriminate objects. Each vibrissa is densely innervated by multiple different types of trigeminal (TG) sensory neurons. Based on the sensory ending morphology, there are at least six types of vibrissa innervating neurons; whereas based on electrophysiological recordings, vibrissa neurons are generally classified as rapidly adapting (RA) and slowly adapting (SA), and show different responses to whisking movement and/or touch. There is a clear missing link between the morphologically defined neuronal types and their exact physiological properties and functions. We briefly summarize recent advances and consider single-cell transcriptome profiling, together with optogenetics-assisted in vivo electrophysiology, as a way to fill this major gap in our knowledge of the vibrissa sensory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman microscopy is a well-established tool for distinguishing different cell types in cell biological or cytopathological applications, since it can provide maps that show the specific distribution of biochemical components in the cell, with high lateral and spatial resolution. Currently, established data analysis approaches for differentiating cells of different typesmostly rely on conventional chemometrics approaches, which tend to not systematically utilise the advantages provided by Raman microscopic data sets. To address this, we propose 2 approaches that explicitly exploit the large number of spectra as well as themorphological and textural information that are available in Raman microscopic data sets. Spatial bagging as our first approach is based on a statistical analysis of majority vote over classification results obtained from individual pixel spectra. Based on the Condorcet's Jury Theorem, this approach raises the accuracy of a relatively weak classifier for individual spectra to nearly perfect accuracy at the level of characterising whole cells. Our second approach extracts morphological and textural (morpho-textural) features fromRaman microscopic images to differentiate cell types. While using few wavenumbers of the Raman spectrum only, our results indicate on a quantitative basis that Raman microscopic images carry more morphological and textural information than haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images as the current gold standard in cytopathology. Our 2 approaches promise improved protocols for the fast acquisition of Raman imaging data, for instance, for the morphological analysis of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy microscopic imaging data or for improving the accuracy of fibre optical probe systems by resampling spectra and utilising spatial bagging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Díez, J.; Cánovas, V.; Uriarte, A., and Medina, R., 2017. Characterization of the dry beach profile: A morphological approach. The dry part of the beach is probably the most extensively used part of the beach system. It comprises the zone from high tide level to the landward edge, which can be either a dynamic (dune field) or a fixed boundary (cliff, rocky ledge, or promenade). Here is presented a complete description of its morphology on the basis of the analysis of 91 study sites selected along the entire coast of Spain. The analysis comprises four different regions in terms of wave climate, geology, and tidal range, covering a wide range of coastal environments. In this study, a zonation of the dry beach profile is presented attending to the dynamics, the morphometric index, and the timescales of variation in which three different segments are defined: the foreshore segment, from the mean high water level to the berm, if present; the seasonal segment, which represents the zone between seasonal berms; and the interannual segment, which comprises the segment between the winter berm (or the most stable berm in case of no seasonality) and the landward edge of the beach. Besides, through cluster profile analysis-applying the K-Means classification algorithm to the entire data set of profiles-four types of dry beach profile are proposed, described, and related to a particular beach modal state: dissipative, intermediate, reflective, and ultradissipative. The observations and results presented here contribute to understanding the morphodynamics of the dry part of the beach and set the basis for subsequent studies concerning the equilibrium dry beach profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern large radio continuum surveys have high sensitivity and resolution, and can resolve previously undetected extended and diffuse emissions, which brings great challenges for the detection and morphological classification of extended sources. We present HeTu-v2, a deep learning-based source detector that uses the combined networks of Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN) and a Transformer block to achieve high-quality radio sources segmentation and classification. The sources are classified into 5 categories: Compact or point-like sources (CS), Fanaroff–Riley Type I (FRI), Fanaroff–Riley Type II (FRII), Head–Tail (HT), and Core-Jet (CJ) sources. HeTu-v2 has been trained and validated with the data from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-one centimeters (FIRST). We found that HeTu-v2 has a high accuracy with a mean average precision (A P @50:5:95 ) of 77.8%, which is 15.6 points and 11.3 points higher than that of HeTu-v1 and the original Mask R-CNN respectively. We produced a FIRST morphological catalog (FIRST-HeTu) using HeTu-v2, which contains 835,435 sources and achieves 98.6% of completeness and up to 98.5% of accuracy compared to the latest 2014 data release of the FIRST survey. HeTu-v2 could also be employed for other astronomical tasks like building sky models, associating radio components, and classifying radio galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A novel morphological classification using resected specimens predicted malignant potential and prognosis in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (P-NETs). The aim of this study was to examine the predictive ability of morphological diagnoses made using non-invasive multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) in P-NETs.Methods: Between 2002 and 2015, 154 patients were diagnosed with P-NETs at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and 82 patients who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled. The primary tumors were classified by MDCT into three types: Type I, simple nodular tumor; Type II, simple nodular tumor with extra-nodular growth; and Type III, confluent multinodular tumor. Patients were stratified by 15 clinical specialists according to classification and without any other clinical or pathological information. Clinicopathological features and patient survival were reviewed retrospectively.Results: The mean observation time was 1004 days. Forty-six, 22, and 14 patients had Type I, II, and III tumors, respectively. Morphological classification was significantly correlated with advanced features such as tumor size, Ki-67 index, and synchronous liver metastasis (p < 0.001 for all). There were significant differences between all three tumor types as judged by ENETS TNM classification (p < 0.001), AJCC TNM classification (p = 0.046), WHO 2004 classification (p < 0.001), and WHO 2010 classification (p < 0.001). Five-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates for patients with Type I, II, and III tumors were 97, 43, and 31%, respectively (I vs. II, p < 0.001; I vs. III, p < 0.001; II vs. III, p = 0.017). Multivariate analysis revealed Type II/III tumors and synchronous liver metastasis to be independent risk factors for poor PFS.Conclusion: A novel simple morphological classification system would predict Type II and III tumors that may have higher malignant potential than Type I tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fitness of the rape leaf is closely related to its biomass and photosynthesis. The study of leaf traits is significant for improving rape leaf production and optimizing crop management. Canopy structure and individual leaf traits are the major indicators of quality during the rape seedling stage. Differences in canopy structure reflect the influence of environmental factors such as water, sunlight and nutrient supply. The traits of individual rape leaves traits indicate the growth period of the rape as well as its canopy shape. Results: We established a high-throughput stereo-imaging system for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional canopy structure of rape seedlings from which leaf area and plant height can be extracted. To evaluate the measurement accuracy of leaf area and plant height, 66 rape seedlings were randomly selected for automatic and destructive measurements. Compared with the manual measurements, the mean absolute percentage error of automatic leaf area and plant height measurements was 3.68 and 6.18%, respectively, and the squares of the correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.984 and 0.845, respectively. Compared with the two-dimensional projective imaging method, the leaf area extracted using stereo-imaging was more accurate. In addition, a semi-automatic image analysis pipeline was developed to extract 19 individual leaf shape traits, including 11 scale-invariant traits, 3 inner cavity related traits, and 5 margin-related traits, from the images acquired by the stereo-imaging system. We used these quantified traits to classify rapes according to three different leaf shapes: mosaic-leaf, semi-mosaic-leaf, and round-leaf. Based on testing of 801 seedling rape samples, we found that the leave-one-out cross validation classification accuracy was 94.4, 95.6, and 94.8% for stepwise discriminant analysis, the support vector machine method and the random forest method, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, a nondestructive and high-throughput stereo-imaging system was developed to quantify canopy three-dimensional structure and individual leaf shape traits with improved accuracy, with implications for rape phenotyping, functional genomics, and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have classified Kiswahili as a member of Niger-Congo family based on the genealogical classification of Bantu languages. This system determines languages genetic relatedness by use of lexicostatistics (Schadeber, 1986). For years, this classification system has guided linguists and anthropologists to understand, analyse, compare and group languages. It has also aided the understanding of the births and deaths of languages. However, this classification system tells us little about the structural relatedness of genealogically grouped languages. This relatedness is only captured by the Morphological system. Although this system has been in existence since 1800 before the genealogical classification, it has least been used to classify and describe many languages of the world. Few Kiswahili scholars have classified Kiswahili morphologically as agglutinative. However, their classification has not put into consideration other morphological classification types that can be deduced from Kiswahili morphological structure. The objective of this paper therefore, is to do an in-depth morphological classification of Kiswahili based on secondary data collected from two Kiswahili prose texts, namely: "Shamba la Wanyama" (translation of animal farm) and "Siku Njema". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae) mites are carriers of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the bacterial pathogen causing scrub typhus in humans. Classification of Leptotrombidium is vital because limited mite species carry O. tsutsugamushi. Generally, Leptotrombidium at the larval stage (approximately 0.2 mm in size) are used for morphological identification. However, morphological identification is often challenging because it requires considerable skills and taxonomic expertise. In this study, we found that the full-length sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene varied among the significant Leptotrombidium. On the basis of these, we modified the canonical deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding method for animals by redesigning the primer set to be suitable for Leptotrombidium. Polymerase chain reaction with the redesigned primer set drastically increased the detection sensitivity, especially against Leptotrombidium scutellare (approximately 17% increase), one of the significant mites carrying O. tsutsugamushi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the samples morphologically classified as L. scutellare and Leptotrombidium pallidum were further split into 3 and 2 distinct subclusters respectively. The mean genetic distance (p-distance) between L. scutellare and L. pallidum was 0.2147, whereas the mean distances within each species were 0.052 and 0.044, respectively. Within L. scutellare, the mean genetic distances between the 3 subclusters were 0.1626-0.1732, whereas the distances within each subcluster were 0.003-0.017. Within L. pallidum, the mean genetic distance between the 2 subclusters was 0.1029, whereas the distances within each subcluster were 0.010-0.013. The DNA barcoding uncovered a broad genetic diversity of Leptotrombidium, especially of L. scutellare and L. pallidum, the notable species carrying O. tsutsugamushi. We conclude that the DNA barcoding using our primers enables precise and detailed classification of Leptotrombidium and implies the existence of a subgenotype in Leptotrombidium that had not been found by morphological identification., (© American Society of Parasitologists 2023.)

The total numbers of neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells in rat cerebral cortex were estimated using unbiased stereological counting techniques and systematic sampling. The reference volume chosen was the entire neocortex, most of the allocortex and parts of claustrum using the rhinal fissure as the macroscopical anatomical landmark. These regions are referred to collectively as syncortex. A method has been devised for reducing problems associated with the uncertainties that arise when distinguishing between various types of cells. At the light microscopic level, using the detailed criteria described in this article, the total numbers of neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, respectively, were estimated for the entire syncortex as the product of the estimate of the volume of the syncortex, made with point counting techniques, and the estimates of the numerical density for each group of cells, made with optical disectors. In a sample of three brains, the mean total number of cells (neurons, glial and endothelial) in the syncortex of the rat brain is 128 x 106. This number is made up of 47% neurons, 24% glial cells, 17% endothelial cells, and 11% uncertain cell types (probably mostly glial cells).

The article makes an emphasis on the obligatory use of the results received after carrying out the typological studying of a native language of a student and a studied one that will make a linguistic basis of teaching the Russian pronunciation. The article gives the short description of the phonological and morphological (on the basis of inflexional languages) classifications of languages.

A classificação inicial das síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) foi realizada em 1976, pelo grupo FAB, e era baseada em parâmetros morfológicos observados no sangue periférico e na medula óssea. A classificação FAB foi revisada em 1982 e utilizada nos últimos 25 anos como guia para melhor compreensão desse heterogêneo grupo de doenças. Em 2001, a OMS publicou uma nova classificação, com modificações significativas nos diversos subgrupos da FAB, com o intuito de agrupar melhor subtipos com comportamento clínico semelhante. A mudança mais importante foi a diminuição do número mínimo de blastos para o diagnóstico de LMA de 30% para 20%, causando o desaparecimento do subtipo AREB-T. Esta é também a mudança mais polêmica, havendo inúmeras publicações discutindo as evidentes diferenças clínicas e biológicas entre SMD e LMA, sendo unânime a opinião de que apenas o número de blastos é insuficiente para a escolha da terapêutica. Outro ponto importante foi a diferenciação de grupos com displasia em única e em múltiplas linhagens, que mostra ter grande importância para o prognóstico. Diversos estudos têm sido publicados, comparando as classificações FAB e OMS, reconhecendo a grande contribuição da classificação FAB para a melhor compreensão das SMD, bem como suas falhas e tentando validar as mudanças propostas pela classificação da OMS e identificar pontos passíveis de modificação.The initial classification of the myelodisplastic syndromes (MDS) was compiled in 1976 by the FAB group and was based on morphological parameters observed in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow. The FAB classification was revised in 1982 and has been used in the last 25 years as a guide for a better understanding of this heterogeneous group of diseases. In 2001, the WHO published a new classification with significant modifications in the diverse subgroups of FAB with the intention of obtaining a better grouping of the subtypes with similar clinical behaviors. The most important modification was the decrease in the minimum number of blasts for the AML diagnosis from 30% to 20%, resulting in the disappearance of the subtype RAEB-T. This is also the most polemic alteration, as there are innumerable publications discussing the evident clinical and biological differences between the MDS and AML, with the opinion that the number of blasts alone is insufficient for the choice of therapy being unanimous. Another important point was the differentiation of the groups with dysplasia in single and multiple strains, which has been demonstrated as having great importance in the prognosis. Several studies have been published comparing the FAB and WHO classifications, recognizing the great contribution of the FAB classification for the better understanding of the MDS, as well as its shortcomings, and attempting to validate the modifications proposed by the WHO classification and identify the points liable to modification.

Background: Recently, different software has been developed to automatically analyze multiple intracranial pressure (ICP) parameters, but the suggested methods are frequently complex and have no clinical correlation. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical value of a new morphological classification of the cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure waveform (CSFPPW), comparing it to the elastance index (EI) and CSF-outflow resistance (R), and to test the efficacy of an automatic ICP analysis. Methods: An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained to classify 60 CSFPPWs in four different classes, according to their morphology, and its efficacy was compared to an expert examiner's classification. The morphology of CSFPPW, recorded in 60 patients at baseline, was compared to EI and R calculated at the end of an intraventricular infusion test to validate the utility of the proposed classification in patients' clinical evaluation. Results: The overall concordance in CSFPPW classification between the expert examiner and the ANN was 88.3 %. An elevation of EI was statistically related to morphological class' progression. All patients showing pathological baseline CSFPPW (class IV) revealed an alteration of CSF hydrodynamics at the end of their infusion test. Conclusions: The proposed morphological classification estimates the global ICP wave and its ability to reflect or predict an alteration in CSF hydrodynamics. An ANN can be trained to efficiently recognize four different CSF wave morphologies. This classification seems helpful and accurate for diagnostic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in the fat mass and obesity associated ( FTO ) gene are currently the strongest known genetic factor predisposing humans to non-monogenic obesity. Recent experiments have linked these variants to a broad spectrum of behavioural alterations, including food choice and substance abuse. Yet, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which these genetic variations influence body weight remain elusive. Here, we explore the brain structural substrate of the obesity-predisposing rs9939609 T/A variant of the FTO gene in non-obese subjects by means of multivariate classification and use fMRI to investigate genotype-specific differences in neural food-cue reactivity by analysing correlates of a visual food perception task. Our findings demonstrate that MRI-derived measures of morphology along middle and posterior fusiform gyrus (FFG) are highly predictive for FTO at-risk allele carriers, who also show enhanced neural responses elicited by food cues in the same posterior FFG area. In brief, these findings provide first-time evidence for FTO -specific differences in both brain structure and function already in non-obese individuals, thereby contributing to a mechanistic understanding of why FTO is a predisposing factor for obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a complex morphological comparison of four Common Nightingale groups (Luscinia megarhynchos) is demonstrated. In total, 121 territorial nightingales were mist-netted and measured individually on four study areas called 'Bódva', 'Felső-Tisza', 'Szatmár-Bereg' and 'Bátorliget' in the North-Eastern part of Hungary in 2006-2013. To distinguish groups by morphology, C lassification and Regression Trees (CART), Random Forest (RF) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) methods were used. Comparison of the four studied Common Nightingale groups shows substantial morphological differences in the length of the second, the third and the fourth primaries (P2, P3, P4), in bill length (BL) and bill width (BW), while other characteristics showed greater similarities. Based on the results of all the applied classification methods, birds originated from Szatmár-Bereg were clearly distinguishable from the others. The differences in morphology can be explained by interspecific competition or phenotypic plasticity resulting from the change of ecological, environmental parameters. Our case study highlights the advantageous differences of the classification methods to distinguish groups with similar morphology and to choose important variables for classification. In conclusion, broad application of the classification methods RF and CART is highly recommended in comparative ecological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Post-intubation tracheal laceration (PITL) is a rare condition (0.005% of intubations). The treatment of choice has traditionally been surgical repair. Following our first report in 2010 of treatment protocol tailored to a risk-stratified morphological classification there is now clear evidence that conservative therapy represents the gold standard in the majority of patients. In this paper we aim to validate our risk-stratified treatment protocol through the largest ever reported series of patients., Methods: This retrospective analysis is based on a prospectively collected series (2003-2020) of 62 patients with PITL, staged and treated according to our revised morphological classification., Results: Fifty-five patients with Level I (#8), II (#36) and IIIA (#11) PITL were successfully treated conservatively. Six patients with Level IIIB injury and 1 patient with Level IV underwent a surgical repair of the trachea. No mortality was reported. Bronchoscopy confirmed complete healing in all patients by day 30. Statistical analysis showed age only to be a risk factor for PITL severity., Conclusions: Our previously proposed risk-stratified morphological classification has been validated as the major tool for defining the type of treatment in PITL., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 Cardillo, Ricciardi, Forcione, Carbone, Carleo, Di Martino, Jaus, Perdichizzi, Scarci, Ricci, Dello Iacono, Lucantoni and Galluccio.)

Background: To establish a preoperative morphological classification system for hepatocellular carcinoma using multiphase computed tomography. Methods: All consecutive patients who were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma between 2004 and 2009 were enrolled, for a total of 232 patients. The concavity and convexity of each outer contour of hepatocellular carcinoma acquired from multiphase computed tomography were analyzed, and the area and depth of each indentation were quantified. The indentation area to tumor area ratio ( s: S) and the s:S ratio multiplied by the indentation depth to indentation base ratio ( s: S × d: t) were used as feature values reflecting the individual shapes. Results: Using a hierarchical cluster analysis, the shapes were classified into three groups: Type I (smooth: n = 158), Type II (jagged: n = 63), and Type III (rough: n = 11). The 5-year survival rates for Types I, II, and III were 64, 53, and 0 %, respectively (I vs. II, P = 0.038; I vs. III, P = 0.001; II vs. III, P = 0.002). The 5-year disease-free survival rates for Types I, II, and III were 27, 23, and 0 %, respectively (I vs. III, P = 0.0003 and II vs. III, P = 0.008). Microscopic portal venous invasion was significantly more likely with Type III than with Type I or II ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The newly developed semiautomatic computed tomography-based morphological classification system appears to provide a promising additional criterion for the prognostic categorization of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While manifold learning from images itself has become widely used in medical image analysis, the accuracy of existing implementations suffers from viewing each image as a single data point. To address this issue, we parcellate images into regions and then separately learn the manifold for each region. We use the regional manifolds as low-dimensional descriptors of high-dimensional morphological image features, which are then fed into a classifier to identify regions affected by disease. We produce a single ensemble decision for each scan by the weighted combination of these regional classification results. Each weight is determined by the regional accuracy of detecting the disease. When applied to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of 50 normal controls and 50 patients with reconstructive surgery of Tetralogy of Fallot, our method achieves significantly better classification accuracy than approaches learning a single manifold across the entire image domain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background/aims: Laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are being increasingly reported nowadays. The aims of this study were to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and to identify the risk factors of malignancy in patients with LSTs by morphological subclassification. Patients and methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed 326 LSTs (287 patients). Patient characteristics, endoscopic findings, and histologic findings were analyzed. Endoscopic findings were subdivided into homogeneous, mixed nodular, flat elevated, and pseudo-depressed subtypes. The clinicopathological features of these subtypes were compared. Results: Of the 287 patients treated, 173 (50.3 %) were male and overall mean patient age was 65 ± 10 years (ranged 35 to 83 year). Of the 326 LSTs diagnosed, 116 (35.6 %) were homogeneous and 102 (31.3 %) were flat elevated subtype. The location was significantly different among morphological subtype. Tumors of the mixed nodular subtype were significantly larger than the tumors of the other three subtypes ( p = 0.00). Of the 326 lesions, 279 underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (granular type 88.1 % (177/201)/nongranular type 81.6 % (102/125)). Two hundred forty-nine lesions (76.4 %) were resected en bloc, and 45 lesions (13.8 %) were resected using the piecemeal technique. Piecemeal resection was significantly more common for the pseudo-depressed subtype (27.0 %, p = 0.00). The overall malignancy rate on a lesion basis was 8.6 %. The malignancy rate increased with lesion size and was higher for the pseudo-depressed (24.3 %) and the mixed nodular subtype (14.1 %). Submucosal invasion was noted for 16 % of pseudo-depressed lesions, and this was significantly higher than the invasion rates of the other subtypes ( p = 0.06). By multivariate analysis, morphologic subtype, especially the pseudo-depressed or mixed nodular subtype and size larger than 20 mm were risk factor of malignancy. Conclusions: The clinicopathological features of laterally spreading tumors differ with respect to macroscopic morphology, and the risk of malignant transformation is significantly higher for the mixed nodular or pseudo-depressed subtypes and lesion larger than 20 mm. Careful consideration is required when choosing a treatment modality, and lesions of the mixed nodular and pseudo-depressed subtypes should be completely removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-targeted therapies have recently been highlighted as important. An important development in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been the tailoring of therapy on the basis of histology. A pathology diagnosis of “non-specified NSCLC” is no longer routinely acceptable; an effective approach for classification of adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous carcinoma (SC) histotypes is needed for optimizing therapy. In this study, we present a robust and objective automatic computer vision system for real-time classification of AC and SC based on the morphological tissue patterns of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images to assist medical experts in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Various original and extended densitometric and Haralick’s texture features are used to extract image features, and a boosting algorithm is utilized to train the classifier, together with alternative decision tree as the base learner. For evaluation, two types of data with 653 tissue samples were tested, including 369 samples from tissue microarray data set and 284 samples from full-face tissue sections. Regarding the data distribution, 45 % are AC samples (288) and 55 % are SC samples (365), which is considerably well balanced for each class. Using tenfold cross-validation, the technique achieved high accuracy of $$92.41~\%$$ on tissue microarray cores and $$95.42~\%$$ on full tissue sections. We also found that the two boosting algorithms (cw-Boost and AdaBoost.M1) perform consistently well in comparison with other popularly adopted machine learning methods, including support vector machine, neural network and decision tree. This approach offers a robust, objective and rapid procedure for optimized patient-targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European deciduous oaks are closely related and are known for their strong emission of volatile isoprenoids. They are chemo-taxonomically diverse, but hybridise frequently. Four-year-old oak seedlings growing together in a model ecosystem facility under near-natural conditions were studied. The leaves were morphologically classified in the three oak species Quercus robur, Q. pubescens and Q. petraea (with four provenances each) and further investigated by a molecular-genetic approach. Q. robur was morphologically and genetically clearly different from Q. pubescens and Q. petraea, whereas Q. pubescens and Q. petraea individuals used in this study were morphologically and genetically more similar. There was a minor impact of among and within species variability on isoprene synthesis, isoprene emission and photosynthesis. Isoprene emission rates normalised to 25 °C leaf temperature ranged from 5.78 to 10.66 nmol m−2 s−1, whereas photosynthesis ranged from 12.8 to 17.6 μmol m−2 s−1. On cloudy days, among the provenances of each species, only net photosynthesis of the Q. robur provenance Hünenberg was reduced and isoprene synthase activity of the Q. pubescens provenance Promotogno increased. On sunny days, photosynthesis did not differ among the provenances. Over all provenances, gas exchange on cloudy days did not differ significantly from sunny days. In the combined data of cloudy and sunny days, no differences between the studied provenances and oak species were detected in isoprene emission and photosynthesis. Thus, isoprene emission and photosynthesis rates were remarkably stable among oak species and provenances. The results indicate that taxonomic differences in the studied oak species are not reflected in isoprene emission and photosynthesis, probably because of the high plasticity of gene expression resulting in high phenotypic flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemulidae species are morphologically diversified fishes with wondrous and changeable coloration. These species are prevalent in global tropical, subtropical, and temperate inshore reef areas. Previous morphological classification within Haemulidae and some related families was problematic, and no comprehensive molecular evaluation was conducted on these groups. In this study, we revealed the first molecular phylogenetic analysis involving representative species within Haemulidae and the relevant families (Nemipteridae and Teraponidae). The analysis was performed using both mitochondrial DNA (16S rRNA) and nuclear DNA (TMO-4c4) genes to construct maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis tree topologies. The molecular phylogeny recovered well-resolved relationships within Haemulidae species and the problematic taxa. In the trees, the Haemulidae species (except for genus Hapalogenys) were divided into two distinct sister lineages, including grunts (Haemulinae) and sweetlips (Plectorhynchinae). Hapalogenys was positioned outside the major Haemulidae tribe and formed an independent group, which challenged the traditional taxonomy that Hapalogenys was classified into Haemulidae. The results did agree with most current studies that Hapalogenys was only distantly related to Haemulidae and could potentially be removed from this family. Additionally, the genus Diagramma was observed to be tightly grouped inside the clade Plectorhinchus, indicating its highly close affinity within Plectorhinchus. Regarding interfamily relationships, the phylogenetic constructions suggested distant relationships within two pairs: between Scolopsis and Haemulidae and between Teraponidae and Haemulidae. Scolopsis was revealed to be highly close with Nemipteridae, and Teraponidae was clustered in an independent group, which was in accordance with most current taxonomic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Volcanic Zone in Iceland (64.19° to 65.22° N) has the morphological characteristics of a distinct Mid-Atlantic ridge segment. This volcanic zone was mapped at a scale of 1:36.000, and 258 intraglacial monogenetic volcanoes from the Late Pleistocene (0.01-0.78 Ma) were identified and investigated. The zone is characterized by infrequent comparatively large volcanic eruptions and the overall volcanic activity appears to have been low throughout the Late Pleistocene. Tholeiitic basaltic rocks dominate in the Western Volcanic Zone with about 0.5 vol. % of intermediate and silicic rocks. The basalts divide into picrites, olivine tholeiites, and tholeiites. Three main eruptive phases can be distinguished in the intraglacial volcanoes: an effusive deep-water lava phase producing basal pillow lavas, an explosive shallow-water phase producing hyaloclastites and an effusive subaerial capping lava phase. Three evolutionary stages therefore charcterize these volcanoes; late dykes and irregular minor intrusions could be added as the fourth main stage. These intrusions are potential heat sources for short-lived hydrothermal systems and may play an important role in the final shaping of the volcanoes. Substantial parts of the hyaloclastites of each unit are proximal sedimentary deposits. The intraglacial volcanoes divide into two main morphological groups, ridge-shaped volcanoes, i.e., tindars (including pillow lava ridges) and subrectangular volcanoes, i.e., tuyas and hyaloclastite or pillow lava mounds. The volume of the tuyas is generally much larger than that of the tindars. The largest tuya, Eiríksjökull, is about 48 km and therefore the largest known monogenetic volcano in Iceland. Many of the large volcanoes, both tuyas and tindars, show a similar, systematic range in geochemistry. The most primitive compositions were erupted first and the magmas then changed to more differentiated compositions. The ridge-shaped tindars clearly erupted from volcanic fissures and the more equi-dimensional tuyas mainly from a single crater. It is suggested that the morphology and structure of the intraglacial volcanos mainly depends on two factors, (a) tectonic control and (b) availability of magma at the time of eruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study which proposes a morphological classification system for neurons and examines the spatial geometric features of neurons. It mentions that a nomenclature system for neurons was obtained based on four principal components of neuronal morphology from principal component analysis (PCA). It adds that the system can accurately differentiate the same type of neuron from different species.

This study addresses the phylogenetic relationships among native species and hybrid cultivars of Asian Dendrobium by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The plant materials of this study are composed of 37 accessions belonging to native species in China and 63 accessions proposed to be hybrid cultivars originating from Japan and Korea. Eight AFLP primer combinations produced a total of 1658 fragments with an average of 207 fragments per primer pair of which 1655 bands were polymorphic. Specific AFLP markers were identified in 29 of 100 tested Dendrobium accessions. Unweighted pair group method based on arithmetic average (UPGIMA) analysis was performed on Dice's similarity coefficient matrix and also average similarity of each species and cultivar. The tested 100 Asian Dendrobium accessions were grouped into seven clusters with the similarity coefficient of 0.49. A first cluster consisted of 63 hybrid cultivars, 17 species of section Dendrobium, one species of section Formosae, and one species of section Callista. A second, fourth, and seventh cluster included five, three, and two species of section Dendrobium, respectively. A third group comprised five species of section Formosae. A fifth and sixth cluster contained three and two species of section Callista, respectively. These results indicated that the genetic relationships among tested Asian Dendrobium accessions were related to their origins, morphological classification, flower color, and pedigree, to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins which structurally and dynamically organise the cytoplasm of living cells. Microtubules are among its constituents. Morphological alterations of microtubules are related to functional impairment. Therefore cytoskeletal morphology is a valuable indicator of cell injury and functionality. This paper focuses on the comparison between normal and altered cytoskeletal microtubules by means of image analysis and classification with the aim of replacing visual assessment. Morphology has been quantified by the extraction of some descriptors yielded by spatial differentiation, fractal analysis and Fourier analysis followed by non-linear filtering. The principal component analysis of these descriptors has led to image recognition and has been applied to hepatocytes and fibroblasts exposed to some xenobiotics. In the case of hepatocytes, images have been ranked according to the severity of cytoskeletal damage, a dose–response relation has been derived from the regression of the first principal component and the percentage of structural recovery after exposure has been estimated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]