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The rate of Ca2+clearance from the neuronal cytoplasm affects the amplitude, duration, and localization of Ca2+signals and influences a variety of Ca2+-dependent functions. We reported previously that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) accelerates Ca2+efflux in rat sensory neurons mediated by the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 4 (PMCA4). Here we show that sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)-mediated Ca2+uptake into intracellular stores is also accelerated by PKC activation. The rate of intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) clearance was studied after small (m) action potential-induced Ca2+loads in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Under these conditions, mitochondrial Ca2+uptake and Na+/Ca2+exchange do not significantly influence [Ca2+]irecovery. Phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) increased the rate of [Ca2+]iclearance by 71% in a manner sensitive to the selective PKC inhibitors GF109203x (2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide) and calphostin. PKC-dependent acceleration was still observed (∼39%) when the PKC-sensitive PMCA isoform was knocked down by expression of an antisense PMCA4 cDNA (AS4). Direct measurement of Ca2+in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen revealed that PKC increased the rate of store refilling more than twofold after depletion by treatment with cyclopiazonic acid. ER refilling was less complete in PDBu-treated cells, although, in AS4-expressing cells, PDBu accelerated the rate without reducing the ER capacity, suggesting that PMCA and SERCA compete for Ca2+. Thus, activation of PKC accelerates the clearance of Ca2+from the cytoplasm by the concerted stimulation of Ca2+sequestration and Ca2+efflux.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare and potentially deadly condition. Common etiologies include hypercoagulable diseases, low flow states, dehydration, adjacent infectious processes, oral contraceptives, hormonal replacement therapy, pregnancy, and puerperium. Symptoms include nausea, seizures, severe focal neurological deficits, coma, and headache (the most common presenting symptom). Anticoagulation is the mainstay of treatment for CVST. Transvenous clot lysis can be performed using injected thrombolytic agents and specialized catheters for clot retrieval.

Background: Compression fractures are common in patients with osteoporosis and cancer. In particular, vertebral compression fractures are crippling, and pose an additional risk of cord compression. Although a number of nonmedical options such as bracing and exercise programs may help these patients, the combination of constant, severe pain and spinal instability was until recently almost invariably synonymous with painful gradual deterioration and a poor quality of life. Vertebroplasty, and more recently kyphoplasty, are minimally invasive procedures that aim at limiting or reversing painful collapse of the vertebrae, while providing stability to the treated segment of the spine. As these new options are highly effective and involve minimal risk, it is important that physicians be familiar with them. Objective: This paper reviews the demographics of vertebral compression fractures, both osteoporotic and neoplastic, the technical aspects of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, and current results and outcomes. ...

Following acute multiple trauma, hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands causes an increase in circulating corticoids and catecholamines, or a stress response. In individuals with severe traumatic brain injury or a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3-8, this response can be exaggerated and episodic. A term commonly used by nurses caring for these individuals to describe this phenomenon is storming. Symptoms can include alterations in level of consciousness, increased posturing, dystonia, hypertension, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, and agitation. These individuals generally are at a low level of neurological activity with minimal alertness, minimal awareness, and reflexive motor response to stimulation, and the storming can take a seemingly peaceful individual into a state of chaos. Diagnosis is commonly made solely on clinical assessment, and treatment is aimed at controlling the duration and severity of the symptoms and preventing additional brain injury. Storming can pose a challenge for the nurse, from providing daily care for the individual in the height of the storming episode and treating the symptoms, to educating the family. Careful assessment of the individual leads the nurse to the diagnosis and places the nurse in the role of moderator of the storming episode, including providing treatment and evaluating outcomes.

Cancer is the hyperactive state of cell growth in which the multiplication and division of cells occur abnormally. Malignant cancer to the brain frequently begins and ends with the loss of self or quality of life. Cancer of the central nervous system can be in the form of a primary or secondary brain tumor commonly known as metastatic cancer. Primary brain tumors can be benign or malignant on the basis of the cell type or location within the brain. Metastatic cancer has a primary source of origin, from which it has traveled to the brain by direct extension (tumors arising from the skull or vertebral column), or most commonly by hematogenous spread (through the blood supply, lymphatic system, or cerebral spinal fluid). As the cancer grows, the individual can experience headache, seizures, or focal neurologic deficits, all impinging on quality of life. This article addresses malignant central nervous system cancer including metastatic cancer and malignant gliomas (anaplastic astrocytoma, grade III, and glioblastoma multiforme, grade IV). Epidemiology, diagnostic workup, treatment, and outcome also are reviewed.

Use of eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.) for grazing or cut forage has been partially limited because of indeterminate inflorescence development combined with low seed yields and high seed costs caused by high seed shattering. This study was conducted to observe the influence of N rate and defoliation on inflorescence appearance, seed loss, and viability of harvested seed in two cultivars of eastern gamagrass at Boone, IA, in 2000 and 2001. Treatments included application of N at 0, 56, 112, 224 kg ha - 1 and spring, fall, and no defoliation. Cultivar had the greatest influence on seed yield. 'Pete' produced greater total numbers of terminal and lateral inflorescences and cupules than 'Iuka' in both years. Reductions in seed production occurred with spring defoliation in Iuka for the first year of the study and Pete during both years. In 2000, seed on lateral inflorescences was decreased 20% during the peak seed load. In 2001, seed yield for spring-defoliated plants of Pete was less than that of fall-defoliated plants, but not significantly different from nondefoliated plants. Addition of 56 kg ha - 1 N increased seed load in the second year of the study. Optimal harvest time occurred approximately 2 wk after terminal cupules began shattering. Seed harvested 1 wk earlier than this had 5 to 15 percentage points more immature seed. Seed yield was 13 to 20% less if harvests were taken 1 wk later than the optimal date.

Daphnia lumholtzi comprises a substantial component of the zooplankton community during mid- to late-summer in Lake Chautauqua, a floodplain lake along the Illinois River near Havana, Illinois. In order to quantify the utilization of D. lumholtzi by juvenile fishes, diet analyses were conducted for seven juvenile fish species collected from Lake Chautauqua during the 2001 annual drawdown period. Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens and emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides demonstrated negative selectivity for D. lumholtzi relative to native zooplankton species whereas four species of fish (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, white bass Morone chrysops, white crappie Pomoxis annularis and black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus) consumed substantial amounts of D. lumholtzi. Although selectivity values for D. lumholtzi varied among these fish species, positive selection for D. lumholtzi increased similarly among larger size classes of each fish species, and corresponded with ontogenetic shifts in diet. Mean body length of D. lumholtzi consumed by 20–69 mm LT juvenile fishes ranged from 0·75 to 0·99 mm with a calculated total length range of 2·0–2·6 mm. Results from this study provide evidence that high abundances of D. lumholtzi in mid- to late-summer provide an additional food source for several juvenile fish species during a time when abundances of large native cladoceran species (i.e. Daphnia) are low, and juvenile fishes are searching for larger prey associated with ontogenetic shifts from zooplankton to macroinvertebrates and fishes. Because zooplankton production is typically lower in rivers than in lakes, survivorship of juvenile fishes produced in floodplain lakes may be higher in riverine systems if they are not reliant on zooplankton as a primary food resource. Therefore, high abundances of D. lumholtzi may benefit juvenile fishes in managed floodplain lakes, such as Lake Chautauqua, by increasing growth and facilitating the transition from zooplanktivory to insectivory or piscivory.

SUMMARY 1. Growth, reproduction and life-history parameters were measured for three cladoceran species from a small south-eastern wetland, U.S.A. Simocephalus serrulatus, Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Scapholeberis mucronata juveniles were reared at temperatures between 10 and 25 °C on natural food resources. 2. Growth rate increased with temperature and decreased with individual size for all three species. Maximum somatic growth rate was higher for Simocephalus (49–72% day−1) and Diaphanosoma (21–91% day−1) than for Scapholeberis (11–45% day−1). Multiple regression equations were developed which predict temperature- and mass-specific growth rates for each species. 3. Scapholeberis egg production was positively related to temperature; however, maximum egg production occurred at intermediate temperatures for Simocephalus and Diaphanosoma. Mean cumulative egg production was higher for Scapholeberis (28–92 eggs per female) than for Simocephalus (18–25 eggs per female) and Diaphanosoma (1–41 eggs per female), and was related to differences in reproductive strategy and survival. 4. Survival was inversely related to temperature in most cases. For all three cladocerans, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and net reproductive rate (R0) increased with temperature, whereas generation time (G) decreased. Greater egg production by Scapholeberis compared with the other two cladocerans was consistent with higher R0 values for Scapholeberis at any given temperature. Although r was very similar among species, G was typically longer for Scapholeberis than for Simocephalus and Diaphanosoma. 5. This analysis provides basic information about the population parameters of these coexisting wetland species, and the growth rate models can be applied to field data to determine production dynamics.

Quality of life issues remain at the forefront for individuals with life-threatening disease, such as metastatic cancer. The pain of metastatic bone cancer can severely hamper an individual's quality of life. Percutaneous vertebroplasty offers a minimally invasive way to reinforce bony elements, provide substantial improvement in pain control, allow for mobilization, and overall improve quality of life in these patients.

The object of this study was to find what degenerative changes are present in the ankle (talotibiofibular) joints in former elite high jumpers at least 10 years after their retirement from competition, whether there are differences between takeoff and swinging leg, and whether correlations between any particular training history parameters, former injuries, and the degenerative changes can be recognized.A cross-sectional case control study with matched controls for radiological outcomesThe Orthopedic Department at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.The subjects were 40 male high jumpers (required personal best at least 2.18m), featured in the lists of top athletes kept by the German Athletics Association (DLV) from 1972 to 1986. All radiological findings were compared with X-rays of male age, and BMI-matched controls.All underwent clinical and radiological examinations. In addition to eliciting data on the training history with the aid of a questionnaire, we assessed symptoms affecting the ankle by means of the Freiburg Ankle Score and the Kitaoka Score and scored the radiological findings according to Bargon and Scranton and MacDermott.Differences between takeoff and swinging leg were small (Freiburg takeoff leg 93/swinging leg 95, Kitaoka takeoff 89/swinging leg 93 points on a 100 points scale) in both clinical scores, but statistically significant (p0.005). The more jumps were performed during the active phase, the worse the radiological scores (r(s) = 0.4, p = 0.01). Radiological differences between takeoff and swinging leg were not found. Comparison with controls revealed no radiological differences between athletes and age- and BMI-matched men (all p-values0.40). It was found that one takeoff and one swinging leg ankle was affected by grade 2 arthritis (Bargon). Scranton grade 3 was found in four takeoff and in three swinging legs. No further correlations with training history data were found. Athletes who reported injuries in the past tended to have poorer radiological scores, although statistically not significant. None of the athletes had an instable ankle.The talotibiofibular joints in former high jumpers showed only slight signs of wear and tear with no clinically relevant side-related differences; severe arthrosis with narrowing of the joint space was rare. The risk of arthrosis connected with high-jumping seems not to be elevated.

Palladium nanoparticles supported by polyaniline nanofibers were used as pre-catalysts for C–C cross-coupling reactions of aryl chlorides in water. Using regular techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in conjunction with reactivity studies, we determined that a homogeneous mechanism is operating. The appearance of palladium nanoparticles and polyaniline nanofibers changes after each reaction accompanied by changes in the palladium oxidation state. Our methods could not rule out the contribution of a heterogeneous mechanism or indicate its extent.

Hubble Space Telescope STIS observations of the B III resonance line at 2066A have been obtained and analyzed for two Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) B-type stars. While boron is not detected in either star, upper limits to the boron abundance are set, with 12+log(B/H) le 1.6 for both AV 304 and NGC 346-637. The upper limits are consistent with the relationship between boron and oxygen previously reported for Galactic disk stars. The SMC upper limits are discussed in light of that galaxy's star formation history, present oxygen abundance, and its present cosmic ray flux. The UV spectrum has also been used to determine the iron-group abundances in the SMC stars. For AV 304, [Fe/H]=-0.6 pm 0.2, from both an absolute and a differential analysis (with respect to the Galactic B-type star HD 36591). This is consistent with results from A-F supergiants in the SMC. A lower iron abundance is found for NGC 346-637, [Fe/H]=-1.0 pm 0.3, but this is in good agreement with the supergiant iron abundances in NGC 330,another young SMC cluster. We propose NGC 346-637 may be an unrecognized binary though, which complicates its spectral analysis., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures. Accepted to ApJ

Boron abundances have been derived for seven main sequence B-type stars from HST STIS spectra around the B III 2066 A line. In two stars, boron appears to be undepleted with respect to the presumed initial abundance. In one star, boron is detectable but it is clearly depleted. In the other four stars, boron is undetectable implying depletions of 1 to 2 dex. Three of these four stars are nitrogen enriched, but the fourth shows no enrichment of nitrogen. Only rotationally induced mixing predicts that boron depletions are unaccompanied by nitrogen enrichments. The inferred rate of boron depletion from our observations is in good agreement with these predictions. Other boron-depleted nitrogen-normal stars are identified from the literature. Also, several boron-depleted nitrogen-rich stars are identified, and while all fall on the boron-nitrogen trend predicted by rotationally-induced mixing, a majority have nitrogen enrichments that are not uniquely explained by rotation. The spectra have also been used to determine iron-group (Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni) abundances. The seven B-type stars have near solar iron-group abundances, as expected for young stars in the solar neighborhood. We have also analysed the halo B-type star, PG0832+676. We find [Fe/H] = -0.88 +/- 0.10, and the absence of the B III line gives the upper limit [B/H]

233 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab, have rapidly gained in popularity and use since their development and subsequent FDA approval. With an ever burgeoning list of indications for its use, we evaluated its use within our tertiary care center as well as its impact on our healthcare system to investigate the quality of care these patients received as well as the extent of the benefit that they received from this novel therapy. Methods: Charts were collected of patients at SUNY Upstate Cancer Center who were started on treatment with Nivolumab between March 4, 2015 and June 1, 2016. This returned a total of 88 (eighty-eight) patients who underwent chart review process for this IRB-exempt retrospective study. Patients who were lost to follow-up or received their oncology care outside of the Upstate Regional Cancer Center were excluded from the final analysis, leaving 83 (eighty-three) patients on whom the final analyses were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and Apple Numbers. Results: Nivolumab was predominantly used as second or third line therapy (45% and 34%) respectively; while it was used as first line therapy in 4% of patients. Performance status was only documented in 53% of patients within two weeks of Nivolumab initiation. Fifty-eight percent of our patients were admitted to the hospital after Nivolumab initiation. Only 50% of those patients received a palliative care consultation. Twenty-six percent of our patients were admitted with an adverse effect to Nivolumab. Nearly 25% of our patients had multiple hospitalizations. Nivolumab was discontinued in 67% of our patients after an average of eight cycles. Conclusions: Nivolumab has been a relatively well tolerated novel treatment for a multitude of malignancies. However, constant re-evaluation of patients for appropriateness of treatment is needed. It is unclear how much quality of life these patients are gaining, as many patients had to discontinue therapy and had numerous hospitalizations. Palliative care remains an important intervention in this patient population that is under-utilized.

The first stellar abundances in M31 are presented, based on Keck I HIRES spectroscopy and model atmospheres analyses of three A-F supergiants, 41-2368, 41-3712, and A-207. We also present the preliminary analysis of a fourth star, 41-3654. We find that the stellar oxygen abundances are in good agreement with those determined from nebular studies, even though the stars do {\it not} show a clear radial gradient in oxygen. The uncertainties in the stellar abundances are smaller than the range in the nebular results, making these stars ideal objects for further studies of the distribution of oxygen in M31. We show that the stars can be used to study the abundance distributions of other elements as well, including iron-group and heavier elements. The A-F supergiants also provide direct information on the metallicity and reddening of nearby Cepheid stars. We have examined the metallicity and reddening assumptions used for Cepheids within 1' of our targets and noted the differences from values used in the literature., Accepted for publication in the ApJ, October 2000 (23 pages, 4 tables, 11 figures)

The potential of ground-based polarimetric cloud radar measurements to improve information about cloud microphysics is evaluated. Using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA), backscattering at 95 GHz (3.16 mm) has been computed for solid hexagonal columns and plates, hollow cylinders, and two types of stellars. A randomly oriented compact column (a = 1) represents a first step toward considering polycrystals at millimeter wavelengths. Crystal sizes up to 2 mm in maximum dimension and random orientation with maximum particle dimension in one plane have been considered, while the incidence angle is varied from 0° to 90°. Thus the effect of shape, size, and orientation on radar observables as copolar reflectivity (Z hh ), linear depolarization ratio (LDR), and differential reflectivity (Z DR ) as well as difference reflectivity (Z DP ) can be investigated. Technical radar aspects such as the potential of scanning and cross polarization isolation requirements are assessed as well as the benefit of alternative wavelengths considered for cloud radar application (35, 140, 220 GHz). At 220 and 140 GHz, distinct resonance features are found, complicating the interpretation of radar measurements at those frequencies. At 95 GHz the effects of shape or orientational variation on Z hh are of the same order and much smaller than the effect of crystal size. On the other hand, LDR is governed by the crystal shape and orientation but almost independent of size. The results indicate that if crystals have a preferred orientation, LDR is a useful observable for differentiating between the two major crystal types of columnar and planar shapes. However, it is shown that the corresponding cross-polar backscatter intensities are theoretically and technically difficult to achieve. Z DR and Z DP involve only copolar intensities. If the lowest applicable antenna elevation angle is about 45° for a ground-based measurement, these parameters are promising for discriminating horizontally aligned pristine crystals from randomly oriented ones or irregular aggregates.

PURPOSE: A study was performed to compare the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) with conventional transcription. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 CT reports were generated by using ASR and 100 CT reports were dictated and written by medical transcriptionists. The time for dictation and correction of errors by the radiologist was assessed and the type of mistakes was analysed. The text recognition rate was calculated in both groups and the average time between completion of the imaging study by the technologist and generation of the written report was assessed. A commercially available speech recognition technology (ASKA Software, IBM ViaVoice) running on a personal computer was used. RESULTS: The time for the dictation using digital voice recognition was 9.4 +/- 2.3 min compared to 4.5 +/- 3.6 min with an ordinary Dictaphone. The text recognition rate was 97% with digital voice recognition and 99% with medical transcriptionists. The average time from imaging completion to written report finalization was reduced from 47.3 hours with medical transcriptionists to 12.7 hours with ASR. The analysis of misspellings demonstrated (ASR vs. medical transcriptionists): 3 vs. 4 for syntax errors, 0 vs. 37 orthographic mistakes, 16 vs. 22 mistakes in substance and 47 vs. erroneously applied terms. CONCLUSIONS: The use of digital voice recognition as a replacement for medical transcription is recommendable when an immediate availability of written reports is necessary.

Gossypol, a polyphenolic compound which depletes cellular energy by inhibition of several intracellular dehydrogenases, has been shown to have antiproliferative activity against human glial tumor cell lines in vitro and in nude mouse xenografts. Human trials of gossypol as a male contraceptive have demonstrated safety of long-term administration. We studied the activity of Gossypol 10 mg PO bid in 27 patients with pathologically confirmed glial tumors which had recurred after radiation therapy. Fifteen patients had glioblastoma, 11 patients anaplastic astrocytoma, 1 patient relapsed low grade glioma. Response was assessed every 8 weeks using CT/MRI scan and clinical criteria including decadron requirement. Treatment was continued until disease progression. Two patients had partial response (PR); 4 had stable disease for 8 weeks or more. One patient maintained a PR with improved KPS for 78 weeks. The other had a PR lasting 8 weeks. Toxicity was mild: 2 heavily pretreated patients had mild thrombocytopenia, 5 patients developed hypokalemia, 3 patients developed grade 2 hepatic toxicity and peripheral edema. Gossypol levels measured by HPLC did not correlate with response or toxicity in this study. We conclude that gossypol is well tolerated and has a low, but measurable, response rate in a heavily pretreated, poor-prognosis group of patients with recurrent glioma. The presumed novel mechanism of action, lack of significant myelosuppression, and activity in patients with advance glioma support further study of gossypol as an antineoplastic agent.

We hypothesized that substance P and capsaicin would cause the release of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) from intrapulmonary bronchi isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. Substance P (1 μM) caused the release of PGE2, measured with enzyme immunoassay, from the isolated airway segments; PGE2 release was inhibited by the neurokinin (NK)1-receptor antagonist, RP-67580, by inhibition of cyclooxygenase with meclofenamate, and by removal of the epithelium. The release of PGE2 caused by capsaicin (1 μM) was similar in magnitude to that caused by substance P. The capsaicin-induced release of PGE2was inhibited by desensitization of sensory nerves with capsaicin and by RP-67580, meclofenamate, and epithelial denudation. We conclude that activation of NK1 receptors on epithelium causes release of PGE2, which most likely represents the ultimate mediator of airway smooth muscle relaxation, produced by exogenous neuropeptides and by activation of the sensory nerve inhibitory system. Epithelial damage, such as that seen in asthmatic airways, would disrupt this protective system in the lungs, which could contribute to the development of airway disease.

BACKGROUND Although it is used widely, the value of gallium imaging in managing Hodgkin's disease remains unclear. METHODS A retrospective review of gallium imaging and treatment outcome in 60 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated between January 1990 and July 1995 was conducted. The minimum follow-up was 1 year. RESULTS Based on gallium imaging, 46 patients were in complete remission (CR) after initial treatment, 10 were in partial remission (PR), and 4 had persistent or progressive disease (NR). Ten of 29 patients (34%) with gallium CR after chemotherapy subsequently recurred, compared with no recurrences in 17 patients receiving initial radiotherapy or combined chemoradiation. Eight of ten patients received further therapy after gallium PR, and nine patients remained disease free at last follow-up. Survival did not differ in patients achieving a gallium CR or PR. CONCLUSIONS Gallium-67 imaging may help confirm the presence of active Hodgkin's disease, but was unreliable in defining disease remission after chemotherapy in this study population. Patients with a gallium PR may still have a good prognosis after additional therapy. Cancer 1998;82:754-9. ©; 1998 American Cancer Society.

Axisymmetric tension of polycrystalline NiAl leads to a double fibre texture with and dominating at low and high temperatures, respectively. Pure shear at high temperature yields a strong {110} component. The low temperature texture can be simulated with the FC Taylor model. Relaxation at high temperature due to diffusional processes leads to the components representing the recrystallisation texture. The microstructure and local texture suggests that dynamic recrystallization is by subgrain rotation and limited subgrain growth in a grain core/mantle strain and orientation gradient.

High temperature extrusion of polycrystalline NiAl yields a 〈111〉〈110〉 double fibre texture. Electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) analysis of the partially recrystallized microstructure shows that the 〈111〉 fibre is due to recrystallization. The 〈110〉 deformation fibre can be simulated with the full constraints Taylor model using the known high temperature slip systems 110〈100〉 and 110〈110〉. Relaxing the constraints yields the 〈111〉 fibre which may represent the nuclei for recrystallization. The recrystallization is most probably dynamic by subgrain rotation and preferred subgrain growth in a grain core/mantle strain and orientation gradient.

We announce the availability of Stark broad- ening tables for the Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, and Brackett series of hydrogen, computed with the VCS the- ory (Vidal et al. 1973). The tables cover the series up to n = 22 and an extended grid of ne and T ,w ith Trunning as high as 160 000 K, suitable for central stars of Planetary Nebulae and similar 1 .

The paper presents numerical results for a high-speed compressor cascade with active flow control. Steady secondary flow suction is used to diminish the corner separation by removing low momentum fluid from the back flow area in the corner between side wall and vane. Investigations are performed at an inlet Mach number of 0.67 and a Reynolds number of 560,000 based on axial chord and inlet velocity. Steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations are performed for the uncontrolled base flow and suction ratios from approximately 0.5 to 2.0 (ratio of drawn to passage mass flow). The outcome of the calculations is evaluated against measurements from the accompanying experiments.

Absorptive hypercalciuria (a stone-forming condition) is characterized by gut hyperabsorption of calcium, hypercalciuria, and reduced bone density. Inasmuch as these features implicate enhanced calcitriol action in gut and bone, we analyzed the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene to ascertain whether an abnormality of this gene marks patients with intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium. We have compared the frequency of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (Bsm I) associated with different alleles of the VDR gene in a group of 33 well characterized absorptive hypercalciuric patients and a group of 36 normal race- and age-matched control subjects. There was no difference between the distribution of the VDR alleles in the patient population when compared with the normal population. The coding region of VDR messenger RNA was also normal, as determined by both DNA sequence analysis and chemical mismatch cleavage analysis of copy DNA from 11 index absorptive hypercalciuric patients. On the basis of these results, we propose that the enhanced intestinal calcium absorption invariably seen in absorptive hypercalciuria and attendant symptoms of this disorder are not attributable to mutations of the VDR and are not linked to a common VDR genotype.

This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that histamine can act as an endothelium-derived contracting factor in bovine isolated intrapulmonary vein. The effects of calcium ionophore, calcimycin (A23187), on isometric tension were compared in unstimulated rings of intrapulmonary vein with and without endothelium. A23187 (0.1−10 μM) induced concentration-related contraction when endothelium was present. Destruction of endothelium markedly inhibited A23187-induced contraction. Methylene blue, hemoglobin or N G - methyl - L - arginine significantly enhanced A23187-induced contraction only in venous rings with endothelium consistent with attenuation of the contraction by the concomitant release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) [EDRF(NO)]. Histamine H1 receptor antagonists inhibited, and iproniazid enhanced, contraction elicited by A23187. A23187 induced release of greater amounts of histamine from venous rings with than without endothelium. A23187-induced contraction was not mimicked by the mast cell activator, compound 48/80, and was not inhibited by preexposure to compound 48/80 or in the presence of cromolyn or doxantrazole. A23187-induced contraction was not inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin, phentolamine, lipoxygenase inhibitors or superoxide dismutase. The results indicate that A23187 induces endothelium-dependent contraction in bovine intrapulmonary vein and support histamine as one major mediator involved. The association of destruction of endothelium with an inhibition of both A23187-induced contraction and histamine release is consistent with the endothelium as a source for histamine which can exert a local vasoconstrictor effect in bovine intrapulmonary vein.

The link between experiments and numerical analysis is a matter of particular concern. Numerical analysis can help to investigate complex and not well measureable flow fields. To this purpose the reconstruction of a flame in a complex channel flow is investigated. The fluidmechanical variables of the flame will be assimilated by means of adjoint methods using temperature measurements at discrete points downstream the flame.

The preparation of (NPr 4 )[SRe(S4)(S3CMe 2)] (1), (NPr 4 )[SRe(S4)2] (2), (NBu 4 )[SRe(S4)2] (3) and a new modification of (PPh 4)[SRe(S4)2] (4) are reported, including the X-ray structures of1 and4.

BACKGROUND Iproplatin (cis-dichloro-transdihydroxybis-isopropylamine platinum IV; CHIP) is a second generation cisplatin derivative that was developed to retain the antineoplastic effect of cisplatin with fewer toxic effects. Early clinical studies showed moderate activity in some neoplasms, with disappointing results in tumors of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxic effect in the acute setting. METHODS The authors report a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon who received long-term therapy with CHIP. RESULTS The patient achieved complete remission of disease after prolonged treatment with CHIP. The patient subsequently had a myelodysplastic syndrome that rapidly transformed to acute myelogenous leukemia. CONCLUSIONS Acute leukemia may represent a late complication of CHIP therapy.

Granulocytic sarcoma is an extramedullary tumor of malignant granulocytic progenitor cells that accompanies, heralds, or signals relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), or indicates blastic transformation of a chronic myeloproliferative disorder. We describe a case involving the uterine cervix of a 51-year-old woman that led to the diagnosis of AML. Granulocytic sarcoma can occur in the female genital tract and may be the first clinically significant manifestation of a hematologic malignancy. The salient findings in 28 reported cases from 12 different countries are reviewed. Awareness of this lesion is important for all medical personnel involved in the health care of women.

The ever more demanding requirements in the semiconductor manufacturing sector together with the increasing mask making costs and cycle times call for new lithographic solutions. Electron beam lithography has shown its superior performance and flexibility in advanced patterning applications. It enables already today process and technology developments ahead of the ITRS roadmap, which addresses currently the 32nm and 22nm node or even below. Thus electron beam direct write (EBDW) can avoid the high costs and delay times related to the advanced masks required for critical layers. On the other side EBDW faces the concerns regarding its throughput, which bases upon the inherited sequential exposure method. A solution to improve the throughput performance offers the implementation of the cell projection method as already materialized in the Vistec SB3055 tool. In addition to the variable shape beam technology, which can project regular structures (rectangles, slants and triangles) only, cell projection is able to image complex structures. Thus, structures that would have required a multiple of regular shots are now projected in one single shot. Thanks to this approach not only the shot count is noticeably reduced, but also the overall throughput is increased. First experimental and simulation results show an improvement of a factor of about 3X. Nevertheless, the final throughput gain strongly depends on the pattern and data structure itself. Combining high resolution variable shape beam technology with the cell projection feature allows advanced R&D and small volume and prototyping applications to be performed with one system. The Vistec SB3055 features the high resolution capability of variable shape beam lithography and incorporates the advantages of the cell projection technology. Owing to this new option we are able to improve the throughput for standard design features while maintaining the required high accuracy of our exposure system. Beside this, the combination of cell projection and standard shape beam technology still offers a high degree of flexibility as the key advantage of EBDW. On the Vistec SB3055 system we have performed different resolution tests serving as comparison between cell projection and standard shape beam. In this paper we will present the resolution capability obtained with cell projection on test structures as well as the general accuracy achieved for real patterns.

As chip design becomes more and more complex and alternative lithography technologies like EBDW get broader usage, the challenges increase with respect to all parts of the entire process. For exposure data preparation, we want to introduce a novel solution that offers new approaches to a user-friendly GUI, to exposure simulation, project definition and control, combined with proven kernels for data post-processing, fracturing and Proximity Effect Correction. This new solution has been implemented to run in an efficient 64 bit parallel computing environment and is called ePlace (eBeam Direct Write and Mask Data Preparation Layout Console). ePlace has the ability to process layout data of (in principle) unlimited size, given in various formats (GDSII, OASIS, DXF, CIF and others) and distributed over multiple files and hierarchies. Data post-processing capabilities include common Boolean functions (AND, OR, XOR, and Negation) as well as sizing, scaling, translation, rotation and overlap removal. Processed data can be fractured and formatted for e-beam writers (e.g. Vistec Shaped Beam (SB) tools). For Proximity Effect Correction both dose variations and newly developed geometry correction (EPC) algorithms are available and a simulation engine provides fast and precise results for exposure pattern predictions. In addition to the standard shape exposure, ePlace supports the latest Cell Projection (CP) feature of current Vistec's SB series as well as the upcoming Vistec Multi-Beam-Tool.

Among the many topics considered by meta-analysts, one that has received relatively little attention is the statistical integration of multivariate outcome data. This article focuses on a procedure proposed by Kaiser that has been used to integrate the results from different factor analyses. After giving a geometrical description of Kaiser's procedure, the authors illustrate its use with factor analytic studies of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. The results show that the seven subscales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory measure two dimensions of aggressiveness, one that can be called covert. The need for further development and application of multivariate data synthesis procedures is also discussed.

An examination of the frequency with which meta-analyses appear in the sub disciplines of psychology reveals that educational psychology and psychotherapy have produced the most meta-analyses, with social psychology not far behind. Several concerns that theoretical psychologists might have about applying meta-analysis to their research domain are reviewed. These include the notions that (a) meta-analysis is good for the study of methodological artifacts, not substantive theories, and (b) meta-analysis focuses on main effects whereas theory testing focuses on interactions. Both concerns are shown to be unwarranted. Examples of the use of meta-analysis to advance social psychological theory are presented, along with a discussion of the benefits to social psychology that might accrue if meta-analysis were widely adopted.

Takotsubo syndrome is a reversible neuromyocardial failure that has been thought to be related to an acute catecholamine toxicity of the myocardium brought upon by a stressful event. The neurocritical care unit population is particularly vulnerable for this condition given the acute presentation of neurological emergencies, which most often can be catastrophic. We present a case series of this syndrome and a review of the literature.Our recent experience with three cases that were prospectively identified with the diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome is reported with clinical presentation, evaluation, and management approach. Review of the literature is presented in the discussion.We present three episodes of Takotsubo neuromyocardial syndrome in two patients that were admitted to our neurointensive care unit that presented with seizures and had typical clinical presentation, echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization findings. All the episodes were treated with vasoactive medications, ventilatory support, afterload and preload reduction, and treatment of the underlying condition. There was complete reversal of their symptoms and findings in each episode.Patients with critical neurological illnesses such as large ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, status epilepticus, recurrent seizure activities as in our study may be at a higher risk for Takotsubo neuromyocardial syndrome.

A model is proposed for heat production and thermoregulation in the winter cluster of the honey bee Apis mellifera. It describes heat production within the cluster by an exponential decrease from the periphery to the centre, and takes into account threshold values for the central and the peripheral temperatures as well as changing diameters of the cluster. The results agree well with experimental data.

Dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC) is an organotin compound used as a model for acute pancreatitis. The aim was to determine the effect of various doses of Na-selenite on the pathogenesis and course of DBTC-induced toxic changes in organs and serum of rats.Experimental pancreatitis was induced by intravenous administration of 6 mg kg(-1) BW DBTC. Na-selenite was applied as a single intravenous dose of 5 mg kg(-1) BW and as daily oral dose of 1 mg kg(-1) BW. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected to observe the level of oxidative stress. The tin concentration in bile and urine shows the elimination of DBTC. Organ changes were indicated by serum parameters as well as histology.DBTC causes an acute pancreatitis, cholestasis and liver lesions determined by specific elevated serum parameters and several histological lesions. Na-selenite significantly diminished MDA concentration, lipase, bilirubin and transaminases as well as organ injuries compared to only DBTC-treated rats.The treatment with Na-selenite in the scope of DBTC-induced pancreatitis points to a reduced oxidative stress characterized by diminished MDA serum levels and a milder course of pancreatitis. The generation of DBTC-Na-selenite complexes could also be a mechanism to decrease the toxicity of organotin compounds like DBTC.

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are vascular anomalies composed of intertwining arteries and veins with direct arteriovenous (AV) communication. It is presumed that the fistula is an acquired abnormality that produces an arterialization and increase in venous blood flow leading to venous hypertension, venous congestion with eventual hypo-perfusion, or ischemia of the spinal cord. Symptoms include progressive sensory and motor changes that commonly take place over a 2- to 3-year time span. Exacerbation of symptoms is frequently the reason for additional diagnostic work-up. Treatment is aimed at elimination of the communication between arteries and veins. Treatment options include surgical resection of the piece of dura containing the AV fistula, transvascular embolization, or a combined procedure. Outcome is a function of the extent of cord injury and full recovery is rare. Rehabilitation is crucial in maximizing functional outcomes. It is essential for the nurse caring for the patient with a SDAVF to understand the pathological changes related to the fistula, correlate clinical findings, identify diagnostic tools for evaluation, and differentiate treatment options. An understanding of the disorder will provide the groundwork for the nurse to formulate a plan of care identifying patient needs from assessment parameters, rehabilitation needs, and patient education.

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is of great importance for environmental monitoring. Besides outstanding sensitivity and good selectivity, particular advantages of the LIF technique include the capabilities for in situ analysis and remote sensing. The major advantage of in situ LIF measurements is the lack of sampling and clean-up procedures preceding the analysis. Such procedures are error-prone, time consuming and expensive. The contamination of water or soil with petroleum products (oils) represents a major environmental risk. Since most petroleum products exhibit distinct native fluorescence it is promising to apply LIF analysis to the detection and characterization of oils in environmental coinpaitments. The LIF investigation of oil-polluted waters with LIDAR and fiber optical sensing techniques is well advanced and appropriate instrumentation is commercially available. The employment of fluorescence techniques for in situ analysis of soil contaminations has received considerable attention only during the last decade. The combination of LIF instrumentation with geotechnical drilling equipment for real-time subsurface detection of oil pollutions, as pioneered by Lieberman et al. (Lieberman 1990), and field demonstrations have recently been described in detail in technology reviews and a monograph (Hart 1997, Lieberman 1998, Balshaw-Biddle 2000). Importantly, LIF-based techniques find increasing regulatory acceptance and have been verified as field screening methods for petroleum products by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). For assessment and control of the environmental damage imposed in Kuwait during the Gulf War LIF investigations play an important role in what may become the “biggest environmental remediation project ever attempted” (Shouse 2001, Quinn 1995). In Germany, various aspects of LIF analysis of soils have been addressed in works of, among others, Niessner et al., Schade et al., Marowsky et al., Zimmermann and Lucht (Baumann 2000, Schade 1996, Marowsky 2001, Zimmermann 1997, and references therein), as well as by our group (Lohmannsroben 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000).

Background: Aneurysms associated with vertebrobasilar fenestrations are uncommon. We report on an unusual presentation of such aneurysm with a dedicated arterial pedicle, manifesting with significant intraventricular hemorrhage. Equally important, the aneurysm was managed in a multidisciplinary fashion, which, we think, greatly contributed to a good outcome. Case Description: A 55-year-old man presented in good condition after subarachnoid and massive intraventricular hemorrhage. The aneurysm location and the extent of intraventricular hemorrhage both presented concerns regarding treatment approach. The aneurysm was first treated with transarterial coil obliteration, and intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) infusion was given, with rapid resolution of evolving hydrocephalus. The patient had an excellent outcome. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a vertebrobasilar fenestration saccular aneurysm with a dedicated pedicle projecting toward the foramen of Magendie with significant intraventricular hemorrhage. In addition, this patient was successfully managed with endovascular obliteration and intraventricular tPA infusion.

We present the results of a spectral analysis of a large sample of subdwarf B stars selected from follow-up observations of candidates from the Hamburg Quasar Survey. Fundamental parameters (effective temperature, gravity, and helium abundance) were determined by matching synthetic line profiles calculated from model atmospheres to all hydrogen and helium absorption lines present in the observed optical spectra. The derived helium abundances are compared with the atmospheric parameters to search forpossible trends. We discovered a correlation between the helium abundance and the effective temperature: the larger the temperature, the larger the photospheric helium content of sdB stars. Additionally, a separation into two sequences of sdB stars in the effective temperature - helium abundance plane is detected. We compared our analysis results with data from the literature. The stars from our sample are found to be somewhat more luminous. This can only partlybe explained by NLTE effects. Three apparently normal B stars were discovered, which could be massive stars far away from the galactic plane (7-19kpc). Radial velocities were measured for 23 stars from which we discovered a new radial velocity variable sdB star., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for A&A

Determining treatment and extent of care has been returned to the patient with the advent of the durable power of attorney and reinforcement of patients' rights. To a great extent, patient autonomy replaced the medical team's role of beneficence in the decision-making process. Professionals acknowledge the patient's right in the decisional process of his/her care, though there is skepticism of such decisions being made by the patient who has suffered high-level tetraplegia within the acute care arena. This article explores (a) basing decisions upon life experiences and knowledge, (b) differentiating between informed consent for withdrawing care and consent resulting from stress or depression, (c) assessing the patient's psychological balance, and (d) advocating for the patient when he/she chooses to end all treatment options. Guidelines provide assistance to the health professional and the patient through a potentially volatile ethical dilemma. These provide insight into potential problems for all involved and clearly define steps that individuals should take to assure that the decision is made with informed consent rather than emotions.