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Purpose: Studies have shown the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) increasing worldwide, and currently the literature is limited on the impact of IDA on outcomes following revision total hip arthroplasty (RTHA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether IDA patients undergoing RTHA have longer: 1) in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS); 2) medical complications; and 3) costs of care. Materials and Methods: A retrospective query of a nationwide administrative claims database was performed. Using Boolean command operations, the study group consisted of all patients in the database undergoing RTHA with IDA; whereas, patients without IDA served as controls. To reduce the effects of confounding, study group patients were matched to controls in a 1:5 ratio by age, sex, and medical comorbidities yielding 92,948 patients with (n=15,508) and without (n=77,440) IDA undergoing revision THA. A P-value less than 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results: IDA patients were found to have significantly longer in-hospital LOS (5 days vs. 4 days, P

Malaria remains a major health problem in sub- Saharan African countries despite substantial decreases in morbidity and mortality due to sustained control programs. Vaccines candidates were mainly tested in rural endemic setting; however increasing proportion of the population is living in urban area. Evaluation of the qualitative or quantitative immune responses to key targets of anti-Plasmodium immunity requires further investigation in urban area. In a cohort of 144 patients with mild malaria living in Dakar, we analyzed IgG responses against target antigens of P. falciparum: CSP, LSA-3NR2 and GLURP by ELISA. A mean age of 15 yrs (4-65 yrs) was found and patients were separated in 59 adults (

International audience; In this study, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensor has been investigated to quantify the affinity and to estimate the binding kinetic between tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and its inhibitor: SPD-304. To the best of our knowledge this is first ever report on real time and label free monitoring of TNF-α/ SPD-304 affinity. Effects of the SPD-304 solvent and DMSO cosolvent on TNFα/SPD-304 interaction have been investigated. Gravimetric results indicate that the limit of detection (LOD) of the developed biosensor was of order of 10 nM and that DMSO cosolvent influences the kinetic of interaction, the saturation value, and thus the value of the dissociation constant (Kd) of the TNF-α / SPD-304 system.

We report two observations of congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed in 2011 in the university hospital of Gabriel Toure in Bamako. The first occurred in a male infant of 40 days, admitted for respiratory distress and anterior compressive cervical swelling. Although his neonatal period occurred without any medical particularity, family medical history revealed the presence of unexplored goiter in three paternal uncles. Neurological examination was normal with the presence of constipation. A cervical-thoracic scan showed a homogeneous and symmetric hypertrophy of thyroid lobes with a compression of the trachea. The dosage of thyroid hormones confirmed hypothyroidism (FT4 = 1.6 pmol/l, TSH = 60 µUI/ml). After one month of treatment using Levothyroxine, 10 mg/kg, there was a drastic improvement of respiratory distress, a regression of goiter and normalization of thyroid hormones. At six months of life he had no goiter and psychomotor development was normal. The second case occurred in a male infant of 2 years, from an area of endemic goiter. Puffiness of the face without lower limb edema, constipation, and delayed independent walking were the reasons for consultation. On examination, we noted the absence of goiter, large anterior fontanel with facial dysmorphism (lunar facies, hypertelorism, flat nose, macroglossia) and infiltration of the skin more marked in the face with cold extremities. He required support to sit. The thyroid function tests confirmed hypothyroidism (FT4 = 72 nmol/l, FT3 = 0.40 nmol/l, TSH60 µUI/l). Under levothyroxine, there was normalization of thyroid hormones after one month of treatment and disappearance of the skin infiltration. At six months of treatment he had acquired independent walking. Mental prognosis remains to be evaluated. These cases confirm the necessity of routine neonatal diagnosis of hypothyroidism.Nous rapportons deux observations d'hypothyroïdie congénitale diagnostiquées en 2011 au CHU Gabriel Touré de Bamako. Il s'agit d'un nourrisson de 40 jours, de sexe masculin admis dans le service pour une détresse respiratoire et une tuméfaction cervicale antérieure compressive. Son passé néonatal était sans particularités, il aurait trois oncles paternels ayant un goitre non exploré. Une constipation chronique était le seul signe fonctionnel tandis que l'examen neurologique était normal. Une tomodensitométrie cervico-thoracique montrait une hypertrophie homogène et symétrique des lobes thyroïdiens avec compression de la trachée. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes confirmait l'hypothyroïdie (T4L = 1,6 pmol/l, TSH= 60 µUI/ml). Sous lévothyroxine à 10 µg /kg, on notait une disparition de la détresse respiratoire, une régression du goitre et la normalisation du taux des hormones thyroïdiennes à un mois de traitement. A six mois de vie, il n'avait pas de goitre et son développement psychomoteur était normal. Le second est un nourrisson de 2 ans, de sexe masculin, provenant d'une zone d'endémie goitreuse. Une bouffissure du visage sans œdème des membres inférieurs, une constipation, un retard de la marche autonome constituaient les motifs de consultation. A l'examen, on notait l'absence de goitre, une fontanelle antérieure large avec une dysmorphie faciale (facies lunaire, hypertélorisme, nez aplati, macroglossie) et une infiltration de la peau plus marquée au visage avec une froideur des extrémités. Il s'asseyait avec appui. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes a confirmé l'hypothyroïdie (T4L = 72 nmol/l, T3L= 0,40 nmol/l, TSH60 µUI/l). Sous lévothyroxine, on notait la normalisation des hormones thyroïdiennes à un mois de traitement et la disparition de l'infiltration de la peau. A six mois de traitement il avait acquis la marche autonome. Le pronostic mental reste à être évalué. Ces observations confirment la nécessité du diagnostic néonatal de l'hypothyroïdie.

The aim of this study was to determine sociodemographics, clinical and therapeutic aspects in patients with isolated mandibular fractures in the Bamako dentistry teaching hospital (CHU-OS).We carried out restrospective study over a period of four months involving isolated mandibular fracture cases, confirmed by a clinical and radiological examination in 2006. The data were collected from medical records, entered and analyzed using Epiinfo.fr 6.0 software.The lesions involved 42 men and 13 women with a sex ratio of 3.23. The age group of 21-30 was the most affected. The main cause was found to be road traffic accidents with 72.72 % of the total cases. The fractures of the mandible at the level of horizontal branch were the most frequent with 34.54 %. The orthopedic treatment was used in 72.72 % of the cases, with a good and very good results.This study shows the high frequency of isolated fractures of the mandible mainly from road traffic accidents, as well as their occurrence among young adults.L'objectif de cette étude était, de déterminer les aspects sociodémographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques, des patients présentant des fractures mandibulaires isolées, au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Odonto Stomatologie (CHU OS) de Bamako.Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective sur une période de quatre mois, des cas successifs de fractures mandibulaires isolées, confirmés par un examen clinique et radiologique en 2006. Les données ont été recueillies à partir des dossiers médicaux, saisies et analysées avec le logiciel Epiinfo.fr 6.0.Les lésions ont concerné 42 hommes et 13 femmes, avec un sex ratio de 3,23. La classe d'âge la plus atteinte a été celle de 21 – 30 ans. Les accidents de la voie publique ont été la principale cause, avec 72,72% des cas. Les fractures de la mandibule au niveau de la branche horizontale, ont été les plus fréquentes (34,54%). Le traitement orthopédique a été utilisé dans 72,72% des cas, avec de bons à très bons résultats.Cette étude montre la fréquence élevée des fractures de la mandibule isolée lors des accidents de la voie publique, et aussi leur survenue chez l'adulte jeune.

The aim of our study was to determine the reasons of hospitalization of HIV-infected children in our context and to identify factors associated with mortality in the course of hospitalization.Our study took place in the department of pediatrics of the Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital. It involved all the children hospitalized between March 1st and August 31st, 2010 to whom an infection with HIV was diagnosed before or during the hospitalization.Thirty seven HIV-infected children were hospitalized. The average age at admission was 46,9 months and the sex ratio was 0,76. HIV infection was discovered during the hospitalization for 29 children (78,4%). Fifteen children were orphan of at least a parent. The medical pathological history include sickle cell disease (2 cases) and tuberculosis (1 case). The great majority (91,9%) were at WHO stage 3 or 4. The main AIDS-defining events were severe malnutrition (73%) and pneumonia (45,9%). They were followed by bacterial infections (21,6%) and malaria (13,5%). An anemia was found at 85,7 % of the children.Efforts must be made for early diagnosis and management of pediatric's HIV infection.L'objectif de notre étude était de déterminer les raisons d'hospitalisation des enfants infectés par le VIH dans notre contexte et d'identifier les facteurs associés à la mortalité en cours d'hospitalisation.Elle s'est déroulée dans le service de pédiatrie du CHU Gabriel Touré. Elle a concerné tous les enfants hospitalisés entre le 1Trente sept enfants infectés par le VIH ont été hospitalisés. L'âge moyen à l'admission était de 46,9 mois avec un sexe ratio de 0,76. L'infection au VIH a été découverte pendant l'hospitalisation pour 29 enfants (78,4%). Quinze enfants étaient orphelins d'au moins un parent. Les antécédents pathologiques médicaux retrouvés étaient la drépanocytose (2 cas) et la tuberculose (1 cas). La grande majorité (91,9%) était à un stade 3 ou 4 de l'OMS. Les principales affections classant SIDA retrouvées ont été la dénutrition (73%) et la pneumonie (45,9%) sévères. Elles ont été suivies des infections bactériennes (21,6%) et du paludisme (13,5%). Une anémie a été retrouvée chez 85,7% des enfants.Des efforts doivent être fournis pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge précoces de l'infection à VIH pédiatrique.

In Mali society, female excision is a cultural practice. Despite the awareness campaigns, it affects nearly 85% of the female population (EDSM IV). This study was initiated to assess the knowledges, attitudes and practices of mothers about female circumcision.We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study from June 1 to July 31, 2011, in the Department of Pediatrics of the teaching hospital of Gabriel Touré, Bamako, regarding the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers related to the female excision.We interviewed 224 mothers. The prevalence of female circumcision was 73%. In 72.7% of cases, the area affected by the mutilation was unknown to the mother. Nearly seventy percent (69.6%) of mothers thought that female circumcision had advantages only and should even be mandatory (74.6%). Female circumcision was associated with tradition, and it would be a religious obligation for 65%, and 21.4% of mothers, respectively. More than half of the girls were circumcised before their first year (76.3%) and 26.3% in the neonatal period. The majority of mothers were against a law banning the practice of female circumcision (54%). Ninety five percent of mothers reported that they would renew the experience of female circumcision.Female circumcision remains a well-established practice. Policies to fight against female circumcision are faced to very deep beliefs.Au Mali, l'excision est une pratique culturelle dans la société. Malgré les campagnes de sensibilisation, elle toucherait 85% de la population féminine (EDSM IV). Ce travail a été initié pour évaluer les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des mères sur l'excision de leurs filles.Nous avons effectué une étude prospective transversale du 1Nous avons interrogé 224 mères. La prévalence de l'excision était de 73%. Dans 72,7% des cas, la zone concernée par la mutilation était méconnue de la mère. Les mères pensaient dans 69,6% des cas que l'excision n'avait que des avantages et qu'elle doit être obligatoire (74,6%). L'excision était associée à la tradition pour 65% des mères. Elle serait une obligation religieuse pour 21,4% des mères. Plus de la moitié des filles était excisée avant leur première année (76,3%) et 26,3% dans la période néonatale. La majorité des mères étaient contre une loi interdisant la pratique de l'excision (54%). Sur 100, 95 mères affirmaient qu'elles renouvelleraient l'expérience de l'excision.L'excision reste une pratique bien ancrée. Les politiques de lutte contre l'excision se heurtent ainsi à des croyances très profondes.

To assess knowledge and practices on iron prescription in the pediatric ward of the Gabriel Touré university hospital of Bamako, Mali.A cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st to 31st July 2012 in the service. We presented the participants with a questionnaire and analyzed the medical files of children aged 1-60 months old who received an iron prescription. Each prescriber's consent was solicited and obtained prior to the study.Fifty prescribers were interviewed, among them 10 pediatricians (20%), 31 pediatrics' residents (62%), 2 generalist physicians (4%), 7 medical student (14%); and 100 medical records were analyzed. More than half of the prescribers were aware of the need of iron in children, with 42% knowing about iron reserves. 8% of prescribers knew that iron absorbed through food was heme iron or non-heme iron. Thirty percent of patients received iron at a dose of 8 to 10mg/kg. Length of treatment was not indicated in 92% of patients.In our context, sufficient theoretical knowledge and of children's iron need did not exclude bad prescription practices. Future studies should analyze the reasons of behind this discrepancy.Evaluer les connaissances et les pratiques relatives à la prescription du fer dans le service de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Touré (CHU-GT) de Bamako, Mali.Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale réalisée du 1nous avons enquêté cinquante prestataires dont 10 pédiatres (20%), 31 médecins CES de pédiatrie (62 %), 2 médecins généralistes (4%), 7 étudiants en fin de cycle médical (14%) et analysé 100 dossiers. Trente pour cent des prestataires ont correctement défini le fer. Plus de la moitié des prestataires connaissaient les besoins en fer chez l'enfant. Les réserves en fer étaient connues de 42% des prestataires. Huit pour cent des prestataires savaient que les fers apportés par l'alimentation étaient le fer héminique ou le fer non héminique. Trente pourcent des malades ont reçu le fer à la dose de 8 à 10mg/kg. La durée du traitement n'a pas été précisée chez 92% des malades.Dans notre contexte la bonne connaissance théorique des indications et des règles de prescription du fer chez l'enfant n'excluait pas les mauvaises pratiques de sa prescription. D'autres travaux devraient analyser les raisons de cette discordance.

Malaria is one of the rare public health plagues which has been prevailing over centuries. It is severe around the world poverty line and remains the most widely spread disease in intertropical zones. The Afro-tropical region, which accounts for 8% of the world population, bears the heaviest malaria burden, with 80% to 90% of cases (200 to 280 millions) among which, 90% are due to P. falciparum.To study neuromalarian lesions in 0-15 year old children in the Pediatric Unit at Gabriel Touré, University Hospital.From February 2009 to January 2010 the study covered 92 children, aged 0-15 years old, with neuromalarian lesions hospitalized at the Pediatric unit of the Gabriel Toure University Hospital.2230 patients were received suffering from malaria, among whom 1320 hospitalized for neuromalarian. 92 cases (6.97%) of neuromalarian lesion were identified. There were 57 boys and 35 girls, with 1.63 sex ratio. 0 to 5 years old age group was the most significant, accounting for 67.39% of subjects. Axial hypotony was the most frequent lesion encountered (65.22%). Temporary blindness was reported in six patients (6.52%). Behavior disorders were reported in seven patients (7.61%). Five patients (5.43%) were victim of hemiplegia. Axial hypotonicity was associated with aphasia in thirty-seven patients (40.22%) and peripheral hypertonia in eighteen patients (19.57%). Seven patients (7.61%) became epileptic and six (6.52%) were suffering from dystonia. Recovery effects were 50% in the short term and 73.9% in the medium term.Despite progress made in terms of diagnosis and care, malaria still remain a fearsome pathology and source of neuromalarian lesions among which some lead to permanent disability. Early intervention and proper treatment could reduce the incidence of neuromalarian lesions.le paludisme est l'un des rares fléaux de santé publique qui ait traversé les siècles sans perdre de son activité. Il sévit dans la ceinture de pauvreté du monde et représente la maladie parasitaire la plus répandue dans le monde intertropical. La région afro-tropicale, qui ne compte que 8% de la population supporte le plus lourd fardeau du paludisme avec 80–90% des cas (200 à 280 millions) dont 90% dus à plasmodium falciparum.L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier les séquelles du neuropaludisme dans le service de pédiatrie.De Février 2009 à Janvier 2010, nous avons réalisé une étude portant sur les séquelles du neuropaludisme dans le service de pédiatrie du CHU Gabriel Touré. L'étude concernait les enfants de 0–15 ans, hospitalisés et ayant gardés des séquelles neurologiques après un neuropaludisme.2230 patients ont été admis pour paludisme dont 1320 hospitalisés pour neuropaludisme. Nous avons recensé 92 cas (6,97%) de séquelles neurologiques .Il y avait 57 garçon contre 35 filles soit un sexe ratio de 1,63. La tranche d'âge de 0 à 5 ans était la plus représentée, soit 67,39%.L'hypotonie axiale était la séquelle la plus fréquemment rencontrée (65,22%).Elle était associée à l'aphasie chez trente sept patients (40,22%) et à l'hypertonie périphérique chez dix huit patients (19,57%). Sept patients (7,61%) sont devenus épileptiques et six (6,52%) ont présenté une dystonie. La récupération des séquelles a été de 50% à court terme et de 73,9% à moyen terme.le paludisme, malgré les progrès réalisés dans sont diagnostic et sa prise en charge demeure toujours une affection redoutable et pourvoyeuse de séquelles neurologiques dont certaines sont responsables de handicap permanent.

Introduction : Les infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA) constituent l'une des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité infantile au Mali. L'objectif de ce travail était de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques de la bronchiolite aiguë du nourrisson au service de pédiatrie du CHU Gabriel Touré. Méthodologie: Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective portant sur 112 nourrissons âgés de 1 à 24 mois hospitalisés dans le service de pédiatrie générale pour bronchiolite aiguë. L'étude s'étalait sur une période d'un an (du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2012). Résultats: Les nourrissons âgés de 1 à 6 mois étaient majoritaires (69%). L'âge moyen des patients était de 6 mois avec des extrêmes de 1 et 24 mois. Le sexe masculin était prédominant (63%) avec un sex-ratio de 1,73. Le principal motif de consultation était la difficulté respiratoire (87%). Le pic d'hospitalisation était au mois de novembre (33%). Les principaux signes cliniques en plus des sibilants étaient la toux, la rhinorrhée et la détresse respiratoire (97%). La fièvre était présente dans 38% des cas et la cyanose chez 4% des patients. La saturation en oxygène était inférieure à 94% chez 50% des patients. La kinésithérapie respiratoire a été faite chez un tiers des malades. Tous les malades avaient reçu une corticothérapie et une nébulisation avec du salbutamol et sérum physiologique. Une antibiothérapie a été faite chez 85% des patients. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de 6 jours avec des extrêmes de 1 et 30 jours. Le taux de guérison était de 98 %. Conclusion : La bronchiolite est une pathologie bénigne et fréquente chez le nourrisson de 1 à 6 mois qui évolue favorablement dans la majorité des cas.

Les infections sont responsables d'une part importante de la morbidite et de la mortalite chez l'enfant drepanocytaire. Notre objectif etait d’etudier le profil clinique et bacteriologique des infections bacteriennes de l’enfant drepanocytaire dans le service de pediatrie du CHU Gabriel Toure. Materiel et methodes: Nous avons realise une etude retrospective sur 25 dossiers d’hospitalisation d’enfants drepanocytaires febriles ayant beneficie d’une hemoculture sur une periode de 5 ans (2005-2010). Nous avons analyse les caracteristiques cliniques et bacteriologiques des enfants ayant une hemoculture positive. Resultats: Dix des 25 hemocultures realisees etaient positives. La tranche d’âge de 0-5 ans etait la plus touchee (60%). Le suivi etait irregulier pour 7 enfants et 6/10 n'avaient pas recu le vaccin anti pneumococcique. Sur le plan clinique, 5 cas de sepsis, une infection pulmonaire et 4 cas infections osteo articulaires ont ete diagnostiquees. La goutte epaisse etait positive pour 4 patients . Les germes retrouves ont ete : Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (4 fois), Streptococcus pneumoniae (4 fois), Staphylococcus aureus (1fois), Enterobacter cloacae (1fois) ont ete isoles. Salmonella enterica serotypeTyphia ete isole dans 3 cas d'infections osteo-articulaires et un cas de sepsis, Streptococcus pneumoniae etait en cause dans l'infection pulmonaire et dans un cas de sepsis. L'antibiotherapie probabiliste dans la majorite des cas etait basee sur les cephalosporines de troisieme generation. L’evolution a ete favorable dans 80% des cas. Conclusion : Les complications infectieuses de la drepanocytose peuvent etre graves. La disponibilite de l'hemoculture doit nous permettre de caracteriser le profil bacteriologique dans notre contexte.

L’evaluation de la specificite des IgG anti-plasmodium vis-a-vis d’antigenes candidats vaccins a rarement porte sur le paludisme urbain dont les acces cliniques couvrent toutes les classes d’âge et peuvent devenir severes. Cette etude retrospective evalue par ELISA les taux d’IgG et de sous-classes d’IgG contre les proteines MSP1p19, MSP3, EB200, GST-5 et R23 de P. falciparum. Elle a ete faite chez 200 patients dakarois consultant pour un acces palustre non aggrave. Un âge moyen de 15 ans (4 a 56 ans) et des parasitemies entre 0,1 et 17 % ont ete retrouves. Les taux d’IgG anti-MSP3 sont tres eleves chez les patients faiblement parasites (≤ 1 %) et apparaissent negativement correles aux densites parasitaires (Rho =.0,54 ; p =0,021). Cette correlation est plus forte chez les enfants (≤15 ans). Une hausse des IgG anti-MSP1p19 chez les adultes a faibles parasitemies (< 1 %) (p = 0,021) avec predominance de la sous classe IgG1 (p

The 9th meeting of the African Society of Human Genetics, in partnership with the Senegalese Cancer Research and Study Group and the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Consortium, was held in Dakar, Senegal. The theme wasStrengthening Human Genetics Research in Africa.The 210 delegates came from 21 African countries and from France, Switzerland, UK, UAE, Canada and the USA. The goal was to highlight genetic and genomic science across the African continent with the ultimate goal of improving the health of Africans and those across the globe, and to promote the careers of young African scientists in the field. A session on the sustainability of genomic research in Africa brought to light innovative and practical approaches to supporting research in resource-limited settings and the importance of promoting genetics in academic, research funding, governmental and private sectors. This meeting led to the formation of the Senegalese Society for Human Genetics.

The current study consisted of genetic analysis for reproductive performance and body weight using from 2003 to 2863 records of 1018 D’man ewes born from 136 sires and 468 dams. Data were collected from 1988 till 2009 in the Errachidia Experimental Station (ESE) of the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Conception rate (CR), litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), litter weight at birth (LWB), litter weight at weaning (LWW), gestation length (GL) and ewe's body weight (EBW) averaged 94.4%, 2.38 lambs, 2.03 lambs, 6.23 kg, 39.6 kg, 149.9 days and 44.8 kg, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that LWB and EBW were influenced by age of ewe, parity and period of lambing. Also, period of lambing had significant effects on all studied traits. However, age of the ewe did not affect LSB and LWW. Genetic parameters and genetic trends for reproductive traits and EBW, estimated through REML and BLUP procedures using a repeatability animal model including additive genetic and permanent environment effects, in addition to fixed effects, resulted in heritability estimates of 0.09, 0.11, 0.10, 0.10, 0, 0.22 and 0.44 and repeatability estimates of 0.19, 0.13, 0.16, 0.10, 0, 0.26 and 0.62 for LSB, LSW, LWB, LWW, CR, GL and EBW, respectively. Genetic correlations among traits ranged from −0.21 and 0.93 and phenotypic correlations varied from −0.07 to 0.82. Estimated annual genetic progress was very small; 0.0009 lambs for LSB and −0.0078 kg for EBW. The study concluded that the actual genetic parameter estimates could be used in a breeding program to improve the productivity of D’man ewes and to make significant genetic progress.

Objectif : Ce travail visait a etudier la morbidite et la mortalite chez les enfants âges de 01 a 59 mois hospitalises dans le service de pediatrie generale du CHU Gabriel Toure. Materiels et Methodes : Il s’agissait d’une etude retrospective, descriptive, sur une periode de 12 mois allant du 1 er janvier au 31 decembre 2013. Resultats : Nous avons inclus 1625 enfants âges de 01 a 59 mois soit 58% des patients hospitalises. Le tiers des patients avait moins d’un an. Les garcons representaient 57 % de notre echantillon avec un sex ratio de 1,33. La majorite des patients (83%) etait issu de milieu social defavorise. Les principaux diagnostics retrouves etaient le paludisme (45%), les infections respiratoires aigues (20,30%), et la malnutrition aigue severe (20,06%). Les patients gueris representaient 82,3% et le taux de mortalite etait estime a 3,3%. La majorite des patients decedes etait des filles (51%). Les deces etaient plus frequents en juillet et aout. Les trois principales causes de deces etaient la malnutrition (47%), le paludisme (32%) et les infections respiratoires aigues (19%). Nous avons enregistre 48 sorties contre avis medical (3%) et 81 cas d’evasion (5%). Conclusion : La morbidite et la mortalite en pediatrie restent preoccupantes dans notre pratique. Elles sont liees a des affections pour la plupart evitables par l’information, l’education et la communication. Mots cles : morbidite, mortalite, enfants, pediatrie, Bamako.

Cholera is an epidemic diarrheal disease transmitted through the digestive tract; it can cause obstetric complications in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of cholera in pregnant women, as well as its course, during the 2012 epidemic in Conakry. This retrospective, descriptive studied examined the records of this epidemic over a 7-month period (from May 15 to December 15, 2012). Of 2,808 cholera patients at our hospital, 80 were pregnant, that is, 2.85%. Their mean age was 30 years [range: 15-45 years], 94% were from Conakry (94%), and 69% were in the third trimester of pregnancy. Choleriform diarrhea and vomiting were the main signs, found respectively in 100% and 95% of the women; dehydration was mild for 16%, moderate for 45%, and severe for 39%. Support consisted of rehydration, by plans A (16%), B (45%) or C (39%) and antibiotic treatment based on erythromycin (85%), doxycycline (14%), or azithromycin (1%). Other drugs that were used included phloroglucinol-trimethylphloroglucinol (Spasfon(®)) for 45%, acetaminophen for 65%, and iron/folic acid for 1% of cases. The major obstetric complications were 4 intrauterine deaths (5%), 2 cases of threatened abortion (2%), 1 preterm delivery (1%), and 1 maternal death. The cholera outbreak in 2012 affected a large number of pregnant women in Conakry, most during their third trimester. The classic clinical manifestations were associated with obstetric complications and maternal-fetal risks.

As the scale and complexity of modern computer networks increases, administrators and operators of such networks need tools to accurately infer dependencies between different network services and applications. Such tools can aid in (1) detecting misconfigurations, (2) effectively scheduling major software and hardware maintenance operations with minimal disruptions, and (3) exposing potential anomalies in a timely manner. Existing tools either only consider temporal correlations which require installing additional software to monitor interfaces, ignore network service profiles of more than two services, or do not necessarily capture actual causations. Such shortcomings result in high false detection rates of inferred dependencies. This paper presents the design and evaluation of an algorithm that utilizes the notion of Transfer Entropy (TE) to passively analyze and identify dependencies between various network services and applications. With TE, our algorithm formalizes and measures the amount of information exchanged between two entities (services or applications) in a computer network. By constructing time series of the interactions of such services and applications and computing the pairwise TE from such time series, our algorithm accurately infers dependencies based on causation with low false (positive and negative) alarms. Using collected network traffic from a test and production network, we demonstrate that the algorithm provides lower false alarms with efficient run time and computational requirements.

Resume But Il est classiquement admis que le paludisme neonatal est un evenement rare en zone d’endemie palustre. De plus en plus d’etudes prouvent une sous-estimation de cette frequence. Notre travail avait pour objectif de determiner la prevalence du paludisme congenital et neonatal dans une structure de niveau tertiaire de reference nationale pour la prise en charge des nouveau-nes au Mali en utilisant trois methodes complementaires de diagnostic. Materiel et methodes Le travail s’est deroule a l’unite de neonatologie du service de pediatrie du centre hospitalier universitaire de Gabriel-Toure, Bamako, Mali du 1er octobre 2006 au 17 mars 2008. Ont ete inclus tous les nouveau-nes a terme de 0 a 28 jours hospitalises dans le service ainsi que leurs meres. Pour le diagnostic du paludisme, un test de diagnostic rapide (TDR, OptiMAL IT®), une goutte epaisse et une reaction de polymerisation en chaine (PCR) ont ete realises sur un prelevement veineux de la mere et du nouveau-ne. Resultats Nous avons inclus 267 nouveau-nes et 146 meres. L’âge moyen des nouveau-nes etait de 2,7 jours et le poids moyen de 2862,4 g. La microscopie et la PCR sont revenus negatifs chez tous les nouveau-nes. Les meres etaient âgees de 25 ans en moyenne. La goutte epaisse est revenue negative chez toutes les meres, le TDR positif a Plasmodium falciparum chez une mere et la PCR positive pour neuf meres (sept cas de P. falciparum et deux cas de Plasmodium ovale). Conclusion Le paludisme congenital et neonatal demeure un evenement rare chez le nouveau-ne admis dans une structure de reference tertiaire au Mali.

Approximately 20 000 new cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are diagnosed each year in North America and Europe. However in Africa, the incidence of this condition is almost unknown. While publications from western countries and the rest of world are numerous in the literature, few data from Africa about this malignancy are available. The aim of this retro and prospective, unicentric study over 3 years is to describe the epidemiologic, pathologic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of children treated for Hodgkin lymphoma in our paediatric oncology unit of Gabriel-Toure Hospital, Bamako (Mali). From January 2005 to December 2007, all children under 18 years of age, with histologically proven Hodgkin lymphoma, not previously treated by chemotherapy and HIV negative, were included in this study. Informed consent was obtained from parents. The treatment protocol was the GFAOP (Groupe franco-africain d’oncologie pediatrique) Hodgkin lymphoma treatment protocol: COPP/ABV (Cyclophosphamid, Vincristin, Prednisone, Procarbazin, Adriamycine, bleomycin and vinblastine). During the study period, 217 cancer cases were diagnosed in our centre. Of these cases, 7 were Hodgkin Lymphoma (0.04%). The average age was 11.7 years. The sex-ratio was 6/1 in favor of boys. 6.71% (5/7) of the patients were stage IIB and 28.6 % (2/7) of the patients were stage IIIB of the Ann-Arbor classification. Histologically, there were 42.8% cases of sclero-nodular subtype, 28.6% of lymphocyte-rich subtype, 14.3 % of mixed cellularity and 14.3% of lymphocyte depleted subtype. After 4 years follow-up, 5 patients (71.4 %) were alive, and 2 patients (28.6 %) had died from drug toxicity. Hodgkin lymphoma is a relatively rare condition in African children which can be cured. Broader multicentric studies are needed for more accurate data on this malignancy.

Summary Objective To explore distribution of total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) values among senegalese men only aged 40 years and upper. Six hundred and eighteen sera were tested. Mean age was 58.67 years. An immunoenzymatic sandwich assay with final detection in fluorescence was used for tPSA measurements. The median tPSA level was 1.32 ng/ml. Approximately 82% presented normal values of tPSA ( n = 114), median tPSA level was 8.98 ng/ml. Prostate cancer was confirmed by biopsy in 94 patients. Mean age of diagnosis of prostate cancer was 65.5 years and mean tPSA among the prostate cancer group was 125.7 ng/ml.

The prediction of solar potential is an important step toward the evaluation of PV plant production for the best energy planning. In this study, the discrete Kalman filter model was implemented for short-term solar resource forecasting one the Dakar site in Senegal. The model input parameters are constituted at a time t of the air temperature, the relative humidity and the global solar radiation. The expected output at time t+T is the global solar radiation. The model performance is evaluated with the square root of the normalized mean squared error (NRMSE), the absolute mean of the normalized error (NMAE), the average bias error (NMBE). The model Validation is carried out by means of the data measured within the Polytechnic Higher School of Dakar for one year. The simulation results following the 20 minute horizon show a good correlation between the prediction and the measurement with an NRMSE of 4.8%, an NMAE of 0.27% and an NMBE of 0.04%. This model could contribute to help photovoltaic based energy providers to better plan the production of solar photovoltaic plants in Sahelian environments.

We compiled the first taxonomic inventory of rodents inhabiting the region from northwestern Guinea to coastal Guinea and this enabled an improved understanding of the rodent fauna of this unexplored region at the western margin of the guineo‐congolese forest block. Through standard cytogenetic and morphological analyses we described the presence of two sibling species of the genus Mastomys in West Africa. We report here the first records for Guinea of Arvicanthis ansorgei and M. mattheyi. Our data indicated an extension of the known distribution of Lemniscomys striatus to include the western region of the range of Lophuromys cf. sikapusi. A comparison between southern Senegal, southern Mali, Ivory Coast and eastern Guinea assemblages shows some differences in the rodents between eastern and western Guinea as well as with the surrounding countries. It appears that coastal Guinea could correspond to a transition zone between forest and savanna but this region appears to be ecologically highly degraded in t...

We developed an instrument for HIV/AIDS behavioral surveillance applicable to youth living in urban West Africa. The instrument includes a comprehensive set of constructs borrowed from the sociocognitive theory of planned behavior as well as measures of parental and peer communication An exploratory (n=189) and validation sample (n=342) of young men and women living in Bamako were interviewed. Scale construct validity was assessed via factor analysis and multiple linear regressions and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. All constructs had high internal consistency, scales' structure was relatively stable, and associations between different components of the questionnaire were in the predicted directions. Gender, sexual experience and education were significantly associated with attitudes and perception of control. Furthermore, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, perceived norms, and peer communication significantly predicted condom use. This questionnaire offers a valid and reliable tool for assessing young people's sexual behavior in an urban West African setting.

Resume L'objectif de notre travail etait d'apprecier le developpement psychomoteur global des nourrissons de 1 a 12 mois dans le district de Bamako. Nous avons evalue, selon les tests de Denver, 353 nourrissons apparemment sains, âges de 1 a 12 mois, vus en consultation d'enfants sains dans quatre centres de protection maternelle et infantile (PMI). Les differentes epreuves du developpement psychomoteur, selon la technique de Denver, etaient realisees avec, dans la majorite des cas, des taux de reussite de plus de 75 %. Malgre des modes de vie et un environnement differents, ce travail a retrouve des resultats comparables aux standards internationaux.

Layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes is proving to be an increasingly rich and versatile technique for the formation of multilayered thin films with a wide range of electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. In the present work we synthesized a new non-linear optical (NLO) maleic acid copolymer containing Disperse Red 1 moieties, built-up multilayer assemblies by alternate adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and maleic copolymer derivative, and carried out an investigation on their second harmonic generation (SHG) properties. The resulting multilayer assemblies exhibit SHG which arises from the non-centrosymmetric alignment of the chromophores in the copolymer. The SHG signal increases with the number of chromophore-containing polymer layers, up to five layers. Further assembly reduces the signal. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Resume Au Mali, selon EDS III (Enquete demographique et de sante) en 2001, le taux global de malnutrition (poids âge inferieur a –2 ecarts-types) chez les enfants de 0 a 5 ans au Mali etait de 38,2 %. Le but de cette etude etait d'evaluer et de comparer la prise en charge en matiere de nutrition des enfants âges de 0 a 5 ans dans les districts sanitaires couverts par la SASDE (Strategie d'acceleration de la survie et du developpement de l'enfant). L'enquete de type transversal s'est deroulee dans 3 districts choisis de facon aleatoire (Kolokani, Niono et Koro). Nous avons inclus 27 centres de sante, 180 enfants et leur mere. L'etude a montre que l'equipement et le materiel necessaires a l'appreciation correcte de l'etat nutritionnel etaient disponibles dans les centres de sante, mais peu utilises en pratique. La formation en nutrition etait retrouvee uniquement a Kolokani avec 33 % des agents formes. Dans le district de Kolokani, nous avons trouve que 78 % des agents etaient formes en PCIME (Prise en charge integree des maladies de l'enfant) et 55 % en IEC (Information, education et communication). L'indicateur poids–âge a ete utilise pour verifier l'etat nutritionnel chez 64 % des enfants a Kolokani, 42 % a Koro et 4 % a Niono. L'indicateur PCIME a ete utilise uniquement a Kolokani (57 %) [p

Ethnopharmacological relevance The recent outbreak of Ebola virus infections has mostly remained confined to the West African countries Guinea-Conakry, Sierra-Leone and Liberia. Due to intense national and international mobilizations, a significant reduction in Ebola virus transmission has been recorded. While international efforts focus on new vaccines, medicines and diagnostics, no coherent national or international approach exists to integrate the potential of the traditional health practitioners (THPs) in the management of infectious diseases epidemics. Nevertheless, the first contact of most of the Ebola infected patients is with the THPs since the symptoms are similar to those of common traditionally treated diseases or symptoms such as malaria, hemorrhagic syndrome, typhoid or other gastrointestinal diseases, fever and vomiting. Materials and methods In an ethnomedical survey conducted in the 4 main Guinean regions contacts were established with a total of 113 THPs. The socio-demographic characteristics, the professional status and the traditional perception of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) were recorded. Results The traditional treatment of the main symptoms was based on 47 vegetal recipes which were focused on the treatment of diarrhea (22 recipes), fever (22 recipes), vomiting (2 recipes), external antiseptic (2 recipes), hemorrhagic syndrome (2 recipes), convulsion and dysentery (one recipe each). An ethnobotanical survey led to the collection of 54 plant species from which 44 identified belonging to 26 families. The most represented families were Euphorbiaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Rubiaceae. Literature data on the twelve most cited plant species tends to corroborate their traditional use and to highlight their pharmacological potential. Conclusions It is worth to document all available knowledge on the traditional management of EVD-like symptoms in order to evaluate systematically the anti-Ebola potential of Guinean plant species.

Malaria remains a major health problem in sub- Saharan African countries despite substantial decreases in morbidity and mortality due to sustained control programs. Vaccines candidates were mainly tested in rural endemic setting; however increasing proportion of the population is living in urban area. Evaluation of the qualitative or quantitative immune responses to key targets of anti-Plasmodium immunity requires further investigation in urban area. In a cohort of 144 patients with mild malaria living in Dakar, we analyzed IgG responses against target antigens of P. falciparum: CSP, LSA-3NR2 and GLURP by ELISA. A mean age of 15 yrs (4-65 yrs) was found and patients were separated in 59 adults (15yrs) and 85 children (≤15 yrs). Parasites densities (0,01-15%) did not differ between the two age groups. In contrast, haemoglobin levels appeared lower in children (4.5-16.6 g/dl) (p0.01). For the immune results, the most recognized antigens were GLURP and CSP compared to LSA-3NR2. Levels of IgG against these antigens were significantly different between the two age groups and they were positively correlated (rho = 0.32; p0.001). In addition, levels of IgG anti-GLURP were associated with low parasitemia (≤1%) and absence of anemia (≥11g/dl), particularly in adults (p0.001). In a multiple regression analysis, no significant relationship was found between parasite densities and IgG responses against all the tested antigens. Our study shows the implication of IgG anti-GLURP in humoral immune response against the parasite. The present work contributes to determine IgG levels that can be used as relevant immunologic biomarkers in urban clinical malaria.

The second harmonic generation ability of new chiral thiolate salts is investigated. Aromatic thiolate anions ArS − are expected from semi-empirical calculations with PM3 parameterization of the MNDO Hamiltonian to possess higher intrinsic polarizabilities than the parent neutral thiols ArSH. Salts associating (hyper)polarizable aromatic thiolate anions with chiral cations, which ensure the noncentrosymmetry necessary to have second-order nonlinear optical effects have been synthesized. The first hyperpolarizabilities, β , of the salts are measured using hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique. Second harmonic generation powder tests (Kurtz and Perry method) carried out on various salts studied, were positive indicating that these materials crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space groups.

Resume Selon les estimations de l'OMS (Organisation mondiale de la sante), quatre millions de nouveau-nes meurent chaque annee au cours des quatre premieres semaines de leur vie. Au Mali, le taux de mortalite neonatale est de 57,1 ‰. Le but de ce travail etait de determiner l'importance ainsi que les facteurs de risque de la mortalite neonatale en zone rurale. L'etude s'est deroulee du 1 er septembre au 4 octobre 2004, a Kolokani, situe dans la region de Koulikoro au Mali. Les auteurs ont mene une enquete exhaustive, de type transversal, aupres des femmes ayant accouche un an avant l'enquete. Le taux de naissance attendu a Kolokani etant de 5 %, ils avaient prevu d'interroger 10 015 femmes. Les naissances vivantes representaient 97,1 % (8242/8486) et les mort-nes 2,9 % (244/8486). Le taux de mortalite neonatale a ete estime a 24 ‰ (199/8242). La mortalite neonatale precoce etait de 17 ‰ (140/8486). La mortalite neonatale tardive etait de 7 ‰ (59/8242). La mortalite perinatale etait de 45 ‰ (384/8242). Utilisant le modele de regression logistique, la grossesse gemellaire, la brulure mictionnelle et le petit poids de naissance, l'OMI (œdeme des membres inferieurs), la fievre pendant la grossesse et les presentations non cephaliques etaient les facteurs associes avec la mortalite neonatale. Le taux de mortalite neonatale de 24 ‰ a Kolokani etait faible par rapport au taux national de 57,1 ‰. Les facteurs identifies pour la mortalite neonatale demontrent qu'elle est etroitement liee a l'etat de sante de la mere et aux conditions de deroulement de la grossesse et de l'accouchement. Les auteurs recommandent de mettre en place un bon systeme d'identification et de suivi des femmes enceintes, de former le personnel sanitaire et d'organiser le systeme de reference entre villages et centres de sante.

By using the PM3 parametrization with MOPAC6/FF methodology we have studied the a, b, and g optical properties of a series of polyacene-thiolates PAT and polyphenylene-thiolate PPT oligomers, with aromatic ring numbers from nZ1 to 10. The results show that these compounds exhibit significant optical properties, which increase superlinearly with the number of aromatic rings. We found that for oligomers with n!7, the PPT oligomers possess higher intrinsic nonlinear optical properties (NLO) responses than the PAT ones; and for nO7, the PAT response is higher that of PPT. In this study, we also examined the effect of the position of the sulphur atom in the chain structure, and we found that the position significantly affect the optical properties of both PAT and PPT anions. Additionally, for small number of ring units, the thiolates are more (hyper)polarizable than the phenolate ones. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We present a new nonlinear holographic method, which yields the real and imaginary parts of the third-order susceptibility ( χ 〈3〉 ) of an optical medium. The method consists in producing a nonlinear interference pattern between two beams of different intensity, where the strong beam induces nonlinear effects in the tested sample. Only three laser shots are required to extract both real and imaginary parts of χ 〈3〉 by means of the images recorded on a CCD camera. We apply the method to measure the nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 ) of new synthesized organic materials in the pico-second regime (30 ps pulse duration at 1064 nm). The obtained results show that the proposed technique allows the measurement of n 2 coefficients in diluted materials with a sensitivity of λ /1500 at 1 GW cm −2 of input intensity.

Dans le present article, nous faisons etat de la variabilite selon le captureur de l'efficacite de repulsifs a base d'huiles vegetales appliquees sur la peau contre les piqures de Simulium damnosum s. l. Les experimentations ont ete effectuees en zones de savane (Chaussee-Niaka) et de foret (Soubre) de Cote d'Ivoire. Les formulations (lotions, cremes] testees lors de ces travaux ont ete obtenues a partir d'huiles d'amande de palme (Elaeis guineensis ), de coco (Cocos nucifera ) et de gobi (Carapa procera ). La technique classique de capture sur homme a l'aide de tubes a hemolyse en matiere plastique a ete utilisee. Pour chaque journee d'experimentation, un captureur non traite (jambes non enduites de repulsif) servait de temoin. Les resultats indiquent qu'en savane, quels que soient le repulsif et le captureur, la densite simulidienne se situait de 1 a 4, 1 a 6 et de 2 a 10 simulies par homme et par jour lorsque le captureur etait respectivement protege avec le coco, le palmiste et le gobi. Avec les memes repulsifs, en zone de foret, l'agressivite simulidienne variait de 9 a 16, de 2 a 30 et de 8 a 49 piqures par jour. En comparaison, le temoin recevait de 67 a 90 et de 310 a 533 piqures par jour, respectivement en zones de savane et de foret. Malgre les variations importantes dans le nombre de simulies capturees en fonction du captureur choisi, nos resultats montrent que quels que soient le repulsif et l'espece simulidienne, une protection similaire est conferee a tous les captureurs. Ils indiquent egalement que le recours a des substances naturelles locales, utilisees comme repulsifs en application dermique, est l'une des meilleures methodes de protection personnelle contre les simulies.

Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. Hospices Civils de Lyon. Edouard Herriot Hospital. Infection Control and Epidemiology Unit. Lyon, Grance / Universit of Lyon 1, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit. Lyon, France. Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. University of Health Sciences. Faculty of Pharmacy. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. National Pediatric Hospital. Department of Pneumology. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens. Dr. Christophe Mérieux Laboratory. Fondation Mérieux. Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College. Beijing, China. Capital Medical University. Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children. National Key Discipline of Pediatrics. Ministry of Education. Beijing Pediatric Research Institute. Beijing Children’s Hospital. Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. GHESKIO (Groupe Haïtien d’Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes) Centers. Port au Prince, Haiti. GHESKIO (Groupe Haïtien d’Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes) Centers. Port au Prince, Haiti. Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University. Lucknow, India. Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University. Lucknow, India. KEM Hospital Research Center. Pune, India. KEM Hospital Research Center. Pune, India. Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant. Antananarivo, Madagascar. Fondation Mérieux. Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux (CICM); Antananarivo, Madagascar. Fondation Mérieux. Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux (CICM); Antananarivo, Madagascar. Gabriel Touré Hospital. Bamako, Mali. Centre d`Infectiologie Charles Mérieux (CICM). Bamako, Mali. Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Bayanzurkh District General Hospital. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Research Institute of health. Asuncion, Paraguay. Hospital Pediátrico ! Niños de Acosta ¨Nu". San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. Hospices Civils de Lyon. Edouard Herriot Hospital. Infection Control and Epidemiology Unit. Lyon, Grance / Universit of Lyon 1, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit. Lyon, France. Fondation Mérieux. Centre Internationale Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI). Emerging Pathogens Laboratory. Lyon, France. Background: Data on the etiologies of pneumonia among children are inadequate, especially in developing countries. The principal objective is to undertake a multicenter incident case–control study of

Malaria remains a major problem in African countries despite substantial decreases in morbidity and mortality due to sustained control programs. Studies for the evaluation of qualitative or quantitative Ab responses to key targets of anti-plasmodium immunity were mostly done in rural endemic setting compared to urban area. In a cohort of 200 patients with mild malaria and living in Dakar, we analyze total and subclasses IgG responses to a panel of P. falciparum blood stage antigens: MSP1p19, MSP3, EB200, GST-5 and R23. A mean age of 15 yrs (4 to 56 yrs) and parasitemia between 0.1 to 17% were found. Levels of IgG anti-MSP3 were higher in patients with low parasitemia (≤1%) and appear negatively correlated to parasite densities (Rho =. 0.54; p= 0.021). This correlation is more significant in children (≤ 15 yrs). In addition, an increase of IgG responses against MSP1p19 is highly observed in adults having a parasitemia less than 1%. In those patients, we find that IgG1 subclasses were predominant (p0.01). Our study shows an association between Ab responses and parasitemia. This association is dependant to IgG anti-MSP3 in children and IgG anti-MSP1p19 in adults living in urban area.

We have synthesized coloured monomer structures characterized by the simultaneous existence of a polarizable double bond and an extended chromophore. The polymerization and copolymerization of these monomers have been tested with styrene and methyl methacrylate. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of different samples have been studied from their solutions using chloroform as solvent. The third-order hyperpolarizability γ xxxx of the better materials can reach 10 −29 esu at 532 nm and their response time is faster than 35 ps. The corresponding third-order NLO susceptibility χ xxxx 〈3〉 is estimated to be 6×10 −11 esu and the figure of merit χ 〈3〉 α =7.510 −2 esu cm is larger than that of most currently known nonlinear optical polymers.

The photopolymerization of acrylate resins on wood surfaces suffers from retardation and inhibition effects due to the phenolic derivatives present at the interface. This article details the study of the effect of a set of phenolic compounds on the initiation step. The global effect was recorded by differential scanning calorimetry and photocalorimetry. A comparison between a direct photocleavable initiator such as 2,2-dimethyloxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) and a two-component system like benzophenone/N-methyldiethanolamine (BP/MDEA) suggests that the retardation effect observed in the latter case is due to the interaction between phenols and the triplet state of BP. Subsequently, nanosecond transient absorption (NTA) spectroscopy was used to measure in acetonitrile the quenching rate constants k Q . A hydrogen abstraction occurred, and the ketyl radical quantum yield was also determined by NTA experiments. In comparison with the photoreduction mechanisms proposed in the literature, the high k Q values obtained were tentatively correlated to the half-wave oxidation potentials of phenols in order to discuss the involvement of an electron transfer within the reaction. Some EPR experiments were done to confirm in situ the photoreduction process at the wood surface and the creation of phenoxyl radicals. The interaction of phenols with some initiating radicals was also studied.

When nitrobenzol is illuminated by an intense picosecond pump beam at nm, it displays a two-photon absorption (TPA) phenomenon which can be explained by the presence of the excited states in the calculated level diagram. The combination of TPA and optical Kerr effect leads to a strong modulation of the transmission of a probe beam in the presence of a pump beam, according to their time delay.

Resume Les granitoides intrusifs dans les formations sedimentaires et volcanoseclimentaires birimiennes de Diale-Dalema sont potassiques, d'affinite calcoalcaline et proches des granites de types collision. Its sont caracterises par des valeurs en Yb N faibles (1,82-9,4) et des rapports La N /Yb N eleves pouvant atteindre 137. Des donnees isotopiques et geochronologiques nouvelles obtenues sur ces granitoides indiquent un âge eburneen s.s. (2008 ± 16 Me) et un rapport du Sr initial (Sr i ) faible de I'ordre de 0,702 compatible avec une source mantellique. Les granitoides de Dicle-Dalema semblent etre posterieurs aux granitoides trondhjemitiques de Kakadian dates a 2190 Ma (Dia, 1988) intrusifs clans les roches volcaniques tholeiitiques du Supergroupe de Mako. Its pourraient etre engendres par la fusion d'une croute oceanique encore jeune et hydratee a la faveur d'une subduction a pente faible.

Resume Le gisement sulfure aurifere de Sabodala est encaisse dans le Supergroupe de Mako du socle birimien du Senegal oriental. II est constitue de filons de quartz d'origine hydrothermale associes a des roches volcano-detritiques acides (tufs et laves rhyodacitiques) dans un ensemble basique (metabasaltes, microdiorites quartziques) d'affinite tholeiitique. La mineralisation, d'origine hydrothermale, est constituee de pyrite aurifere exprimee sous forme de stockwerk silico-carbonate ou disseminee dans la roche. Les termes albitises du stockwerk seraient un marqueur de la presence d'Au. Cette mineralisation est posterieurement remobilisee par le rejeu de la faille NS-N20 marquant la zone cisaillee de Sabodala. Cet episode hydrothermal s'accompagne d'un depǒt successif dans les fissures, de sphalerite, de galbne, de chalcopyrite et enfin d'une seconde generation d'Au natif plus argentifere associee a des traces de petzite et stromeyerite en formes combinees. Les principaux facies mineralises sont les laves et pyroclastites acides ainsi que les epontes des filons de quartz.

Le gisement de phosphate de chaux de Taiba (Senegal) se presente comme une couche mineralisee de 7 m de puissance en moyenne, surmontee par un recouvrement sterile epais de plus de 40 m. Ce dernier est constitue, dans les panneaux de Ndomor Diop et Keur Mor Fall exploites jusqu’ici, de terrains durs (sables consolides, gres, etc.) sur lesquels repose une puissante couche sableuse meuble (environ 35 m). Par contre, dans le futur panneau d’exploitation de Tobene, les sondages de reconnaissance ont revele la presence dans le recouvrement de frequents niveaux indures constitues essentiellement de facies sablo-argileux plus ou moins consolides. Devant l’inadaptation des methodes traditionnelles de decapage du recouvrement par roue-pelle au contexte de Tobene, il est apparu necessaire, pour les besoins de l’ingenierie du projet d’exploitation, de proceder a un reperage systematique et a l’evaluation des differentes formes d’induration.

Si la sous-presence des femmes est un phenomene qui touche tous les domaines de la sphere politique francaise, c’est au Senat qu’elle est la plus flagrante. Certes, la part des femmes elues deputees est proche de celle des femmes elues senatrices puisqu’en 1958, elles representaient 1,6 % des elus a l’Assemblee nationale et 1,9 % au Senat. Trente ans plus tard, 5,9 % des elus a l’Hemicycle en 1993 sont des femmes, contre 5 % aux elections senatoriales de 1992. Pourtant, il existe une differen...

Endemic deep fungal infections are still under recognised diseases in daily medical practice because of their rarity in sub-Saharan area. The African histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii (H. capsulatum duboisii) is the most frequent variety described in Mali through limited studies in adult patients, since the first case described by Catanei and Kervran (1945). Our case report is a disseminated histoplasmosis in a young 6-year-old african child. He was male and rural. The infectious localisations were mucosae, skin, lymphnodes, urinary tract and bones. Evolution has been marred by an episode of worsening of symptoms despite initial clinical improvement with ketoconazole. After healing of mucocutaneous lesions, we noticed a limitation of ampliation of both wrists. The radiographic bone lesions were lysis of the right lower end of the right radius and cubitus and fragmentation of cubital epiphysis of the same arm. Lacunes were present on the fifth right finger in metatarsus and phalanx; lacune and blowing aspect of the second phalanx of the left third finger was noted. The disseminated form of African histoplasmosis may occur in HIV-negative subject. The prognosis depends on early diagnosis and administration of appropriate and well-conducted therapy.

The degenerate four-wave-mixing method is used to measure the second-order hyperpolarizabilities γ of new soluble tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives. For each material, the study of solutions at various concentrations leads to the choice of an optimum solution: a compromise between 'low-nonlinearity low-loss' and 'high-nonlinearity high-loss' solutions and thus to the determination of its susceptibility X (3) . The hyperpolarizabilities are deduced from these measurements; ethylenic TTF derivatives show γ electronic values as large as - 7.58 x 10 -45 (MKS), larger than acetylenic TTF derivatives which have γ electronic = - 1.12 x 10 -45 .

This paper presents maximum power control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based grid-connected wind energy system. The control system used a combination of MPPT method with pitch control to extract maximum power from the wind turbine. PWM hysteresis controller is used to control the back to back converter which output is connected to the utility grid through a multivariable filter. The overall wind system is theoretically analyzed and modeled in Matlab/Simulink/ SimPowerSystems environment. The grid-connected wind system's performances are evaluated.