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Dowry, also referred to as bride wealth or bride price, is a consultative, amicable, and quantifiable summation of goods exchanged between the groom's and bride's families. Traditionally, dowry (ngasya) payment among the Akamba was an obligation for the parentsin-law (husband's parents), but that has in the recent past transitioned to the husband paying the dowry himself. An emerging trend is, however, catching up with married women budding together and opting to pay the dowry for themselves, which is not only a cultural shock and an empowering paradigm shift but also a ceremony that could be riddled and clouded with rifts amongst spouses. "Ndwae ngone mwaitu" literally translated to mean "Let us visit my mother," is a ceremony that is becoming popular among Kenyans from different tribes. The ceremony is organized by one who goes to see his or her biological mother, accompanied by friends of the same age. This paper examines "Ndwae ngone mwaitu" as an emerging postmodern cultural phenomenon in dowry honourship and its relation to spousal violence by analysing couples' life narratives. The article employs Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo's notion of snail-sense feminism to examine the viability of realizing fair and humanistic co-existence for couples after "Ndwae ngone mwaitu" disguised for dowry honourship. Snail-Sense feminism espouses the pattern of the snail to 'negotiate' or 'dialogue' within its milieu to get around impediments with a 'well-lubricated tongue." This theory is adopted as it offers women tactical strategies for achieving emancipation from cultural norms and men's domination that perpetuate gender-based violence. The paper employed a qualitative design, utilizing interview schedules and focus group discussions to elicit experiential data from men and women attending "Ndwae ngone mwaitu" ceremonies in various parts of Ukambani in Kitui County in Kenya. The article affirms the value of cultural identity, respect, and negotiating power and space that one attains after meeting the societal expectations that come along with the practice, cementing the value of marriage and dowry customs among the Akamba. As such, dowry honourship, even though contested in the contemporary space, is a cultural practice that both men and women ought to navigate tactfully, thus, averting spousal violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the correlation between the experience of work-family role conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic and expressions of marital aggression. Expressions of aggression were assessed in terms of hostility in current spousal relationships and adopting inappropriate marital conflict management patterns: physical violence, verbal-emotional violence and avoiding conflict resolution. The research sample included 406 Jewish participants (206 women and 200 men) who worked from home at least three days a week during August 2020, and are parents to young and middle-childhood age children. The findings indicate a positive correlation between role conflict, marital hostility and the use of a pattern of verbal-emotional violence during conflict management. Furthermore, we observe that marital hostility mediates the relationship between role conflict and the use of inappropriate marital conflict management patterns. A negative correlation was also found between resources of flexibility in crisis management and relaxed communication in the family, on one hand, and marital hostility and to use of physical violence patterns in marital conflict management. No differences were found between mothers and fathers in terms of role conflict experience or assessment of expressions of marital aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the relationship between variables about family members co-residing during the COVID-19 pandemic and anxiety about COVID-19, domestic violence from spouse, child abuse anxiety, internet addiction, and mental health as social problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 220 parents (70 male and 150 female, age; M = 41.6, SD = 34.4) were included in the analysis. Stepwise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted with dependent variables of fear of COVID-19, spousal violence, anxiety regarding perpetrating child abuse, internet addiction, and mental health. The independent variables were basic variables related to family members such as family composition. The results demonstrated that parents with preschool children were anxious about the possibility that they might abuse their children (β =.203, p <.01). Subjects who smoked were associated with anxiety about being the victim of domestic violence by their spouse (β =.154, p <.05). Those whose income had decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, those who were employed, and those with few rooms in their house were more likely to be dependent on the Internet (in order, β =.189, p <.01; β =.196, p <.01; β = -.140, p <.05). Finally, mental health was impaired among those whose income was reduced by the COVID-19 pandemic (β =.134, p <.05) and among those who had conflicting opinions in their families regarding the pandemic (β =.206, p <.01). These results indicate that family variables are associated with family social problems. Additionally, we assume these have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. While further research is required to determine the causal relationships among the variables, the findings can be used as an indicator of support that should be provided to families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a globally recognized societal problem that requires intensive research to raise public awareness. Aim: Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to analyze IPV at the physical, psychological, and social aspects of abuse. Method: The methodology of the study correlates IPV to the personal experiences of notable Indian writer, Meena Kandasamy, according to the autobiographical account of her abusive married life in the award-winning novel When I Hit You, which depicts the horrible treatment of women by their perpetrators within a closed sphere. To substantiate, the selected autobiographical work is compared with Lenore Edna Walker’s prominent Cycle of Violence theory, which best describes why women become victims and also the abuser’s tactics in controlling the women in a violent relationship. Results: The study’s findings suggest that IPV, a serious global problem, requires government intervention and severe legal enforcement to protect women’s lives from the clutches of the abuser.

COVID-19 creates stressful conditions and can affect marital and family relationships. Therefore this study was done aimed to investigate the role of Corona stress (CS) mediators in relationship between internet addiction (IA) and marital and family conflict and violence (MCV, FCV). The method of this study was descriptive and path analysis. The statistical population included all residents of Bandar Abbas in 2020, that 421 subject were selected using Random sampling method and were divided into married groups (229) and single (192). The data were collected online. Corona Stress Scale (CSS-18), Marital and Family Conflict and Violence Questionnaire and Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were used for gathering data. Data Analyzing was conducted with Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis and also SPSS-22 software and the Preacher and Hayes macro program. The results of the data analysis showed that IA and CS can explain 26.5% of MCV variance and 19.1% of FCV variance. IA can also explain 19.4% of CS variance in group of married people and 13.6% in group of single people. Also, the results of indirect effects showed that IA through CS has a 7.4% effect on MCV and 12.2% has an indirect effect on FCV. According to the findings of this study, the harmful use of the internet during the Corona period causes people to experience a level of stress, and this stress can enter the marital and family boundaries, resulting in marital and family conflicts and violence.

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Introduction: Domestic violence (DV) is a public health problem with an estimated global prevalence of 35%. The prevalence rate of spousal domestic violence in Telangana is 36.4% which is higher than the national average of 25.3%. Despite being a punishable offense, DV is still on the rise in India. Hence, there is need to assess its extent and determining factors for planning of remedial measures. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of domestic violence and its associated factors among married women of an urban slum in Telangana. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 18- to 45-year-old married women in urban slums of Telangana. The sample size was 200. Multistage random sampling was done. Data collection was done using questionnaire with information regarding socio-demographic details, types of domestic violence, help-seeking behaviours, awareness, and outcome. The victims were directed towards medical and legal help, and further counselling. Descriptive analysis was done to find proportion of domestic violence. The associated factors were found using Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Domestic violence was reported by 70.5% of the study participants. Physical abuse (67%) was the main offense followed by emotional abuse (38.5%). Though 89% of women were aware of domestic violence being punishable by law, only 9.5% of women sought help. Woman's older age (COR = 2.015, 95% CI: 1.088-3.733, P = 0.026), illiteracy (COR = 2.181,95% CI: 1.097-4.3381, P = 0.026), longer married life (COR = 1.961, 95% CI: 1.008-3.815, P = 0.047), husband's early exposure to abuse (COR = 4.439, 95% CI: 1-19.705, P = 0.034) and alcohol intake (COR: 1.995, 95% CI: 1.038-3.838, P = 0.037) were found to be significant factors in the bivariate analysis. Husband's exposure to abuse in childhood (AOR = 5.326, 95% CI: 1.163-24.400, P = 0.031) and alcohol intake (AOR = 2.206, 95% CI: 1.109-4.389, P = 0.024) were found to be independent predictors. Conclusion: Domestic violence is highly prevalent in urban slums of south India. A woman's age, education, duration of marriage, husband's early exposure to abuse, and alcohol intake are determining factors. Awareness programs need to be conducted regarding helplines, medical and legal aspects. All domestic violence cases should be registered, and social, psychological and legal support be provided to the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spousal violence against women is a serious public health problem that is prevalent in all societies, with one in three women around the world experiencing violence in their lifetime. This study examined the prevalence of spousal violence, and its determinants, in Afghanistan using data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey. Univariate, bivariate and logistic regression statistical techniques were used to assess the association of socioeconomic variables with spousal violence. The study sample comprised 20,827 currently married women aged 15–49. Fifty-two per cent of women reported experiencing some form of violence by their husband. A significant association was found between women's justification of violence, women's participation in decision-making in their household (COR=0.476; CI=0.446–0.509) and lower risk of experiencing spousal violence. After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors, women's participation in all of four household decisions, either alone or jointly, was found to be associated with a lower risk of experiencing spousal violence (AOR=0.472; CI=0.431–0.516). In both the crude and adjusted models, the risk of experiencing spousal violence was high if the husband's desire for children was different from that of his wife. In the case of inequality in property ownership, the risk of spousal violence was significantly higher (COR=1.263; CI=1.178–1.353; AOR=1.159; CI=1.051–1.278) when women were joint owners of property compared with when they did not own any property. The findings point to an immediate need for legal and social interventions to prevent spousal violence against women, or at least reduce its prevalence, in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage without meaningful consent persists in India, yet early marriage programs have rarely addressed consent, and research on the practice and its consequences for married life is limited. This study explores how consent in marriage decisions affects married life, specifically, agency, gender attitudes, spousal communication, contraception, and marital violence outcomes. A subset of 1991 married girls and young women was drawn from a 2018 state-representative survey of adolescents and youth aged 15–21 years in Jharkhand. We compared outcomes between those in self-arranged marriages (n = 392), those in semi-arranged marriages who were acquainted with their husbands before marriage (n = 612), and those in fully parent-arranged marriages with no premarital contact (n = 995). Logistic regression analyses identify associations between marriage decision-making and outcomes of interest, controlling for confounding sociodemographic factors. Compared with girls whose marriages were self-arranged, those in both fully parent- and semi-arranged marriages were less likely, respectively, to make household decisions (odds ratios [OR],.37 and.60), hold egalitarian gender role attitudes (OR,.48 and.66), uphold girls' rights (OR,.41 and.48), communicate with their husbands (OR,.48 and.64), and practice contraception (OR,.51 and.67). Those in fully family-arranged marriages also had less freedom of movement (OR,.64) and were less likely to express self-efficacy (OR,.64). Marital violence was unrelated to marriage arrangements. Self-arranged marriage is associated with more positive outcomes than family-arranged ones, including semi-arranged ones, but marriage arrangements are unrelated with marital violence. Findings reaffirm the need to breakdown prevailing patriarchal norms and promote girls' right to meaningful, "free and full consent". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study analyzes the relation between psychopathic traits and the four facets of psychopathy (i.e., interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial) and general and intimate partner violence (IPV) recidivism. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the Marital Violence Inventory (IVC) were completed by a sample of 279 male perpetrators of IPV who were retrospectively classified as general repeated offenders versus first-time offenders and IPV repeated-offenders versus IPV first-time offenders. Four separate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted controlling for age and criminal and abuse variables. PCL-R total scores and the antisocial facet were positively correlated with general repeated offenses, despite criminal history showing higher associations with general recidivism. For IPV repeated offenders, PCL-R antisocial facet and criminal history were statistically significant, being the last one the variable that presents higher association with IPV recidivism. These results support the role of criminal history as an important variable for repeated offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the repercussions of exposure to marital violence in childhood on the transgenerational perpetuation of violence, based on a systematic literature review. Empirical articles were considered, available in electronic databases and published between 2009 and 2021. The selected studies were analyzed qualitatively from the thematic categories: sample characterization; methodological characteristics; types of marital violence that support the researches; and, the repercussions of exposure to marital violence in childhood on the transgenerational perpetuation of violence. It was understood that the models learned in the relationships experienced in the family of origin and the exposure to marital violence during the childhood emerge as relevant factors for maintaining a violent marital relationship, reinforcing the possibility of transgenerational perpetuation of violence. The results found demonstrate the need for a careful look by health professionals in an attempt to think interventions to break the transgenerational cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to analyze the perception of marital conflict as a psychological correlate of family violence. Considering that marital aggressions fragment the threads that link society, disabling the home as a containment of the impositions of alienating societies, the causes of the breakdown of the primary affective nucleus are studied. In this sense, emotional dissatisfaction is highlighted as the main source of breakups. Therefore, it is a priority to increase affection as a basis for cohesion, from this strength to face common vicissitudes. In order to meet the objectives, a comparative case study is carried out in the Querecotillo district of the Sullana municipality in Peru. It is determined that men have a greater appreciation of the crises that occur in couple relationships; people between twentysix and thirty years of age perceive distancing to a greater extent. The questionnaire and the bibliographic consultation are used as data sources; Inductive cognitive procedures are then carried out that allow the considerations to be generalized, knowing that the inferences are relevant in similar sociocultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Universitaire des Sciences Humaines et Sociales is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In AliceMunro's work, marriage is a more common subject, especially for marital violence and supportforfeminism, and is the main problem that Alice Munro will describe. The concept of marriage of Alice Munro is reflected in many works by Alice Munro, in general, in the sense of selflessness and responsibility, self-esteem and respect, tolerance and forgiveness and search for equality of men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to examine associations of gender role beliefs with marital safety as well as social and digital connectivity among married adolescent girls in India. We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from married adolescent girls from rural Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India in 2015–2016 (N = 4,893). Gender role belief items assessed participants' beliefs regarding appropriateness of female marital choice and economic decision-making, male childcare responsibility, and marital violence. The outcomes were time with friends (social connection), freedom of movement, mobile phone ownership and internet access (digital connection), and safety from marital violence (marital safety). Adjusted regression models examined associations between gender role beliefs and outcomes, caste/religion beliefs related to segregation, and demographics. Beliefs supportive of female marital choice (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.88, p =.048) and female economic decision-making (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03–1.99, p =.03) were associated with social connection. Beliefs supportive of female marital choice (AOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.31–2.71, p =.001), female economic decision-making (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.03–2.72, p =.04), and male childcare responsibilities (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.05–1.94, p =.03) were associated with freedom of movement. Belief supporting female marital choice was associated with mobile phone ownership (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.50, p =.04), and belief supporting male childcare responsibility was associated with internet access (AOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11–2.77, p =.02). Beliefs supportive of female marital choice (AOR.73, 95% CI.59–.89, p =.003), male childcare responsibility (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03–1.54, p =.02), and unacceptability of marital violence (AOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.38–2.15, p <.001) were associated with safety from marital violence. Progressive gender role beliefs regarding female choice, control, and safety in marriage are associated with greater connectivity and safety for married adolescent girls in India. Future studies that can longitudinally assess these associations are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study follows up on a prior review of empirical research on African marital relationships (scientific dissemination, thematic focus, and methodology), and presents a summary of the results of empirical studies conducted in Africa (2000–2018) on psychological processes and patterns in conjugality. Forty-one empirical studies, performed predominantly in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, were analyzed. The main themes identified were related to three categories: (1) conjugality, motivation and well-being; (2) marital quality, satisfaction and stability; (3) marital violence. The results indicate that marriage is an important life goal in most African societies, especially for women and that certain conditions linked to high-risk sexual behaviors, HIV and conjugal violence play an important role in the dynamics of marital relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the marital status of women and violence against women in the family. This relationship is assessed using the data from Survey of Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey carried out by Turkish Statistical Institute in 2014. The survey employed a multistage sampling frame to obtain a national probability sample of women between the ages of 15 and 59. Women from 15072 households were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire. Among the findings of this study, the most remarkable one is that the relationship between marital status and violence in Turkey varies by the type of violence. Married women are more likely to be exposed to physical violence than single women. The rate of emotional violence committed against women by their family members were higher among divorced women compared to married women. Additionally, divorced or separated women are exposed to economic violence given that their access to economic resources were either limited or prevented by their husbands. When all types of violence were taken into account, it is observed that divorced or separated women have the highest representation among women who are exposed to violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Analysis of gender differences in attribution of guilt to the aggressor and the victim of spousal violence, depending on the victim’ and the aggressor’ gender. Background. Studies of spousal aggression show that a man’s aggression towards a woman is perceived as typical aggression, attribution of guilt to the victim-wife is directly related to the faith in a just world and the aggressor-husband is attributed more guilt than the aggressor-wife. The connection of the attribution of guilt to the victim-husband with faith in a just world and the correlation between the attribution of guilt to the victim-husband and the attribution of guilt to the victim-wife, depending on the gender of the respondents, has not been sufficiently studied. Study design. We evaluated 1) correlation of attribution of guilt to participants in a typical and atypical situation of violence through the sample as a whole and separately for men and women, and 2) differences in the level of attribution of guilt to participants in their own and opposite gender group using the method of variance analysis. Participants. 1,157 people, including 679 women, aged 18 to 66. Measurements. The questionnaire included a survey form «Faith in a just world» (Dalbert C.) and a vignette describing the situation of marital violence in different-sex couples, the gender of the victim varied. Results. The attribution of guilt to the victim-wife is directly related to faith in a just world only among women; the connection of the victim-wife’s guilt with faith in a just world is reversed among men. Much guilt for a representative of its gender group is only shown when assessing the typical victim and aggressor. Conclusions. The results suggest that attribution of guilt to the victim and gender favoritism are only shown in case of the possibility of identification with the victim’s position.

Background: Globally, one in three women experienced domestic violence. Alike the scenario observed in India, and a very few studies talk about violence and its consequences on women's health. Hence, the purpose of this study is to access the level of various types of spousal violence in India and to understand the association between physical, sexual and emotional violence against ever-married women by their husbands. The study further examines the consequences of spousal violence on women's health in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health in India.Methods: The study uses secondary data from National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4, 2015-16). The analysis was based on a sample of ever-married women aged 15-49 years. Bivariate descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses have been carried out to understand the association between spousal violence and its consequences on women's health.Results: The study finds that the physical, sexual and emotional violence experienced by ever-married women in India are 29.8%, 13.8% and 7.0%, respectively. Further, the physical and sexual violence experienced by women have a significant association with an unwanted pregnancy, abortion, miscarriages and ever had termination of pregnancies. The regression analysis shows that violence by sexual partners among battered women increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancy. Similarly, abortion and ever had a termination of pregnancies are also adversely affected by partner violence. Further, the risk of sexually transmitted infection increases 77% by sexual violence and 44% by emotional violence among battered women. Also, Sexual violence substantially increases the risk of prolonged labour during pregnancy.Conclusion: This study revealed that one in three women experiencing violence by their husband and also it is evident that various forms of spousal violence adversely affect pregnancies outcomes and reproductive health among battered women compared to not battered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was designed to determine factors that contribute to marital violence against infertile women and to analyze the women's coping strategies. Methods: A total of 175 women who visited the infertility polyclinic of a university hospital in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey were included in this descriptive, correlational study. The data were collected using a personal information form, the Scale for Marital Violence Against Women (SDVW) and the Coping Scale for Infertile Women (CSIW). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Student t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: Infertile women were exposed to emotional, verbal, economic, and sexual violence. A statistically significant relationship was found between the participants' level of education, family type, place of residence, type of marriage, reason for infertility, age of the spouse, and SDVW score. The most frequently used coping strategies were hope, spousal relations, investment in personal wellness, seeking social support, acceptance, and spirituality. A statistically significant difference was found between the participants' age and duration of infertility and their scores on the CSIW. Participants' coping levels decreased as marital violence increased. Conclusion: Given that women diagnosed with infertility may be exposed to violence and may use a number of coping strategies, healthcare professionals should take marital violence into consideration when providing infertile couples with care. They should support women and help to increase the use of positive coping methods using proven, effective methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Domestic violence has substantial public health consequences. More than one-third of women globally suffer from physical and sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner with a lifetime prevalence of 10%–69%. In India, 28.8% of the ever-married women in the reproductive age group, reported domestic violence. Although Kerala, in southern India, performs better than other Indian states on a host of human development indicators for women, 15.8% among the women in this group have ever experienced physical or sexual violence in the past 12 months, the most common perpetrator being the husband. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the ever-married women, residing in a selected area of northern Kerala, who have been married for at least 1 year. One to one structured interview was conducted with a pretested structured questionnaire by the investigator. Spousal violence was defined as proportion of ever-married women with a lifetime experience of violence perpetrated by their spouse, manifested through acts of physical, sexual, and/or emotional violence, even threat. Results: A total of 290 women were interviewed. The age of the participants ranged from 18 years to 64 years; majority were Muslims. Only 16.5% were college-educated and over 90% were homemakers. 29% reported having experienced spousal violence; with the most common being emotional violence (19%) closely followed by sexual violence (18.6%) and physical violence (14.8%). A little over one-third (39.7%) reported controlling behaviour of their husband. Age of the participant (P = 0.019), absence of social support (P = 0.034), employment status of husband (P = 0.026), controlling behaviour of husband (P < 0.001), alcohol abuse by husband (P = 0.004) and extra-marital relationship of spouse (P < 0.001) were found to have significant influence on spousal violence experience. Conclusion: More than a quarter of the married women in this rural setting have experienced one or the other form of violence. Recommendation: A multifaceted approach needs to be employed which takes into consideration legal measures, social sciences, women empowerment, mental health systems and educate the men to curb this menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim was to compare, for the first time in a large systematic study, women born in conflict-affected countries who immigrated to Australia with women born in Australia for attitudes towards gender roles and men's use of IPV and the actual prevalence of IPV. The study also examined if any associations remained across the two timepoints of pregnancy and postpartum. Methods: Women were interviewed during their first visit to one of three Australian public hospital antenatal clinics and re-interviewed at home six months after giving birth. A total of 1111 women completed both interviews, 583 were born in conflict-affected countries and 528 born in Australia. Associations between attitudes towards gender roles and men's use of IPV, socio-demographic characteristics and reported actual experiences of IPV were examined using bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Attitudes toward inequitable gender roles including those that condone men's use of IPV, and prevalence of IPV, were significantly higher (p<0.001) among women born in conflict-affected countries compared to Australia-born women. Women born in conflict-affected countries with the strongest held attitudes towards gender roles and men's use of IPV had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.18 for IPV at baseline (95% CI 1.85–5.47) and an aOR of 1.83 for IPV at follow-up (95% CI 1.11–3.01). Women born in Australia with the strongest held attitudes towards gender roles and IPV had an aOR of 7.12 for IPV at baseline (95% CI 2.12–23.92) and an aOR of 10.59 for IPV at follow-up (95% CI 2.21–50.75). Conclusions: Our results underscore the need for IPV prevention strategies sensitively targeted to communities from conflict-affected countries, and for awareness among clinicians of gender role attitudes that may condone men's use of IPV, and the associated risk of IPV. The study supports the need for culturally informed national strategies to promote gender equality and to challenge practices and attitudes that condone men's violence in spousal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of intimate partner violence (IPV) implies gender-neutrality in the experiences of violence. Gender symmetry in IPV implies similar numbers of men and women victims. Data from the 2014 Canadian General Social Survey (Victimization) indicate that 262,267 men and 159,829 women were victims of self-reported spousal violence over the past 5 years. Despite the prevailing notion that IPV predominantly affects female victims, these data suggest that men too are victims of IPV, especially in heterosexual relationships. However, very few qualitative studies have shed light on heterosexual male victims' experiences of IPV. This article describes some of these experiences and also seeks to understand the effects of IPV on male victims. Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 male victims of IPV were used to explore their experience of physical IPV and psychological IPV, as well as the consequences of such abuse. Results revealed common themes pertaining to the type of abuses (i.e., physical, controlling and threatening behaviours, and verbal abuse) male victims experienced and the subsequent physical and psychological impacts. This study identifies the need to distinguish between physically and psychologically abused male victims of IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many male coffee farmers in the highlands of Papua New Guinea believe they have a right to sex with their spouse without regard to her wishes. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, I argue that such sexual violence is best framed within local understandings of what marriage involves – an implicit contract which conveys rights and responsibilities to each partner in a marriage. Changes brought by modernity are transforming traditional understandings of conjugality, causing some discrepancies in partners' understanding of what they have agreed to. Too many women continue to endure marital rape, but some signs of improvement are discernible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with marital violence and its sanction, as reflected in the Ottoman fatwas. It aims to describe the forms of marital violence in Ottoman society and its possible sanctions in the prevailing legal system, based on the fatwas that were asked to the muftis personally. Thousands of fatwas belonging to muftis who served in Anatolia and Rumelia indicate that marital violence in Ottoman society was generally perpetrated from husband to wife. Insulting and swearing are the most common forms of violence against women in marriage. This form of violence, which muftis usually consider the tazir necessary, sometimes compels the husband to make li‘ān or renew his faith. Both situations allow women who want to get rid of the marriage bond but do not have a legal ground to be separated. Muftis deem the tazir necessary for a husband who beats his wife without just cause. Even if beating does not give the woman the right to be separated, it is a reason for divorce in case where the talāq is bound to not beating. Tazir is required in cases where the husband victimizes his wife through zihār or acts unjustly between his wives. Severe punishments up to death within the scope of adultery are deemed necessary for the husband who continues sexual relations with his wife, whom he has definitely divorced. It is subject to a heavy tazir punishment if a woman is married under compulsion or forced to have an anal intercourse within the marriage. The rights of the woman are protected in cases where the husband leaves his wife without alimony intentionally or negligently and forces her to give up tangible rights such as dowry and alimony, and divorces her to deprive of inheritance in fatal illness. The article describes and interprets all these forms of husband violence that Ottoman women were subjected to in marriage, reflected in the fatwas, and the sanctions deemed necessary by the muftis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In New Granada, despite the lack of love or repression, the family environment was structurally crossed by interpersonal aggression, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, within the framework of social mobility strategies of the time. A civilizing process of conjugal violence operated that produced a decrease in cases among the white peninsular and the creoles, while the events were concentrated among the poor mestizos, the indigenous people, and the free blacks. The wealthy mestizos, meanwhile, were the hinge between the upper and lower classes. The backdrop for this social phenomenon would be the enlightened ideas, which, brought from Europe and appropriated by the Royal Court and by New Granada lawyers, distorted the violence against women, condemned it and called for a more equal relationship between the spouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) is the large-scale public sector program in Pakistan that targets the poor women by providing unconditional cash transfers. In this paper, we have analyzed the impact of BISP's cash transfers on women's empowerment after two, five, and eight years of intervention. Women's empowerment is defined by four dimensions including women's mobility, decision-making, political voice, and spousal violence. The impact is measured by using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design for cross-sectional data and a difference-in-difference approach for panel data. The results reveal that after two years of intervention, there was no significant impact on women's empowerment; however, after 5 and 8 years, there was a substantial impact, especially on women's mobility, their involvement in decision-making, and voting behavior. The biometric payment also helped women to go outside home and control on cash herself. Despite the positive impact on women's mobility and political voice, a mild impact is found on women's bargaining power and gender norms i.e., involving women in decision-making by their husbands and violence against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]