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The empirical literature investigating body image among sexual minorities (i.e., gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals) suggests that gay men experience greater levels of dissatisfaction with their appearance than their heterosexual counterparts, and that few differences are evident between lesbian and heterosexual women. Various explanations have been proposed (e.g., minority stress due to stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination). The emphasis gay culture places on a youthful and muscular appearance also may be a source of stress that potentially contributes to body dissatisfaction among gay men. Extant research has multiple limitations, and there is a need for quantitative multidimensional body image studies addressing intersectionality and intragroup variability, better indices of sexual orientation, and research on bisexual persons and on gays and lesbians in non-Western contexts.

Identifies four factors as constituting the primary basis for global competition in providing customers with value: customization, quality, response time, and price. However, finds that these factors interact in a multiplicative rather than the commonly‐assumed additive manner, giving competitors with multiple strengths additional competitiveness and disqualifying firms which lack performance on even one dimension. Presents a simple model to aid managers in analysing the competition in their industry as well as in making decisions about the best actions to take for strengthening their firm′s competitiveness.

We report on TeV gamma-ray observations of the blazar Mrk 421 (redshift of 0.031) with the VERITAS observatory and the Whipple 10m Cherenkov telescope. The excellent sensitivity of VERITAS allowed us to sample the TeV gamma-ray fluxes and energy spectra with unprecedented accuracy where Mrk 421 was detected in each of the pointings. A total of 47.3 hrs of VERITAS and 96 hrs of Whipple 10m data were acquired between January 2006 and June 2008. We present the results of a study of the TeV gamma-ray energy spectra as a function of time, and for different flux levels. On May 2nd and 3rd, 2008, bright TeV gamma-ray flares were detected with fluxes reaching the level of 10 Crab. The TeV gamma-ray data were complemented with radio, optical, and X-ray observations, with flux variability found in all bands except for the radio waveband. The combination of the RXTE and Swift X-ray data reveal spectral hardening with increasing flux levels, often correlated with an increase of the source activity in TeV gamma-rays. Contemporaneous spectral energy distributions were generated for 18 nights, each of which are reasonably described by a one-zone SSC model., Comment: 30 pages, 12 figures, accepted by ApJ

This field study investigated the management systems developed by two vendors of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). The vendors had very different methods for managing the development and implementation of their FMSs. They also had very different levels of client satisfaction. The study's objectives were, first, to determine the management methods and project outcomes and, second, to investigate reasons appropriate vs. dysfunctional management methods evolved and were perpetuated. The study indicated that the vendors' project management methods for controlling their systems developments contributed to their contrasting rates of implementation problems. More importantly, the methods that each vendor evolved did not reflect the inherent project risks. Instead, the methods reflected the vendor's organizational structure and its expectations about its typical client's capabilities. The study illustrates that firms may not base their approaches for managing their systems developments on actual requirements as much as on their past experiences in marketing very different products, and also on their existing infrastracture. These approaches, however, may be inappropriate for supporting FMS development and client support.

Recently, there have been numerous calls for more empirical field-based research to be conducted in operations management (OM). Knowledge of how operations systems work can be enhanced significantly through contact with the “real-world” conditions that OM models seek to describe. Case study research is a primary means of exploring field conditions but is an unfamiliar methodology for many in OM. Moreover, the case study method is viewed with scepticism by those who consider it to be a weak form of research, one that lacks rigor and objectivity. Here, we offer an introduction to the case study method for OM researchers who may have little background in field based research. We provide an outline of the procedure and cite some excellent sources that cover case study design, data analysis and the philosophical rationale for the methodology. We also identify some recent examples of OM case studies that illustrate our points. We then contrast the various uses for case study research and their different design and theory requirements. An appendix provides a listing of case studies that have appeared in some OM journals in recent years, classifying the studies by their research purpose. However, regardless of their purposes, case study research need to be conducted in a manner that assures maximum measurement reliability and theory validity. We describe some of the steps that must be taken to ensure that a study is as rigorous as possible. We also argue that, properly conducted, a case study is a truly scientific research approach. We conclude by pointing out some areas of OM research where case studies might be particularly valuable.

Study Objective. To assess diabetes care in a network of primary care practices that include pharmacist support by using a scoring system designed for the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) Diabetes Recognition Program (DRP) measures. Design. Retrospective medical record review. Data Source. Subset of the National Interdisciplinary Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (NIPC-PBRN). Patients. A total of 1309 adults who were seen at 17 practices for an outpatient diabetes mellitus visit between January 1 and June 30, 2008. Measurements and Main Results. Patient demographic data and NCQA DRP process and outcome measures (hemoglobin A1c [A1C], blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL] level measurements; eye and foot examinations; nephropathy assessment; and smoking status and cessation advice or treatment) were recorded. Points for each measure were compiled, and practices achieving a sufficient score for NCQA recognition (≥ 75.0 points) were identified. Pharmacists were also surveyed regarding their services, participation in quality improvement initiatives, use of electronic medical records, and methods of data extraction. The relationships between DRP measures and quality improvement activities, pharmacist involvement in diabetes care, and use of electronic medical records were analyzed. The DRP outcome measures were satisfactory: mean ± SD A1C 7.6% ± 1.9%, LDL level 99.1 ± 35.1 mg/dl, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures 130.2 ± 18.1 and 74.4 ± 10.8 mm Hg, respectively. Five practices (29%) achieved a sufficient score for NCQA recognition. No significant relationships were noted between DRP measures and participation in quality improvement, type of clinical pharmacy services, or use of electronic medical records (p>0.05). In a regression analysis, only electronic medical record use was significantly related to DRP measures (p=0.02). Conclusion. Diabetes care in the NIPC-PBRN appears satisfactory, but improvements are necessary if NCQA recognition is the goal. Use of electronic medical records was associated with better DRP measures.

We report the discovery of very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission from the direction of the SNR G54.1+ 0.3 using the VERITAS ground-based gamma-ray observatory. The TeV signal has an overall significance of 6.8s and appears pointlike given the resolution of the instrument. The integral flux above 1 TeV is 2.5% of the Crab Nebula flux and significant emission is measured between 250 GeV and 4 TeV, well described by a power-law energy spectrum dN/dE similar to E(-Gamma) with a photon index Gamma = 2.39 +/- 0.23(stat) +/- 0.30sys. We find no evidence of time variability among observations spanning almost two years. Based on the location, the morphology, the measured spectrum, the lack of variability, and a comparison with similar systems previously detected in the TeV band, the most likely counterpart of this new VHE gamma-ray source is the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) in the SNR G54.1+0.3. The measured X-ray to VHE gamma-ray luminosity ratio is the lowest among all the nebulae supposedly driven by young rotation-powered pulsars, which could indicate a particle-dominated PWN.

The psychometric properties of a revised version of the Male Body Attitudes Scale (Tylka, Bergeron, & Schwartz, 2005) were investigated using two independent online samples of Irish men (ns=241 and 253, respectively). Exploratory factor analyses suggested that a 15-item, 3-factor solution representing men's attitudes toward their body fat, muscularity, and height best described the data. The internal consistency and construct validity of scores on the Revised Male Body Attitudes Scale suggest that this measure holds promise as an indicant of men's attitudes toward their physical appearance. Limitations and strengths associated with the current research are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.

This paper examines the implementation of robotics in 31 companies. The problem is to determine which companies are the most efficient implementors. Implementation efficiency is modelled as a multiple criteria problem, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This tool was designed for evaluating the relative efficiency of a set of decision making units in the presence of multiple inputs and multiple outputs. In the present setting, three outputs: startup time, uptime when required, and management satisfaction are examined relative to three inputs or circumstances: system complexity, system novelty, and the implementation team's previous experience with the technologies involved. In addition, three variables, namely supplier management practices, plant size, and perceived urgency, are evaluated vis-a-vis their impact on implementation efficiency.

The recent detection by the Fermi gamma-ray space telescope of high-energy gamma-rays from the radio galaxy NGC 1275 makes the observation of the very high energy (VHE: E > 100 GeV) part of its broadband spectrum particularly interesting, especially for the understanding of active galactic nuclei (AGN) with misaligned multi-structured jets. The radio galaxy NGC 1275 was recently observed by VERITAS at energies above 100 GeV for about 8 hours. No VHE gamma-ray emission was detected by VERITAS from NGC 1275. A 99% confidence level upper limit of 2.1% of the Crab Nebula flux level is obtained at the decorrelation energy of approximately 340 GeV, corresponding to 19% of the power-law extrapolation of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) result.

Rabbits infected intravenously with virulent mammalian tubercle bacilli have in a majority of cases developed circulating antibodies to a slight but appreciable degree. The increase in titer was detected in one group of rabbits within the 2nd or 3rd week, in others during the 2nd month of infection. Rabbits with residual pulmonary foci, resulting from infection 6 months or more previously with human tubercle bacilli, on reinfection with bovine tubercle bacilli promptly developed circulating antibodies strikingly in excess of those found during the course of primary infection. Such antibodies were present 6 or 7 days after reinfection. The changes in titer during tuberculous infection as detected by the bacterial surface reactions and by phagocytosis were again, within the experimental error, in quantitative correspondence. The loss of phagocytosis-promoting power in heated normal serum involves an exception to this correspondence between surface and phagocytosis effects. This exception has already been discussed in an earlier paper (8).

Sensitization with increasing concentrations of homologous immune serum shifts the isoelectric point of the antigens studied progressively to the alkaline side. Antigens maximally sensitized with rabbit sera have shown isoelectric points of pH 5.6 to 5.8. The globulins precipitated or salted out of the same immune sera have been isoelectric at pH 5.1 to 5.2. The combination of antigen with antibody depends of course upon specific affinities; the surface properties of the sensitized antigen, agglutination and phagocytosis depend primarily upon the properties of the sensitizing serum substances combined with and deposited on the antigen surface.

Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) used for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy at TeV energies use reflectors with areas on the order of 100m$^2$ as their primary optic. These tessellated reflectors comprise hundreds of mirror facets mounted on a space frame to achieve this large area at a reasonable cost. To achieve a reflecting surface of sufficient quality one must precisely orient each facet using a procedure known as alignment. We describe here an alignment system which uses a digital (CCD) camera placed at the focus of the optical system, facing the reflector. The camera acquires a series of images of the reflector while the telescope scans a grid of points centred on the direction of a bright star. Correctly aligned facets are brightest when the telescope is pointed directly at the star, while mis-aligned facets are brightest when the angle between the star and the telescope pointing direction is twice the misalignment angle of the facet. Data from this scan can be used to calculate the adjustments required to align each facet. We have constructed such a system and have tested it on three of the VERITAS IACTs. Using this system the optical point spread functions of the telescopes have been narrowed by more than 30%. We present here a description of the system and results from initial use., 15 pages, 13 figures

Although Galactic cosmic rays (protons and nuclei) are widely believed to be dominantly accelerated by the winds and supernovae of massive stars, definitive evidence of this origin remains elusive nearly a century after their discovery [1]. The active regions of starburst galaxies have exceptionally high rates of star formation, and their large size, more than 50 times the diameter of similar Galactic regions, uniquely enables reliable calorimetric measurements of their potentially high cosmic-ray density [2]. The cosmic rays produced in the formation, life, and death of their massive stars are expected to eventually produce diffuse gamma-ray emission via their interactions with interstellar gas and radiation. M 82, the prototype small starburst galaxy, is predicted to be the brightest starburst galaxy in gamma rays [3, 4]. Here we report the detection of >700 GeV gamma rays from M 82. From these data we determine a cosmic-ray density of 250 eV cm-3 in the starburst core of M 82, or about 500 times the average Galactic density. This result strongly supports that cosmic-ray acceleration is tied to star formation activity, and that supernovae and massive-star winds are the dominant accelerators., 18 pages, 4 figures; published in Nature; Version is prior to Nature's in-house style editing (differences are minimal)

The VERITAS collaboration reports the detection of very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from the high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object 1ES 1218+304 located at a redshift of z = 0.182. A gamma-ray signal was detected with a statistical significance of 10.4 standard deviations (10.4 sigma) for the observations taken during the first three months of 2007, confirming the discovery of this object made by the MAGIC collaboration. The photon spectrum between similar to 160 GeV and similar to 1.8 TeV is well described by a power law with an index of Gamma = 3.08 +/- 0.34(stat) +/- 0.2(sys). The integral flux is Phi (E > 200 GeV) = (12.2 +/- 2.6) x 10(-12) cm(-2) s(-1), which corresponds to similar to 6% of that of the Crab Nebula. The light curve does not show any evidence for very high energy flux variability. Using lower limits on the density of the extragalactic background light in the near to mid-infrared, we are able to limit the range of intrinsic energy spectra for 1ES 1218+304. We show that the intrinsic photon spectrum has an index that is harder than Gamma = 2.32 +/- 0.37(stat). When including constraints from the spectra of 1ES 1101-232 and 1ES 0229+200, the spectrum of 1ES 1218+ 304 is likely to be harder than Gamma = 1.86 +/- 0.37(stat).

We describe a flasher system designed for use in monitoring the gains of the photomultiplier tubes used in the VERITAS gamma-ray telescopes. This system uses blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) so it can be operated at much higher rates than a traditional laser-based system. Calibration information can be obtained with better statistical precision with reduced loss of observing time. The LEDs are also much less expensive than a laser. The design features of the new system are presented, along with measurements made with a prototype mounted on one of the VERITAS telescopes., Comment: Accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A

The multiwavelength observation of the nearby radio galaxy M87 provides a unique opportunity to study in detail processes occurring in Active Galactic Nuclei from radio waves to TeV gamma-rays. Here we report the detection of gamma-ray emission above 250 GeV from M87 in spring 2007 with the VERITAS atmospheric Cherenkov telescope array and discuss its correlation with the X-ray emission. The gamma-ray emission is measured to be point-like with an intrinsic source radius less than 4.5 arcmin. The differential energy spectrum is fitted well by a power-law function: dPhi/dE=(7.4+-1.3_{stat}+-1.5_{sys})(E/TeV)^{-2.31+-0.17_{stat}+-0.2_{sys}} 10^{-9}m^{-2}s^{-1}TeV^{-1}. We show strong evidence for a year-scale correlation between the gamma-ray flux reported by TeV experiments and the X-ray emission measured by the ASM/RXTE observatory, and discuss the possible short-time-scale variability. These results imply that the gamma-ray emission from M87 is more likely associated with the core of the galaxy than with other bright X-ray features in the jet.

LS I +61 303 is one of only a few high-mass X-ray binaries currently detected at high significance in very high energy gamma-rays. The system was observed over several orbital cycles (between September 2006 and February 2007) with the VERITAS array of imaging air-Cherenkov telescopes. A signal of gamma-rays with energies above 300 GeV is found with a statistical significance of 8.4 standard deviations. The detected flux is measured to be strongly variable; the maximum flux is found during most orbital cycles at apastron. The energy spectrum for the period of maximum emission can be characterized by a power law with a photon index of Gamma=2.40+-0.16_stat+-0.2_sys and a flux above 300 GeV corresponding to 15-20% of the flux from the Crab Nebula., Comment: accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

VERITAS, an Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) system for gammma-ray astronomy in the GeV-TeV range, has recently completed its first season of observations with a full array of four telescopes. A number of astrophysical gamma-ray sources have been detected, both galactic and extragalactic, including sources previously unknown at TeV energies. We describe the status of the array and some highlight results, and assess the technical performance, sensitivity and shower reconstruction capabilities., Comment: Submitted to Proceedings of "4th Heidelberg International Symposium on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy 2008"

High-value-added manufacturing companies today confront a competitive trend toward greater product customization in the face of reduced response times. This scenario is encountered most often in industries like machine tools, heavy construction equipment, heavy manufacturing in general and computer software and hardware. The product is highly customized, yet competition requires manufacturers to deliver it with lead times significantly shorter than the manufacturing lead time. Generally, the scheduling practice here is to release the manufacturing order before the customer order is released and subsequently match incoming customer orders to units in progress. This is referred to as the “build-to-forecast” (BTF) approach. This study investigated the coping mechanisms used by manufacturing firms to alleviate this dilemma. The tactics vary with the firm's business strategy, its operating environment, and its capabilities. We report on three case studies from firms building heavy machinery. The firms are similar in terms of the range of final product values, build times, customer delivery times and the very large number of components. Also, their operations require the use of a variety of flexible and dedicated resources. Flexibility in manufacturing processes, modular bills of materials, subcontracting and expediting are some of the approaches that these firms use to help resolve the double bind of short lead times and high levels of customization. We review some of the operational problems peculiar to the build-to-forecast environment and suggest alternative approaches for dealing with them. The coping mechanisms are grouped according to the manner by which they help relieve the BTF problem's severity. One set of mechanisms makes the problem less complex by simplifying products or the production process. Another set reduces the risks due to uncertainty in demand or supply. The third set provides engineering and manufacturing slack. While some or all of the mechanisms are used by the manufacturing firms studied, the predominance of particular mechanisms in each firm is explained by a contingency model developed in this paper. The case studies provide useful insights into the nature of the problem and how the firm's organizational environment often dictates the choice of mechanisms used to alleviate it. For example, these firms minimized their scheduling dilemmas with modular product designs, flexible processes, informal organization structures, or formal control mechanisms for limiting customization. We conclude by framing a number of research questions whose solutions would help such firms better manage their operations.

Recent human epidemiological studies suggest that up to 75% of human cancers can be attributed to environmental exposures. Understanding the biologic impact of being exposed to a lifetime of complex environmental mixtures that may not be fully characterized is currently a major challenge. Functional endpoints may be used to assess the gross health consequences of complex mixture exposures from groundwater contamination, superfund sites, biologic releases, or nutritional sources. Such endpoints include the stimulation of cell growth or the induction of a response in an animal model. An environmental exposure that upsets normal cell growth regulation may have important ramifications for cancer development. Stimulating cell growth may alter an individual's cancer risk by changing the expression of genes and proteins that have a role in growth regulatory pathways within cells. Modulating the regulation of these genes and their products may contribute to the initiation, promotion or progression of disease in response to environmental exposure. We are investigating diet-related compounds that induce cell proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. These compounds, PhIP, Flor-Essence{reg_sign} and Essiac{reg_sign}, may be part of an everyday diet. PhIP is a naturally occurring mutagen that is formed in well-cooked muscle meats. PhIP consistently causes dose-dependent breast tumor formationmore » in rats and consumption of well-done meat has been linked to increased risk of breast cancer in women. Flor-Essence{reg_sign} and Essiac{reg_sign} herbal tonics are complementary and alternative medicines used by women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer as an alternative therapy for disease treatment and prevention. The long-term goal of this work is to identify those cellular pathways that are altered by a chemical or biologic environmental exposure and understand how those changes correlate with and or predict changes in human health risk. This project addressed this goal by measuring alterations in cell growth pathways in the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using functional cell proliferation and reporter assays in combination with new macroarray technology after exposure to PhIP and the herbal tonics.« less

Nucleotide sequences of the mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) type 1 Lang and type 2 Jones M3 gene segments were newly determined. The nucleotide sequence of the reovirus type 3 Dearing M3 segment also was determined to compare with a previously reported M3 sequence for that isolate. Comparisons showed Lang and Dearing M3 to be more closely related than either was to Jones M3, consistent with previous findings for other reovirus gene segments. The microNS protein sequences deduced from each M3 segment were shown to be related in a similar pattern as the respective nucleotide sequences and to contain several regions of greater or less than average variability among the three isolates. Identification of conserved methionine codons near the 5' ends of the Lang, Jones, and Dearing M3 plus strands lent support to the hypothesis that microNSC, a smaller protein also encoded by M3, arises by translation initiation from a downstream methionine codon within the same open reading frame as microNS. Other analyses of the deduced protein sequences indicated that regions within the carboxyl-terminal third of microNS and microNSC from each isolate have a propensity to form alpha-helical coiled coils, most likely coiled-coil dimers. The new sequences will augment further studies on microNS and microNSC structure and function.

The stalked, ciliated protozoan Vorticella convallaria possesses a highly contractile cytoskeleton consisting of spasmonemes and myonemes. The major component of these contractile organelles is the calcium-binding protein(s) called spasmin. Cloning and characterization of spasmin would help elucidate this contractile system. Therefore, enriched spasmoneme protein preparations from these contractile stalks were used to produce a monoclonal antibody to spasmin. A monoclonal antibody, 1F5, was obtained that immunolocalized specifically to the spasmonemes and the myonemes and recognized a 20-kD calcium-binding protein in spasmoneme protein preparations. A putative spasmin cDNA was obtained from a V. convallaria cDNA library and the derived amino acid sequence of this cDNA revealed an acidic, 20-kD protein with calcium-binding helix-loop-helix domains. The physical properties of the putative spasmin were assessed by characterization of a recombinantly-produced spasmin protein. The recombinant spasmin protein was shown to bind calcium using calcium gel-shift assays and was recognized by the anti-spasmin antibody. Therefore, a V. convallaria spasmin was cloned and shown to be a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins.

Test stations that are designed for today's imaging focal plane testing requirements normally include A/D conversion. The accuracy of the A/D conversion relates to the measurement accuracy of the test station and as such is a very important component of the stations end-to- end performance. Therefore characterization of the A/D conversion component is essential to the understanding of the test station's capabilities. This paper discusses the performance of two common A/D conversion devices integrated for use in a typical test station environment; 12 bit, 10 MHz; and 16 bit, 2 MHz. It details the realities of the accuracy of these A/D components as they are integrated into test stations, comparing the theoretical limits to the tested performance. Also discussed are the problems of testing high resolution A/D components at Nyquist frequencies at full scale input signals. The effect of A/D performance upon other common components within the test station is shown. This paper explores why time domain testing of A/D components may be a better gauge of performance than the more common frequency domain testing for evaluation within the focal plane testing environment.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An elderly woman with a history of a total hysterectomy underwent fine needle biopsy of an ovarian lesion during laparotomy. The cytologic findings demonstrated adenocarcinomatous and heterologous sarcomatous cells and were reported as a malignant mixed müllerian tumor. A histologic examination confirmed this diagnosis.

Introduction Rapid on site evaluation (ROSE) of cytology from endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is uncommon in the UK. The impact of ROSE in the learning curve of a new EUS-FNA service is largely unknown. Documenting the yield of malignancy in solid pancreatic lesions may provide a benchmark for performance of EUS-FNA. Aim We report the initial findings of ROSE and its impact on the first 36 consecutive cases of solid pancreatic mass lesions (SPML). Methods We prospectively collected data on the first 70 patients referred for an EUS-FNA incorporating a single endosonographer competent in radial EUS, a single cytotechnologist (ROSE) and two pathologists. Result The average age was 62.9 with a M/F ratio of 42:28. SPML accounted for 36/70 (51.4%). No samples were deemed inadequate. Cytology confirmed adenocarcinoma in 30/36 (83.3%). Of the remaining six, follow-up data (cytology, subsequent surgery, oncology, clinical follow-up) confirmed two cases consistent with chronic pancreatitis; one suspicious for malignancy (subsequent CT revealed lung metastases), while EUS criteria suggested malignancy in the remaining three cases cytology was non-diagnostic. One patient elected for a Whipples which showed pT3N1 pancreatic cancer, one remains under current surveillance follow-up, one died of metastatic tumour presumed pancreatic in origin. ROSE suggested malignancy in 34/36 (94%) cases. There was good agreement therefore between on site evaluation and final cytology reporting. Conclusion EUS FNA gave a high yield in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in solid pancreatic tumours in 30/34 (88%) one further case was suspicious for malignancy. ROSE had an immediate impact on determination of necrotic centres within tumour masses, immediate feedback on tissue acquisition and blood contaminating specimens thus guiding decisions re suction vs no suction, limiting the number of passes when material was deemed adequate thus optimising the procedure time, and guiding the evolving technique of FNA passes within a tumour mass. No case returned for a second EUS FNA. In a new FNA service ROSE contributed to the accuracy of staging, the learning curve of the team and enabled decision making to take place on the day of the procedure.

A case of acinic cell carcinoma, metastatic to lung is presented. Fine needle aspiration showed a low-grade adenocarcinoma. Electron microscopy of the aspirated material, however, allowed definite preoperative diagnosis of metastatic acinic cell carcinoma. The lesion was successfully resected and diagnosis confirmed on histology. Ten years previously an acinic cell carcinoma of similar histology had been excised from the left parotid region.

In Hawaii, many species of marine algae are eaten by people, as well as by green sea turtles, reef fish, shore crabs and other herbivorous invertebrates. The Total Dietary Fiber (TDF) content was determined for 30 species (17 Rhodophyta, 4 Phaeophyta, and 9 Chlorophyta) using an enzymatic-gravimetric procedure. Overall, the seaweeds were rich in fiber. TDF values ranged from 58.48% dry wt. in Ahnfeltiopsis concinna (J. Agardh) Silva et DeCew to 12.80% dry wt. in Codium reediae Silva.

In 1978, the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, was listed as threatened in the United States under the Endangered Species Act. Any knowledge gained from an understanding of the diet and how it affects this species' ability to survive is crucial. Turf algae, the primary component of the diet of Chelonia mydas, and turtle fecal pellets were collected from Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park on the island of Hawaii at monthly intervals. The turf algae and fecal pellets were subjected to nutritional analyses for protein, carbohydrate, lipid, ash, and caloric content. The fecal pellets were higher in protein content than the turf algae, which may be related to fermentation carried out by bacteria in the turtle hindgut that increases the amount of protein available for absorption. From the nutritional data, assimilation efficiencies were calculated for the green turtle.

It is often assumed that firms with more experience using advanced manufacturing technologies can implement new production equipment more easily because such experience provides essential technical skills. Firms that perceive they lack these skills may be deterred from adopting complex new technologies. An empirical study was made to see how technical backgrounds actually affected implementation results when 31 Canadian firms adopted their first robots. The technical experience of plant staffs, system suppliers and production departments was assessed and compared with system start‐up times, reliability and reported management satisfaction. Greater experience among each of the contributing groups had different effects: more experienced designers and builders (both in‐house and hired) provided systems that started up faster but were no more reliable; more experience operating similar equipment did not improve start‐up duration but led to more reliable systems. Overall, good management of available technical resources was probably more important than having extensive technical experience.

We have identified a 40- to 45-kDa cell-surface molecule designated gp42, that is expressed in high levels by rat lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells of NK cell origin. gp42 cannot be detected on the precursors of LAK cells and is not present on resting or activated T cells. Rather, expression of gp42 is selectively induced on NK cells by the high concentrations of rIL-2 that are required for the induction of LAK activity. Although the function of gp42 is not known, the selective nature of its expression suggests a role for this molecule in regulating responses that are unique to IL-2-activated NK cells.

The intravenous injection of lignocaine distal to a tourniquet has been found a useful, time-saving, safe method of anaesthesia for short operations on a limb. There has been some controversy concerning the site of action of the agent. p]A solution of lignocaine containing Hypaque as a radio-opaque medium was used to permit radiological demonstration of the distribution of the solution injected into the veins of the arm distal to the tourniquet. X-ray pictures of the injected limb were correlated with the area of anaesthesia existing at the time of the X-ray exposure, and it was shown that anaesthesia existed only in those areas where the radio-opaque medium was demonstrated actually in the tissues. Anaesthesia spread as the radio-opaque material spread into further tissue. It would seem to be conclusively shown that intravenous lignocaine injected distal to a tourniquet acts at the tissue level on the nerve endings. This would explain the clinical observation of areas of analgesia and complete preservation of sensation existing in the distribution of the same nerve.

The problem of the treatment of defectives is somewhat different from that met with in regard to the patients in mental hospitals. In the case of mental hospital patients most of them have filled useful positions in the world, and also the percentage of possible recoveries is hopeful, and many of them are able to resume their former occupations. But mental defectives are social misfits, many with anti-social traits, others neglected and ill-treated, and again others of a much lower grade, many of whom are helpless and even cot-cases.

The reovirus L2 genome segment encodes the core spike protein lambda2, which mediates enzymatic reactions in 5' capping of the viral plus-strand transcripts. Complete nucleotide-sequence determinations were made for the L2 genome segments of eight mammalian reoviruses, including the prototype isolates of serotypes 1 and 2: Lang (T1L) and Jones (T2J), respectively. Each L2 segment was found to be 3912 or 3915 bases in length. Partial nucleotide-sequence determinations were also made for the 3916-base L2 segment of reovirus type 3 Dearing (T3D), the prototype isolate of serotype 3. The whole-genome sequence of reovirus T3D was reported previously. The T1L L2 analysis represents completion of the whole-genome sequence of that isolate as well. The T2J L2 analysis leaves only the sequence of the M1 segment yet to be reported from the genome of that isolate. The T2J M1 sequence made available from analysis in another lab was used for initiating whole-genome comparisons of reoviruses T1L, T2J, and T3D in this report. The nine L2 gene sequences and deduced lambda2 protein sequences were used to gain further insights into the biological variability, structure, and functions of lambda2 through comparisons of the sequences and reference to the crystal structure of core-bound lambda2. Phylogenetic comparisons suggest the presence of three evolutionary lines of divergent L2 alleles among the nine isolates. Localized regions of conserved amino acids in the lambda2 crystal structure include active-site clefts of the RNA capping enzyme domains, sites of interactions between lambda2 domains within the pentameric spike structure, and sites of interaction between lambda2 subunits and other proteins in viral particles.

The principle in electromyography that positive sharp waves (PSW) and fibrillation potentials (FP) are pathognomonic of lower motor neuron (LMN) pathology is challenged by recent reports that the same potentials are observed in upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions. We have also observed positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in patients with UMN lesions, without conditions that involve the LMN. This study was undertaken to ascertain if there are differences in the potentials between the LMN and UMN lesions. Twenty-five UMN and 25 LMN patients were electromyographed. Manual and computer analyses were used to compare parameters from positive sharp wave and fibrillation potentials. Our findings indicate that there are interlesion differences in the mean frequency of occurrence ratio of PSW to FP and in some of the durational wave parameters.