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The personnel of a marine craft, during the realization of their professional duties, are exposed to a vast variety of harmful factors. Often such work involves working at the limit of the physiological capabilities of the body. The difficulty and prolonged character of the works lead to significant psycho-emotional stress of the seafarers of the fishing fleet. To better understand the significance of psychological factors in the genesis of mental adaptation disorders, tests have been developed and are widely used to understand the structure of personality: emotional, motivational and interpersonal properties of a worker. The aim of the study is to determine the features of the state of the emotional sphere among Russian sailors during a long fishing period and substantiate the need for its correction during the voyage and inter–voyage periods. Materials and methods: 64 seafarers working in the fishing chain aged from 25 to 35 years were examined. In the dynamics of their 5-month voyage, four times (at the beginning of the fishery, after 1, 3 and 5 months of oceanic fishing), the Sax Levy test – "Uncompleted sentences" was carried out. The results of the study: during long-term work at sea, the unconditional dominance of caring for their family and loved ones was revealed among the employees of the fishing fleet. As part of his professional activity, it was noted that the higher the educational level, the greater the interest in the work of the person being interviewed shows. In relation to the respondents to society, the immediate environment, a rather restrained, closed position is often manifested. The technique can be used in medical organizations engaged in medical examination of the crew. It is especially recommended to use it during the spawning period, as well as during the first days of work or during a crew change.

Due to the significant strategic importance of the marine transport system, the issue of ensuring various types of security (especially medical, psychological) for personnel working in this branch of the national economy seems relevant. The Marine Doctrine of the Russian Federation and the corresponding Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 512 dated July 31, 2022 is the leading document regulating these issues. The article presents various groups of factors that affect the health of seafarers (genetic, medical support, living conditions and lifestyle, the state of the environment). The negative aspects of these factors that impair the health of the crew are listed: disorders of adaptive processes in the body, up to stressful conditions; the occurrence of diseases of the body systems (cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, sensory, musculoskeletal system); the purchasing of various kinds of dependent states (alcohol and nicotine); decreased physical activity, eating habits, satisfaction from their work, psychological and emotional stress disorders social isolation, fatigue. The problem of the shortage of specialists in the marine medicine, despite the requirements of word standards, is emphasized. In this regard, the problem is raised about the training of specialized medical personnel (including in the field of psychological support) in medical educational organizations for prevention, sanitary, educational and hygienic work with personnel, monitoring the health of seafarers, timely identification of premorbid conditions, quality treatment and rehabilitation. To solve it, first of all, an integrated approach at the state level is needed. First of all, it is proposed to improve the legislative basis, and then the implementation of documents at all levels of administrative authority.

Efficient management of the health care system is essential to ensure the high quality of health care facilities, both public and private. The expected results of work to improve the efficiency of health care system involve the introduction of modern complex systems, among which digital technologies play a leading role. The value of digitalization will help healthcare organizations overcome the challenge of limiting the use of resources to meet growing healthcare needs. The digitalization of domestic healthcare, which covers electronic prescriptions, electronic referrals and the exchange of electronic medical records, has been implemented on the platform of the Integrated State Information System since 2018. According to forecasts, its implementation and maximum use should be completed and implemented to the maximum by 2025. The success of this implementation is closely related to the level of digital skills of both healthcare providers and users of healthcare services. It is believed that the widespread introduction of electronic technologies in healthcare will solve many current problems in this industry. However, at the present time its use is not yet very well developed, and its potential is little used. There are many reasons that promote or limit the spread of digital transformation in the healthcare sector. This is, first of all, knowledge, opportunities for learning, the ability to interact, systemic thinking. Good managerial responsibility is critical to transforming healthcare. Implementing eHealth requires new and innovative workflows. At the same time, both the medical staff and the administrative link must be aware that their work will change radically. It will evolve from a routine to an activity of learning, skill development and constant change in work practices.

Cryosols of the Antarctic maritime area are much different from the continental ones. The relatively moderate climate conditions in Maritime Antarctica and a strong interaction between the biotic and abiotic environment are drivers for more intensive soil formation processes than in the continental regions. Soil formation studies from the Maritime Antarctica are, however, rather rare. Therefore, micromorphological investigations on polar soils can contribute to more comprehensive information on soil genesis in Antarctica. In this study, we applied the micromorphological study of thin sections from soil micromonoliths to assess the intensity and trends of the pedogenic processes in selected soils from two adjacent islands of the South-Shetland archipelago: King George Island and Livingston Island. The results obtained show that regional lithology and the origin of the incoming organic matter mainly determine the micromorphological structure of the local soils. Soil matrix micromorphological properties and features (mineralogical content, weathering stage and even partly grain-size distribution) are mainly defined by pyroclastic particles due to recent and ancient volcanic eruptions. The presence of rounded grains and aggregated mineral particles is the evidence of marine origin of the sediments. Ornithogenic soils show the clear evidence of the organic plasma formation and mineral particles aggregation via the zoogenic organic substances provided by penguins which is a unique specifics of the maritime Antarctic soils.

The hard-working conditions of mariners require a high degree of adaptation of the regulatory systems of the organism. In ensuring adaptation, one of the leading ones is the endocrine system (especially the pituitary-adrenal axis.The aim of the study is to investigate changes in hormonal parameters in mariners during a voyage to various climatic and geographical regions.Materials and methods: Russian seamen were examined during the dynamics of the voyage to various climatogeographic regions. They have determined the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol four times (before the voyage, at the beginning, in the middle and at the end).The results of the study and their discussion: at the beginning of the voyage, the level of ACTH and cortisol were increased; by the middle of the voyage, ACTH decreased but cortisol remained at the same values; by the end of the voyage, the levels of both hormones decreased and reached values much lower than before the voyage. Considering the dynamics of hormonal levels, the normal course of the general adaptation process occurs in the first half of the voyage. A significant decrease in ACTH and cortisol levels in the second half of the voyage may be a sign of breakdown of adaptive capacity.

The prolonged availability of seafarers on board of water vehicle during voyages forms the features of professional labor activity. When assessing the medical and sanitary situation of life and vital activity of the crew on board a ship, it is necessary to take into account a set of conditions that are integrated into a single notion — «ship environment ». The ship’s environment affects the personnel’s body for the entire period while people are on the voyage. It can cause changes in the state of health. The article presents a review of the literature devoted to the study of the influence of climatic and geographical factors accompanying maritime labor. Natural factors occupy a significant share among the large effects of the ship’s environment that affect the health of seafarers and, accordingly, their ability to work. Among them, the greatest contribution is made by temperature, physico-chemical properties of air, photoperiodic fluctuations. The homeostatic systems of the seafarers ‘ body are very closely dependent on the natural situation of the seas. These conditions impose high requirements and can cause the development of premorbid and pathological conditions. To ensure the protection of the health and working capacity of the crew, it is necessary to study the influence of external factors. The main directions for ensuring the safety and strengthening of the health of seafarers are: forecasting and prevention of health disorders, prenosological diagnostics and timely medical support, rehabilitation measures in the post-voyage period.

The warming and an increase in the amount of solid precipitation, which became apparent in North Yakutia on the threshold of the 21st century, have led to an increase of soil temperature in winter season and of the permafrost. The heat fluxes measured in the taiga soil on the Kolyma Lowland reveal an imbalance in the annual heat gain and loss in the cryogenic ecosystem amounting to 26.3-56.1% of the incoming energy. An increase in the summer air temperatures of the 2000th caused a universal increase in the depth of seasonal soil thawing. After the drop in high summer temperatures, the active layer thickness (ALT) either continued to grow or stabilized at higher levels in the watershed ecosystems of the Kolyma Lowland; however, ALT returned to its initial values in the tundra of the Yana-Indigirka Lowland. As for the floodplain landscapes, ALT increased near-linearly over the 24 years of monitoring. The waterlogged tundra and taiga soils as well as the upland gleyzem of the Bykovsky Peninsula differed only by a temporary increase in the thawing depth. The degree of the soil and permafrost thermal regime transformation tends to increase from west to east, fitting the heterogeneity of climate changes.

The contrastive analysis of the selectivity of potential separating agents (SA) sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) relative to the components of a 2,2,2-trifluor...

This study summarizes seasonal thawing data collected in different permafrost regions of northeast Asia over the 1995–2018 period. Empirical observations were undertaken under the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program at a range of sites across the permafrost landscapes of the Yana-Indigirka and Kolyma lowlands and the Chukotka Peninsula, and supplemented with 10 years of observations from volcanic mountainous areas of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Thaw depth observations, taken using mechanical probing at the end of the thawing season, and ground temperature measurements, were analyzed with respect to air temperatures trends. The data from 24 sites (16 in the Indigirka-Kolyma region, 5 in Chukotka and 3 in Kamchatka) reveal different reactions of the active layer thickness (ALT) to recent changes in atmospheric climate. In general, there is a positive relation between ALT and summer air temperatures. Since the early 2000s positive ALT anomalies (compared with mean data from all sites) prevail in the Kolyma and Chukotka area, with only one alas site showing a negative ALT trend. The only active site in the Kamchatka Mountains shows no significant thaw depth changes over the period of observation. Two other Kamchatka sites were affected during a volcanic eruption in 2012.

The biogeochemical effect of birds can influence the paedogenic processes in the Antarctica soils. The content of nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, nitrate and ammonium) and the total carbon and nitrogen contents in soils were determined at the nesting and feeding sites of flying and non-flying birds in the Fildes Peninsula (King George Island, West Antarctica). The results showed that the difference between soils affected by birds (both flying and non-flying) and the background soils was observed with the higher content of biogenic elements (e.g. C, N, P, K) and fine-earth content, variable soil pH values, more expressed soil structure and specific morphology of the uppermost organogenic and organo-mineral horizons. Additional chemical indices are suggested for diagnostics of current and recent effect of birds on paedoenvironments.

An experimental packed fractionating column was designed to study the process of separation of water hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, including the separation in the salt-effect distillation process. The vapor rate upon flooding and the dependence of the pressure drop in the packed column on the vapor load when operating under full reflux conditions are determined experimentally. A comparative analysis of the column operation in the processes of fractionation of pure water and fractionation of water in the presence of salt separating agents is performed. It is shown that the use of urea for separating hydrogen isotopes and MgCl2 for separating oxygen isotopes can give rise to an increase in the column performance with respect to the target component by an order of magnitude.

The task of determining the end point (DEP) of the transient process (TP) in the measuring circuit (MC) during testing of complex objects (CO) is currently relevant. The real MC has a priori parametric uncertainty (PU). It is PU that determines the significant dynamic error (DE) of the first kind when determining the end of the dynamic test mode. For example, estimates of the relative error of DEP TP are known to arise due to the improper application of the interval type criterion (ITC) for CO with a first-order dynamic model. The importance of solving this problem is emphasized by its inclusion in Russian and foreign standards on methods of conducting CO tests in various technologies. Previously, we found the presence of a critical constant criterion (CCC), which is determined by the nominal value of the system parameter (SP) PU. Such a modified interval criterion should ensure acceptable DEP quality. Robust properties are provided due to a specially developed algorithm for the functioning of the ITC. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the increments of the deterministic TP signal, a criterion for evaluating the quality of automatic monitoring of the duration of the observation interval (DOI) control is developed. Moreover, the evaluation criterion has a quadratic character, which made it possible to apply extreme control methods. A block diagram of the DOI control based on the processing of the TP measurement signal is developed. A digital simulation of the modified interval criterion is performed. The simulation showed the effectiveness of the proposed solution of the DEP TP problem in the possible range of variations of the MC mathematical model. Moreover, the solution is guaranteed to provide DE at the acceptable level.

When testing complex objects, it is recommended to use standardized criteria to determine the moment of the end of the transient process (TP) in the measuring circuit (MC). The criteria of the interval type (CIV) analyze the current increment of the TP signal in the MC. The paper considers only TP with first-order dynamics. It is known that the CIV has a significant restriction on its application: when the parameter of the TP model exceeds the critical constant of the criterion (CPC), we get a significant excess of the dynamic error (DE) achieved at the observation interval (OI) over the permissible level (PL) and, consequently, a false positive decision of the CIV about the beginning of the static measurement mode.The paper presents an algorithm of the robust interval criterion (RIC) – as a modification of the CIV-for determining the end point of the TP. Robustness is achieved by using a tunable implicit reference model. The controlled parameter of the RIC is the duration of the OI for the TP signal. Based on this duration, the current value of the PDA and the parameter of the reference model are calculated. The difference between the signals about the expected duration of the TP from the reference model and the moment of decision-making is information for setting the parameters of the RIC. Thus, the optimal value of OI is found.The research was carried out by the method of simulation modeling using the Monte Carlo method. The results of the research are the evaluation of the effectiveness of the robust interval criterion in the case of its application over the entire possible interval of a priori parametric uncertainty in comparison with the results of the functioning of standardized CIV. The obtained statistical results confirm the high reliability of the RIC operation and the absence of false-positive solutions in the analysis of transient signals for first-order dynamical systems.