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The Latin Middle Ages seems alien to the tragic, in principle: the ancient cultures had known and structured themselves around the idea of the god-nature (ultimately indifferent to man), and a sense of the insuperable distance between the finite and the infinite; the Latin Middle Ages knew and thematized the figure of the near and assiduous god, incongruous to the tragic. Paradoxically, however, in the 12th century, when medieval self-consciousness seems to reach its completion and full understanding of its foundation, the practice of tragic writing re-emerges. This is not simply the scholarly recovery of the ancient literary tradition: the near god takes its definitive step in medieval culture, when its nearness consists in stepping aside, becoming a hidden god and – finally – the god of Piety (Vesperbild). The absence of god, which occurs now because of too much love, reintroduces the possibility of the tragic into culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudios de Historia de España is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The two parts of the article are complementary. In the first part, Justin Vollmann takes a look at digital editing and in particular at the online edition Lyrik des Deutschen Mittelalters (LDM) from a McLuhanian perspective, with LDM also being presented in its basic functions. In the second part, Florian Kragl follows the 'gutenberggalactic' tendencies of medieval manuscript tradition using Bligger von Steinach as an example, and then asks about the editorial consequences. The common goal is to establish a differentiated view on the medieval manuscript culture and its modern edition possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, I challenge the increasing emphasis on digital technologies to enhance encounters with the past in heritage landscapes. Beginning with a memory from my childhood, I conceptualise presence as being there and review recent approaches in heritage studies that highlight the wide range of benefits derived from embodied experiences in heritage places including reinforcing feelings of wellbeing and ontological security. Outlining enduring limitations of high-tech digital heritage tools, particularly the lack of critical perspectives assessing the ethical and methodological challenges of employing them in heritage landscapes, I argue there is a recurring theme of grasping for presence. Drawing on fieldwork in four heritage sites associated with the Viking Age in Sweden and Germany, I suggest a renewed focus on 'high touch' will encourage more meaningful, multisensory encounters within the fabric of the heritage landscape. As our lives become increasingly high tech, I return to the foundational values and motivations of being there in heritage places, concluding that heritage landscapes serve as important spaces of interaction where past, present, and future imaginaries can be negotiated beyond the reach of the digital world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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My essay, "Marco Polo's I Devisement du monde (Description of the World) i in the Library of King Charles V of France", examines the I Description i as a central node in the French royal library. However, these friars did not use Pipino's translation but two other Latin versions that indicate the rapidity and breadth of the translation efforts that were devoted to the I Description i in the years immediately after it appeared. Together these essays show how the I Description i was rewritten (through translation, citation, and interpolation), resituated (in compilations or libraries), and reproduced as a material object in both manuscript and print. Central to this examination is Francesco Pipino's Latin translation of the I Description i ; of the more than sixty manuscripts that preserve it, six contain a longer version of the "Moving Mountain" episode in addition to the short one. [Extracted from the article]

V. L. Ménage, who died in 2015, was Lecturer and then Professor at the University of London's School of Oriental & African Studies from 1955 until 1983, and one of the pioneers of Ottoman history in the United Kingdom. Ottoman Historical Documents: The Institutions of an Empire By V. L. Ménage, edited by Colin Imber The great majority of the translated sources are as Ménage wrote them, although in a few cases Imber has provided new translations where the original was missing, or replaced one of Ménage's sources with a more suitable alternative. [Extracted from the article]

A particular pleasure is Grzegorz Pac's essay (pp. 119-138) on the calendar of the I Codex Gertrudianus i , an eleventh-century psalter once belonging to Gertruda (d. 1108), wife of Iziaslav I of Kyiv. It is this legacy that is discussed throughout I Political Liturgies in the High Middle Ages i , a much-needed collection that builds upon Kantorowicz's championing of medieval liturgy as a viable historical source while questioning his secularisation thesis. The funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in September 2022 saw the mystical and emotive power of Christian liturgy broadcast to millions of people around the globe, serving as a reminder of the close connections between kingship (or, in this case, queenship) and the liturgy that has long operated as a political legitimisation of monarchy. [Extracted from the article]

The article considers the notion of the Corpus Christianorum, or Christian body politic, during the High Medieval period (c. 950–c 1350), tries to understand the longstanding tradition of anti-Jewish sentiment and stereotyping of non-Christians, and discusses the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290 by King Edward I, almost exactly 100 years after the Palm Sunday 1190 pogrom and expulsion of Jews by Abbot Samson of Bury St. Edmunds, England which was approved by King Richard I.

Utopian novels envisioning such utopias included those penned by a number of American authors: I The Age of Progress i (1856), I The Cooperative Commonwealth in its Outlines i (1884), I Rational Communism i (1885), and I A Cityless and Countryless World i (1893). These developments were mirrored in numerous literary visions of a far more sprawled populace: I The Eden of Labor i (1876), I Sociology i (1877), I Utopia i (1884), I How They Lived at Hampton i (1888), I The Story of Happinolande i (1889), I The Birth of Freedom i (1891), I Earth Revisited i (1893), I A Traveler from Altruria i (1894), and I Daybreak i (1896). Walker shows how such imagined perfection was often achieved through incredible violence; authors' descriptions of selective breeding or racial apartheid foreshadow brutal state projects of the twentieth century. [Extracted from the article]

Providing spaces for children's culture becomes an issue when it conflicts with or threatens to reverse the notion of 'legitimate' culture. Here, legitimate culture refers to the dominant values of the official curriculum and teachers' cultural values. This article, which stems from an ethnographically oriented pilot study, explores the experience of children's and adults' diverse beliefs, ideologies and cultures in an art classroom that is situated in a university facility. It demonstrates how children seek spaces for their culture. Only high official culture, the school culture, and parents' and teachers' culture are deemed appropriate, true and good. In the world of adults, children's culture is often seen as immature, as something to be fixed and refined. Kline suggests that humour and play might be an independent form of children's culture. What children find funny and humorous may not be funny, or even appropriate, to adults. Bakhtin's carnival theory demonstrates how a medieval culture used dangerous jokes at the expense of authority. Although the carnival was a temporary festival, it was the means through which the peasants' marketplace culture was communicated to the officials, and by which they were able to demonstrate resistance – following their own rules, methods and culture. The author employs Bakhtin's theory to help see the carnival in an art classroom, as children resist the presence of a legitimized culture by continuing to create spaces for their own cultures of pleasure, parody and even the grotesque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taekwondo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in medieval or similar cultures, but today it is primarily a combat activity conditioned by safety rules. The kick technique is called "chagi" (Korean language). "Eyeballing" is a problem that is being addressed with traditional training methods used in Taekwondo. (1) Background: To solve this problem, the main aim of this study was to develop an Observation System for Technical Performance Indicators-Chagi (OSTPI-C). The validation and reliability processes were carried out by 19 expert judges, who were required to meet at least four out of the five selected inclusion criteria. (2) Methods: The content validity was calculated using Aiken's V coefficient value on qualitative (relevance, univocity, and importance) and quantitative levels (rating scale from one to five), through the agreement and consensus of the panel experts. The reliability of the instrument was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. (3) Results: The results demonstrated the high content validity indexes (0.90) and high reliability (alpha > 0.70) of the observational instrument. (4) Conclusions: The OSTIP-C observational instrument could be used in the Olympic and Paralympic Taekwondo sport environment as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the technical execution of kick technical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Memory and memoria are closely related to each other, but the latter constitutes the physical, mostly public manifestation of the self through art works, writing, musical compositions, buildings, and the like. After a reflection on the current research pertaining to both aspects, this article deals with the famous Ambraser Heldenbuch compiled by Hans Ried for Emperor Maximilian I (1504-1516) as a collection of major medieval German narratives. In particular, the focus rests on the most unique verse novella, Mauritius von Craûn (ca. 1220) where knighthood and courtly love seem to reach their apogee but then abruptly fail. In an odd way, even this rather deconstructive piece of literature, preserved only in this very late manuscript, obviously contributed to Maximilian's great effort to secure his gedechtnus, the memory by posterity of his glory and accomplishments. However, there is also a great sense of the precarious nature of this goal, hence of memoria. To understand late medieval aristocratic culture, we can rely profoundly on the efforts by that social class to establish memory as a form of self-identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper is focused on grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The authors discuss the problems faced by the annotator in creating an annotation tool suitable for the analysis of texts written during the period of intensive changes in the Polish language. The article presents the main assumptions of grammatical annotation developed under the grant: The origins of Polish language and religious culture in the light of the medieval apocrypha of the New Testament. A universal tool for the study of Polish apocryphal texts, as well as the system of classes and categories developed in the course of the research on Old Polish apocrypha. The functionalities of the tool for the linguistic research are also presented: a grammatical and lexical search engine and a grammatical commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associated periods of research there and in Ravenna and, perhaps most important, journeys to inspect all the known manuscripts of the I Liber i written before 1000 (p. 173), further contribute to the great erudition in McKitterick's pages. McKitterick's achievement is to demonstrate that the collated, seamless Duchesne text familiar today is a very different I Liber i from those people read before 1000. McKitterick is an insightful contextualiser of the I Liber i 's creation in the sixth and seventh centuries (the composition and circulation of post-715 biographies receive less attention in her book). [Extracted from the article]

This article provides an overview of the current state of research into the dead and undead in the European Middle Ages. Looking at the theoretical frameworks that underpin modern scholarship on the topic, as well the key publications that have steered academic investigations on death and dying into exciting new arenas, this introduction highlights the myriad ways in which the traumas of death were conceptualised in pre-modern textual traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines why online availability should not be conflated with accessibility in discussions of the digital humanities and medieval studies. Expert-oriented projects and discussions of the digital humanities in medieval Iberian studies tend to get "lost in collation." These projects lose sight of the promises of democratization and accessibility that the digital humanities community values in favor of the traditional demands of philology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Dominika Gapska's book "Woman. Church. State. Cults of the Female Saints in the Writings of Serbian Orthodox Church," which examines the role of female saints, particularly female rulers, in medieval and early modern European culture, focusing on the Serbian Orthodox Church. Gapska analyzes women from Serbian and other Slavic regions, as well as outside the Slavic environment, and covers a wide time span, including testimonies from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The book explores the evolution of the cult of specific women and places the phenomena in the context of Slavia Orthodoxa and Byzantine-Orthodox civilization. The text mentions the cult of St. Helen and Kievan Princess Olga in Serbia during the 14th century and suggests further research on the Serbian model of female royal sanctity and the motif of Sophia, the personification of Divine Wisdom. Despite some technical issues with the bibliography and source quotations, the article emphasizes the value of the book in presenting this lesser-known aspect of European medieval culture. [Extracted from the article]

"Translating Christ in the Middle Ages: Gender, Authorship, and the Visionary Text" by Barbara Zimbalist explores the role of women's visionary texts in late medieval discourses of authorship, reading, and devotion. The book examines how these texts required various transformations, such as turning divine speech into human speech and visionary experiences into linguistic records. Zimbalist's study focuses on specific women authors and their works, comparing texts in Dutch, English, French, and Latin. This book is a valuable contribution to the literature on gender, authorship, and visionary text and will be useful for scholars in medieval studies, religious studies, and women's and gender studies. [Extracted from the article]

As a royal court of justice with jurisdiction over the entire province of Languedoc, southern France, the Parlement de Toulouse left an impressive but largely overlooked legacy of well preserved judicial records. Based on the case study of a 1444 trial pitting a widow, Isabelle de Ferréol, against her stepson, Raymond-Bernard de Montpezat, this article deconstructs the narrative structure of the pleas. Centred on the process of character creation and on the mechanics of defamation, the article analyses how the procurators who represented the plaintiff and the defendant in court shaped the contrasting characters of their clients. Instrumental in framing the true-sounding stories told by the procurators to the court were the politics of the Hundred Years' War, gender constructs, late medieval family culture, law and literary tropes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the ways in which fate appears in Norse Medieval cultures. Special attention will be paid to Volsunga saga and its context of production. We will see that the social dynamics of Iceland and Norway during the 13th century influence the representation of fate and its effects on the individual. The necessity of reciprocity was crucial for the maintenance of a society based on personal relationships and systems of friendship. Hence, greed is one of the principal transgressive elements condemned in the saga. In this narrative, a cursed treasure attracts the character´s greed and motivates them to transgress other fundamental norms. This doom also sets an ominous fate that casts doubt on the freedom an individual might have in a conditioned world. These determinants are also imposed by other external forces that are compared to destiny. Thus, we will demonstrate that honor and the obligations imposed within the kinship structure are represented with the same inexorability as destiny and the same destructiveness as greed. Excessive honor and greed have the capacity to drag individuals into a fateful future that will engulf both the complicit and the innocent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present a new point of view about the origin of the poem Beowulf, exploring from a political and social perspective of medieval England in the 9th and 10th centuries, therefore, based on the existing manuscript (10th -- 11th century), to seek an analysis about the possibilities of composition of the poem and its origins. We will discuss evidence of a possible mix of cultures both Anglo-Saxon- Saxon and Scandinavian. Based on this, try to understand important points that make this new dynamic possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is analysing how the ruins of antiquity, the actual buildings, that were present in the Middle Ages, were interpreted and managed by Tolkien in his fantasy writing and his work as a scholar. Thus, how Tolkien read these elements. The ruin also deals with the idea of civilization in decay, the end of times and millenarism, also present in medieval culture, with a focus on the Early Medieval England. I will compare these two themes, the ruin and the ruins seeking to demonstrate how they were cast by both: the fantasy writer Tolkien and the scholar Tolkien. Within the area of medieval studies, a subject that has been studied with increasing numbers of studies in Brazil is the appropriation of the Middle Ages by contemporary fantasy works. This paper, in addition to these problems, will contemplate a concern about the popularization of the fantasy Middle Ages as an instrument for learning about the Middle Ages outside the academic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the nature and causes of post-Last Glacial Maxima (LGM) sedimentation in the Western Great Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Specifically, we report geochemical and isotopic data (87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd) for a 46.5 m sediment core from the Nara River bed. These data indicate that up to the beginning of the Holocene, sedimentation mostly comprised contributions from monsoon-dominated rivers of Western Himalaya. Later in the early Holocene, a shift towards Indus-derived sediments occurred, with a minor reversal at ∼7 ka, attributed to the rejuvenation of the Ghaggar-Hakra channel. A renewed contribution from the Indus River routed through the Nara River and through the Kori Creek (mouth of the Nara River) occurred during the mid- to late Holocene. Persistent availability of freshwater during the mid- to late Holocene helped sustain early Iron Age and medieval cultures in the region. However, significant decline in the hydrological system anchored in the shifting Indus River through the Nara channel after the medieval period, likely caused the gradual collapse of these cultures. Our study is important as it demonstrates that, if the sediment source is from regions of contrasting climatic domains (for example, monsoon-dominated western Himalaya rivers and the westerlies-dominated Indus River), temporal changes in precipitation intensities exert a first order control in modulating the sediment provenances. • The existence of an eastward sub-parallel fluvial system to the Indus responsible for sedimentation in the WGRK. • The western Himalayan rivers (Ghaggar-Hakra-Nara) dominated the continental sedimentation till around the early Holocene. • The contribution of the Indus River began to dominate during the early Holocene. • The post-medieval decline in the hydrological system led to the gradual decline of the civilization in the WGRK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores the stereotype of the accountant in Florentine medieval popular culture based on literary works and from a historical perspective. It aims to highlight how stereotypes change with time and represent the cultural and historical evolution of a society. This research challenges Miley and Read (2012), who stated that the foundation of the stereotype was in Commedia dell'arte, an Italian form of improvisational theatre commenced in the 15th century. Design/methodology/approach: The authors applied a qualitative research method to examine the accountant from a medieval popular culture perspective. The analysis consists of two phases: (1) categorisation of the accountant stereotype based on accounting history literature and (2) thematic analysis of The Divine Comedy (1307–1313) and The Decameron (1348–1351). The authors explored a synchronic perspective of historical investigation through a "cross-author" comparison, identifying Dante Alighieri as the first key author of medieval popular culture. During his imaginary journey through The Divine Comedy, Dante describes the social, political and economic context of the Florentine people of the 14th century. Then, with its various folkloristic elements, The Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio becomes the "manifesto" of the popular culture in the Florentine medieval times. Findings: This study shows the change of the accountant stereotype from the medieval age to the Renaissance. The Divine Comedy mainly connotes a negative accountant stereotype. The 14th century's Florentine gentlemen ("i galantuomini") are apparently positive characters, with an ordered and clean aspect, but they are accused of being usurers. Dante Alighieri pictures the accountant as a "servant of capitalism", "dishonest person, excessively fixated with money", "villain and evil" and "excessively rational". Giovanni Boccaccio mainly portrays a positive accountant stereotype. The accountant is increasingly more reliable, and this "commercial man" takes a more prestigious role in the society. In The Decameron, the accountant is depicted as a "hero", "gentleman", "family-oriented person with a high level of work commitment" and "colourful persona, warm, and emotional". Overall, the authors provided new evidence on the existence of the accountant stereotype in the Florentine medieval popular. Originality/value: This study engages with accounting history literature accountants' stereotypes in an unexplored context and time period, providing a base for comparative international research on accounting stereotypes and popular culture. Additionally, it addresses the need for further research on the accountant stereotype based on literary works and from a historical perspective. Therefore, this research also expands the New Accounting History (NAH) literature, focussing on the investigation of the accountant stereotype connotations in the 14th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probably the most important rhetorical strategy of the Dubrovnik Republic, traditionally used in dealing with Christian rulers in order to defend its state interests, was the one that supported the image of Dubrovnik as a 'wall of Christianity'. Such a rhetorical argument was not chosen by chance. It was continuously present in diplomatic documents from the Middle Ages onwards and throughout the early modern period. It is particularly represented in the framework of diplomatic communication with Papal Rome. Papal Rome was still seriously interested in supporting the existence of the Dubrovnik Republic during the 17th century. In an effort to gain the addressee's attention and achieve an effective outcome, Dubrovnik's diplomatic rhetoric still used different variations of the same basic discourse, which was not just a mere phrase, but also a certain reflection of real circumstances. The image of existence on the very border of Christendom, which highlighted the necessity of taking the republic' s needs into account, took on an additional dramatic note during the Candian War (1645-1669). Emphasizing the fragile position of the small republic located between the opposing Venetians and the Ottomans, the Dubrovnik Senate did not fail to point out the exceptional need to preserve Dubrovnik's neutrality. High lighting of the geostrategic importance of Dubrovnik and, accordingly, the necessity of maintaining it was particularly evident in the period after the earthquake of 1667. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A collection of 15th-century Latin sermons for the day of St. Hedwig of Silesia ("Sermones de s. Hedwigis") constitutes the source material for an analysis of matrimonial role models and the ideal of a wife (uxor) in medieval culture. The collection includes 84 sermons about St. Hedwig, preserved in 45 codices of Silesian provenance. The corpus of sermons on St. Hedwig is supplemented by 61 edited versions of "Vita sanctae Hedvigis" written in 47 manuscripts. The present article includes an analysis of St. Hedwig as a married woman, the ideal of a pious wife avoiding the pleasures of the flesh and observing moral norms in marriage, above all in sexual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Codex Aquilarensis is the property of Fundacion Santa Maria la Real del Patrimonio Historico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the High Middle Ages, the literary genre of autobiography undergoes an impressive renaissance (Abaelard, Guibert of Nogent, Hermannus quondam Iudaeus, Gerald of Wales and others). Among the hitherto little-noticed representatives of this genre is the Burgundian teacher Jean d'Argilly (Johannes de Argilleo / Divionensis / Burgundus), regular canon of Saint-Étienne at Dijon. His Libellus lamentationis, written in 1152, contains a psychologically elaborated double biography in which Jean not only talks about the passion of his recently deceased half-brother Aimeri, but also presents his own curriculum vitae, which is characterized by multiple changes of place (Dijon, Saint-Mihiel, Verdun, Reims, Besançon). The rhetorically sophisticated text offers an unusually detailed (auto-)biography, while at the same time illustrating in an exemplary manner the medieval culture of dying, comforting, and remembering. In this article, the Libellus lamentationis and some accompanying letters are critically edited and evaluated for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cancer is a disease known since prehistoric times; and both Western and Eastern medical literature have many works contain its causes and treatment during the ancient and medieval times. The aim of this study is to introduce cancer and its treatment in Ottoman jarrāh-nāmes in the classical period (1450-1730) and to make a contribution to literature of Turkish history of medicine by determining the place of this information. Materials and Methods: Surgeon Masʿūd’s Tarjamat al-Khulāṣa fī Fenn al-Jirāḥa, Sharaf al-dīn Ṣabunjıoghlı’s Jarrāhiyyat al-Khāniyya, Jarrāh-nāme of unknown author and Surgeon İbrāhīm’s ʿAlāʾim-i Jarrāḥīn were examined. However, after the comparison, ʿAlāʾim-i Jarrāḥīn and Jarrāhiyyat al-Khāniyya were excluded from this study. A brief information was given firstly about the work and its author, and then the sections regarding cancer were presented in the Results section. The information on cancer in these works evaluated in the light of the relevant literature and period in the Discussion section. Results: Surgeon Masʿūd’s Khulāṣa contains chapters about cancers on the head, trunk, breast and heel and their treatments. Jarrāh-nāme of unknown author comprises a section in which the treatment of cancer is generally mentioned without specifying the place of occurrence. Conclusion: Although it is seen that Ottoman Jarrāh-nāmes in the classical period dealt with the cancer within the scope of medical practices in the Islamic civilization in the medieval times and almost all of the works examined in this study were translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short article was originally delivered as a lecture in China. The article sketches a process view of history from ancient to medieval civilization, to modernity in two major phases, and to the current transition to a constructive postmodern, ecological civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observed here through the lenses of the history of mentalities and the environmental history, the meteorological phenomenon of red rain appears to have been discerned from several points of view by the medieval man. Due to its reddish colour, this peculiar rain was most often perceived as real blood. Although generally associated with a range of rather negative emotions or events, the shower of blood meant an experience felt differently by various communities: predicting death and war, blood rain could also signify the injures of the combatants, the bodily suffering of Christ, the end of the world, God's anger and his divine punishment, or simply a natural phenomenon caused by material and physical factors. If, for the Early Middle Ages, only brief passages from chronicles inform us about these phenomena, beginning with the 12th-13th centuries a scientific discourse concerning the blood rain is formulated in Europe. In some illuminated religious manuscripts, biblical episodes depicting showers of blood and fire were represented at least since the 11th century. From the 15th century on, the iconography of the blood rain diversifies and, at the same epoch, the motif of the rain of blood appears in some private devotional books. The 16th century amplifies the means of expression on the rains of blood, through brochures and flyers, a rich compendia of prodigy, or through scientific and popular works devoted to this phenomenon. In the Renaissance, the blood rain turns into an artistic and literary motif. By looking at some biblical accounts that echoed in the medieval culture, at the discourses articulated by several chroniclers, or by trying to grasp the evolution of the learned discourse addressing the blood rain, this article aims to assess the medieval perspectives touching the phenomenon of red rain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]