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We investigate the nexus between TV watching and the general public opinion about the impact of immigrants on the economies of destination countries using evidence from the European Social Survey. We find, as expected, that low skilled workers and less educated respondents have a more negative view, likely due to the stronger competition threat they suffer from immigrants. Second, and more surprising, time spent watching TV gives a strong and significant contribution to the negative opinions on the role of immigrants. Over-representation of negative events involving migrants and lack of migrants voice on TV are two likely rationales consistent with our findings.

Over 25 million people are victims of forced labor globally; the vast majority are low-skilled migrant workers who migrated from a different country or region. Evidence so far indicates that much of labor exploitation has roots in the recruitment process. This motivates the question of whether there are characteristics common to low-skilled labor recruitment that can serve as reliable indicators of forced labor risk in the workplace. Leveraging unique data sets from the Myanmar Government and the Issara Institute on weekly demand for Burmese migrant workers in Thailand by Thai companies, and on worker voice hot-line data from 2018-2020, we find that unexpected labor shortages in the workplace significantly increase migrant worker abuse. Using an Instrumental Variable (IV) approach, we find that an increase of one standard deviation in low-skilled labor shortages in the workplace leads to a 34.5% or higher increase in worker-reported labor abuse in the two to four weeks that follow. Shocks of such magnitude occur about 10% of the time. We also find a visible correlation between provinces whose labor markets are more stressed on average and the frequency of unexpected labor shortages in a province, suggesting that stressed labor markets are also more prone to unexpected shortages and abuse. Overall, this research suggests that inefficiencies in matching supply and demand for low-skilled labor play an important role in determining labor abuse outcomes, and that reducing these inefficiencies in the labor recruitment process could help mitigate labor abuse.

International audience; Workers' propensity to migrate to another local labor market varies a lot by occupation. We use the model developed by Schmutz and Sidibé (2019) to quantify the impact of mobility costs and search frictions on this mobility gap. We estimate the model on a matched employer-employee panel dataset describing labor market transitions within and between the 30 largest French cities for two groups at both ends of the occupational spectrum and find that: (i) mobility costs are very comparable in the two groups, so they are three times higher for blue-collar workers relative to their respective expected income; (ii) Depending on employment status, spatial frictions are between 2 and 3 times higher for blue-collar workers; (iii) Moving subsidies have little (and possibly negative) impact on the mobility gap, contrary to policies targeting spatial frictions; (iv) Mobility-enhancing policies have almost no impact on the unemployment gap.

Using dormant buds (DB) for germplasm cryopreservation was published few decades ago and since then, dormant buds have been used to preserve genetic resources of selected horticultural woody plant species. The advantages of employing DB in preservation are widely known; the most relevance is no requirements of aseptic cultures, high processing throughput and involvement of a relatively low skilled technical support; but the method has also shortcomings, such as seasonality of processing and lack of procedural modifications that might support preservation of all accessions in a collection. The US, NLGRP cryopreserved DB of 2168 unique Malus (Mill.) accessions (among 51 species) with a ≥40% post cryo viability. The method worked well for all accessions in 20 species, for ≥90% of accessions in six species and at a various percent (0-89%) in the remaining 25 species. For species with the largest number of processed accessions, the M. domestica, Borkh., M. hybrid and M. sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. (1355, 326 and 128 cryopreserved accessions, respectively), the percent of accessions responding favorable to the DB method was high (96, 96 and 82%). The results indicated variability in Malus DB response to liquid nitrogen exposure; similar results were recorded in the Pyrus L. collections. Procedural refinements of the DB cryopreservation method could increase the method applicability to a much higher number of Malus species and its use in other collections of horticultural woody plants like Prunus L. and Pyrus L.

We estimate the minimum wage's effects on low-skilled workers' employment and income trajectories. Our approach exploits two dimensions of the data we analyze. First, we compare workers in states that were bound by recent increases in the federal minimum wage to workers in states that were not. Second, we use 12 months of baseline data to divide low-skilled workers into a "target" group, whose baseline wage rates were directly affected, and a "within-state control" group with slightly higher baseline wage rates. Over three subsequent years, we find that binding minimum wage increases had significant, negative effects on the employment and income growth of targeted workers. Lost income reflects contributions from employment declines, increased probabilities of working without pay (i.e., an "internship" effect), and lost wage growth associated with reductions in experience accumulation. Methodologically, we show that our approach identifies targeted workers more precisely than the demographic and industrial proxies used regularly in the literature. Additionally, because we identify targeted workers on a population-wide basis, our approach is relatively well suited for extrapolating to estimates of the minimum wage's effects on aggregate employment. Over the late 2000s, the average effective minimum wage rose by 30 percent across the United States. We estimate that these minimum wage increases reduced the national employment-to-population ratio by 0.7 percentage point.

This study examines the city-size wage premium (CSWP) for local urban hukou holders (citizens) and rural migrants by utilizing data from the Chinese Household Income Project surveys (CHIP 2002 and 2013) employing OLS and Propensity Score Matching method. Heterogeneity of skills (measured by level of education) is found to be one determinant of the city-size wage disparity. But irrespective of skills, citizens receive a higher city-size premium than the rural migrants; nevertheless, the premium received by rural migrants has increased over the past few years. Within the similar occupation and type of firm, a highly skilled citizen received a CSWP of Yuan 880.08 in 2013 (Yuan 347.48 in 2002) on average per month. Whereas, a highly skilled rural migrant received an average monthly premium of Yuan 601.71 in 2013, and an insignificant premium in 2002. The corresponding values for low skilled citizens and rural migrants in 2013 are Yuan 415.67 and 267.27 respectively. Our results establish that there has been a positive effect on rural migrants from the relaxation of policies and labour laws, and a move towards equalization within the same level of skills.

This is an action research study that summarizes one teacher’s journey in modifying a conventional soccer skill unit, using a visual feedback teaching aid, in improving soccer push pass technique among low-skilled Physical Education trainee teachers. This is an action research, aimed to improve the push pass technique among seven (7) low-skilled physical education core elective students in one of the teacher education institute in Malaysia. These seven students failed to demonstrate the minimal skill set for a push pass during a conventional class. Preliminary data showed that these students were weak at most of the 10 performance indicators for a push pass, and also scored low for accuracy of the kick. My college and I used a specially designed teaching aid LiLeBo that functions like a portable indoor golf green putting mat, to help students practice the push pass using the correct technique. Evaluation of the push pass is based on their execution (technique) and accuracy. Technique is measured based on teacher observation (based on 10 performance criteria) and accuracy on whether the ball reaches the goal. Students were evaluated based on 5 attempts with the push pass. Evaluation was carried out at the end of eight (8) weeks. Findings from this study showed a positive improvement in both technique and accuracy during the execution of a push pass. This study showed that visual feedback is important to learn correct technique for motor skills, especially among weaker adult students.

Defender el derecho de los menos competentes a recibir una educacion fisica de calidad no es una arbitrariedad ni un capricho, es un derecho, y es en este contexto donde deseamos ubicar a los protagonistas de este Monografico de la Revista RICYDE. Ya en 2006 habiamos llamado la atencion sobre la existencia de lo que denominabamos “ dificultad oculta ” y que hacia referencia a los problemas de baja competencia motriz existente en un sector del alumnado en las clases de educacion fisica (Gomez, Ruiz y Mata, 2006). Recientemente hemos vuelto a destacarlo (Ruiz, 2018) hasta llegar a este Monografico dedicado expresamente a destacar que a los alumnos y alumnas con baja competencia motriz se les debe dar mas protagonismo. La Educacion Fisica y sus docentes no puede mirar para otro lado mientras hay un sector de su alumnado que se queja y lamenta no ser considerados por sus profesores, no recibir el apoyo suficiente y como sus dificultades no son comprendidas, simplificandolo en que lo que manifiestan es un problema de motivacion. (...) https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2019.055ed Referencias/references Betts, M., & Underwood, G. L. (1992). The experience of three low motor ability pupils in infant physical education. The Bulletin of Physical Education , 28(3), 45-56. Cairney, J. (Ed.) (2015). Developmental Coordination Disorder and its consequences . Toronto: Toronto University Press. Cermak, S. A., & Larkin, D. (2002). Developmental Coordination Disorder . Australia: Delmar-Thompson Learning. Haubenstricker, J. L. (1982). Motor development in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 52 (5),41-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1982.10629384 Henderson S. E.; Sugden D. A., & Barnett A. L. (2007). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 . London, England: Pearson. (Adaptacion espanola coordinada por Ruiz, L. M. y Graupera, J. L. en 2011 como Bateria de Evaluacion del Movimiento para ninos-2. Madrid: Pearson Clinical & Talent Assessment Espana). Goodway J. D.; Crowe, H., & Ward, P. (2003). Effects of motor skill instruction on fundamental motor skill development. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 20 , 298-314. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.20.3.298 Gomez, M.; Ruiz, L. M., & Mata, E. (2006). Los problemas evolutivos de coordinacion en la adolescencia: analisis de una dificultad oculta. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 1 (3), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2006.00303 Orlick, T., & Botterill, C. (1975). Every kid can win . Chicago: Nelson Hall. Parker, H. E., & Larkin, D. (2003). Children´s co-ordination and developmental movement difficulties . En G. Savelsbergh, K. Davids, J. vand der Kamp, & S.J. Bennett (Eds.). Development of Movement Co-ordination in Children. Applications in the fields of Ergonomics, Health Science and Sport. (pp. 107-132). London: Routledge. Ramon, I., & Ruiz, L. M. (2015). Adolescence, motor coordination problems and competence. Revista Educacion XXi, 18 (2), 189-213. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.14601 Revie, G., & Larkin, D. (1993). Task-specific intervention with children reduces movement problems. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 10 , 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.10.1.29 Ruiz, L. M. (1995). Competencia Motriz. Elementos para comprender el aprendizaje motor en Educacion Fisica . Madrid: Gymnos. Ruiz, L. M. (2000). Aprender a ser incompetente en educacion fisica: un enfoque psicosocial. Apunts de educacion fisica y deportes, 60 , 20-25. Ruiz, L. M. (2018). Low Competence and Developmental Motor Coordination Problems in Physical Education. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 16 (52), 97-100. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2018.052ed Ruiz, L. M. (2018). Desarrollo motor, cerebro y neuroeducacion motriz en la infancia. En J. Munoz-Parreno, & N. Belando-Pedreno (Coords.). Neuroaccion. La neurociencia aplicada a las Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte. (pp.105-136). Vigo: MC Sports. Ruiz, L. M., & Palomo, M. (2018). Clumsiness and Motor Competence in Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. En O. Bernard & N. Llevot (Eds.), Pedagogy. Volume 2 . IntechOpen, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70832 Ruiz, L. M.; Palomo, M.; Gomez, M. A., & Navia, J.A. (2018). When We Were Clumsy: Some Memories of Adults who were Low Skilled in Physical Education at School. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 5 (1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.15640/jpesm.v5n1a4 Walling, M. D., & Martinek, T. (1995). Learned helplessness: A case study of a middle school student. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14 , 454-466. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.14.4.454

This study described the strategies used by expert teachers to instruct low motor skill students in physical education classes. The method was extensively pilot tested. Eleven physical education teachers took part in the study. Data were collected via observations, field notes, interviews, and nonstructured informal interviews. Two major themes emerged during the data analysis. First, specific teaching skills are important to facilitate low-skilled students’ success, with subthemes of (a) teachers paying attention to low-skilled students’ motor skill deficiencies and (b) teachers creating an accepting environment for low-skilled students. Second, teachers structure authentic performances in which low-skilled students can successfully participate, with subthemes of (a) teachers continually modifying game play with no scores, no winners, and everyone working together and (b) teachers recognizing decisions about equipment selection and usage for low-skilled students. The results can inform how teachers develop lessons for low-skilled students.Subscribe to TPE

This article discusses workers at two organizations: one employing disabled individuals and another employing low-skilled Mexican-American women. Workers at both organizations show positive effects...

Singapore is host to approximately 1.7 million transient migrants who either work or study in the city-state. While there has been extensive research on the conditions of low skilled or unskilled workers, little has been written about the experiences of the educated and middle class transnationally mobile workers and students and how they make a home for themselves in the city-state. Through in-depth interviews with 86 international students and educated transnationally mobile workers on their self-perceived identities, social networks, concepts of home, and media and communication use, this article looks at the strategies used by ‘foreign talent’ migrants to feel at home in Singapore. It is observed that while foreign talent migrants develop a combination of creative strategies in order to make Singapore ‘a home away from home’, being transient negatively affects their relationship with Singaporeans. The study also finds that while transient migrants develop close relationships with co-nationals as a strategy for transience, they also maintain/develop class structures while overseas. In other words, international students and white collar workers do not associate with co-nationals who are in low skilled or unskilled work. Drawing on the concept that transient migrants use their self-perceived identities to negotiate everyday life, this article argues that foreign talent migrants use their self-perceived identities to create emerging social and cultural spaces through their versions of reconstructions of home and by their (non)interactions with co-nationals and Singaporeans. In doing so, this article specifically moves away from the literature on time and temporalities which situates the temporary migrant as facing challenges overseas due to the break in their expected life course and connections to home, highlighting instead that transient migrants see their temporality not as a disruption bur rather part of their evolving life course.

This article explores knowledge transfers in international migration and development through insights from Pacific Island seasonal workers participating in Australia's Seasonal Worker Programme (SWP). We discuss actual and potential horticultural knowledge transfers that are enabled when circular migrants are engaged in agriculture in their place of migration origin and destination. Transfers identified by seasonal workers themselves include: technologies to improve horticultural production, exposure to different crop types, and techniques to improve crop yields. We argue that SWP migrants should be reframed as knowledge holders (not ‘unskilled’ or ‘low-skilled’ labourers), and reflect on how knowledge transfers can be better supported to enable benefits for communities of origin and destination.

In this article, we document some empirical facts about vocational training in India. First, we show that the education levels and vocational training of the Indian labour force are low and have not changed between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Then, we show that in wage employment, regular wage and salary earners and casual labour, the returns to skilling are low while the returns to general education are significant, even within the same occupation and industry category. Using the enterprise surveys from the NSS, we also document that self-employment, which is the outside option for most unskilled, semi-skilled and even skilled people, is very unproductive. We, thus, argue that the Indian labour market is stuck in an equilibrium where both the number of persons getting skilled and the returns to skilling are low. JEL: J240, O150

This paper investigates whether the increasing “residual wage inequality” trend is related to manufacturing decline and the influx of low-skilled immigrants. There is a vast literature arguing that technological change, international trade, and institutional factors have played a significant role in the inequality trend. However, most of the trend is unexplained by observable factors. This paper attempts to “explain” the growth in the unexplained variance of wages by exploiting variation across locations (states or cities) in the United States in the local level of “residual inequality.” The evidence shows that a shrinking manufacturing sector increases inequality. In addition, an influx of low-skilled immigrants increases inequality, but this effect is concentrated in areas with a steeper manufacturing decline. Similar results are found for two alternative measures linked to increasing inequality: the increasing return to education and the decline in the employment rate of non-college men. The overall evidence suggests that the manufacturing and immigration trends have hollowed-out the overall demand for middle-skilled workers in all sectors, while increasing the supply of workers in lower skilled jobs. Both phenomena are producing downward pressure on the relative wages of workers at the low end of the income distribution.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the causal effect of minimum wages on the employment of low-skilled workers in less developed regions of China.Design/methodology/approachBased on data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, a double-difference (DD) methodology is used to compare the employment of low-skilled individuals before and after a minimum wage increase in their provinces with a comparison group of individuals in provinces that did not have a minimum wage increase. Also, a triple-difference methodology (DDD) is used that also includes an additional control group of highly educated workers as a within-province internal comparison group that should not be affected by a minimum wage increase.FindingsNo evidence of an adverse employment effect is found in any of the 36 different estimates, consistent with recent US evidence that uses a similar DD methodology.Research limitations/implicationsThe data are not national representative; rather heavily weighted towards the less developed Central, Western and parts of the Eastern Regions of China. This may partially explain the absence of the theoretically expected adverse employment effect. Other related reasons are discussed, including: lack of enforcement in those less developed regions; a large presence of state-owned enterprises in the regions where employment security clause remains intact; the relatively less developed labour markets in the regions including where employers may behave in a monopsony fashion in their labour markets; shock effects; and cost offsets from reduced fringe benefits and increases in the pace of work. This paper was unable to disentangle the separate effect of these possible factors.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies on minimum wages in China to focus on low-skilled workers in less developed regions, to use individuals as the unit of observation rather than aggregates, and to provide causal estimates based on DD and DDD methodologies.

This paper studies the labor market returns to quality of higher education for low-skilled students. Using a regression discontinuity design, we compare students who marginally pass and marginally fail the French high school exit exam from the first attempt. Threshold crossing leads to an improvement in the quality, but has no effect on the quantity, of higher education pursued. Specifically, students who marginally pass are more likely to enroll in STEM majors and universities with better peers. Further, marginally passing increases earnings by 13.6 percent at the age of 27 to 29. Our findings show that low-skilled students experience large gains from having the opportunity to access higher quality postsecondary education.

The government of Malaysia is, alas, not doing its level best to include migrant workers, let alone low-skilled women migrant workers (WMW) in its 2020-2021 COVID-19 policy response.First and forem...

This paper attempts to make an in-depth study of tourism, which would help in developing the course of tourism industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Tourism is considered as one sector that can propel growth, contribute foreign exchange, and provide employment that too to low skilled persons. One of the important dimensions of tourism is the cultural exchange among various nationalities and among the people of different states. As on one hand, tourism is seen as an economic option and on the other side the greater social and human effect. Jammu and Kashmir offers different types of tourism, which are highlighted in this paper, which type of tourism is most liked and is popular among tourists, is also presented in this paper for proper development of tourism industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir Keywords: In-depth, Foreign exchange, community development, Harmony.

To what extent do economic concerns drive anti-migrant attitudes? Key theoretical arguments extract two central motives: increased labour market competition and the fiscal burden linked to the influx of migrants. This article provides new evidence regarding the impact of material self-interest on attitudes towards immigrants. It reports the results of a survey experiment embedded in representative surveys in 15 European countries before and after the European refugee crisis in 2014. As anticipated by the fiscal burden argument, it is found that rich natives prefer highly skilled over low-skilled migration more than low-income respondents do. Moreover, the study shows that these tax concerns among the wealthy are stronger if fiscal exposure to migration is high. No support is found for the labour market competition argument predicting that natives will be most opposed to migrants with similar skills. The results suggest that highly skilled migrants are preferred over low-skilled migrants irrespective of natives’ skill levels.

This paper explores the theme of patronage by examining how the social mobility prospects of paid domestic workers differ from other vulnerable low-skilled black and colored women in post-apartheid South Africa. The literature provides contradictory predictions about the effects of a relationship with an affluent employer on a vulnerable employed woman and her household. Using data from the 2002–8 General Household Survey, this study uses propensity score matching (PSM) to compare paid domestic workers versus employed women with similar labor market characteristics. It finds that the household members of paid domestic workers tend to have a lower likelihood of unemployment, lower unemployment duration, higher likelihood of owning assets, and lower prevalence of hunger. It is, however, important to see evidence of such benefits in the context of a complicated employment relationship and to highlight that such benefits can reflect both altruistic and self-serving employer motivations.

This paper investigates the impact of minimum wages on low-skilled and female low-skilled employment, and reassesses their effect on youth employment. The sample consists of 19 OECD countries from 1997-2013 for low-skilled, and 1983-2013 for young workers. Several different estimation approaches are applied, such as two-way fixed effects, a data-driven approach (LASSO) to pick relevant covariates, an instrumental variable approach to address the potential endogeneity of the minimum wage variable, dynamic difference and system GMM, and a specification in first differences. I present three versions of these estimates, controlling for up to quadratic country- specific time trends. I further investigate long-run effects, institutional complementarities, and whether effects of minimum wages depend on the phase of the business cycle or the level of minimum wages. The findings consistently suggest that there is little evidence for substantial disemployment effects, neither for low-skilled, female low-skilled, nor young workers. The estimated employment elasticities are mostly small, and always statistically indistinguishable from zero. I finally assess why my results on youth employment differ from those of Neumark and Wascher (2004), and show that they overstate precision and that small changes in their specifications lead to minimum wage effects close to zero. I also confirm the absence of significant disemployment effects for a larger sample of 24 countries from 1970-2013.

The literature highlights that social enterprises (SEs) attract workers who are motivated to help others and to meet the social aims in which they believe. However, this assumption is challenged in...

In this paper we examine how different types of participants in a physics Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) tend to use the existing course resources. We use data from the 2013 offering of the Massive Open Online Course 8.MReVx designed by the RELATE (REsearch in Learning Assessing and Tutoring Effectively) Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and offered on the edX platform. We propose six measures of student performance in a course, and, based on these measures, we divide the student population into clusters and analyze the resource usage of the students from each cluster. This course contains a wide variety of physics problems targeting various levels of thinking. Our analysis focuses on 1080 participants (out of 16,787 enrolled in the course) who attempted more than 50% of available problems, as this is an indicator of students who participated actively in the entire course.

International audience; Low-skilled Cambodian workers are not concerned by "multicultural programs" in South Korea. In this context, they deal with this situation through the help of religious institutions, such as the Onnuri Presbyterian Church, by recreating a sort of ethnonational community. Labour migration permits Cambodian workers to weave different kinds of social links between them, with Koreans of the peninsula, and also with Koreans in Cambodia. This article examines the singular form of integration or exclusion of these migrant workers in South Korea, and tries to demonstrate its impact on their life upon their return home.

The article investigates how institutional arrangements at the organizational and sectoral level affect the likelihood and size of employer investments in continuing training for low‐skilled workers in Germany. By building on comparative political economy and organizational theory, hypotheses are derived and tested. Regression analysis based on the IAB Establishment Survey (waves 2011 and 2013) shows evidence that the training participation of low‐skilled workers is related to institutional differences between sectors and organizations. At the organizational level, structures of employee representation and formalized [human resource] HR policies are positively associated with higher rates of training participation among low‐skilled workers. Moreover, there is evidence that low‐skilled workers benefit in organizational clusters that are characterized by structures of employee representation, formalized HR practices, and bargaining coverage. At the sectoral level, this study finds evidence that low‐skilled workers in the health care and manufacturing sector are more likely to receive continuing training.

In recent decades, many countries have witnessed the introduction of quasi-market regulation, predominantly in the field of personal services where social enterprises (SEs) and for-profit organizations (FPOs) increasingly compete. The goal of this article is to contribute to the SE and nonprofit literature by analyzing the influence of enterprises’ missions on the quality of low-skilled jobs and to the public policy literature by assessing job quality in quasi-markets. Specifically, we investigate job quality in FPOs and two types of SEs distinguished by their missions (work-integration social enterprises and home care services organizations). This analysis is based on a set of indicators developed to capture job quality and data collected through a questionnaire submitted to 600 workers from 47 enterprises. The results indicate that the distinction between FPOs and SEs does not explain all the differences in job quality across firms: Enterprises’ missions also matter.

This paper investigates the effects of offshoring on individual job satisfaction and perceived risk of job loss. The authors merge microdata from the German Socio-economic Panel dataset (SOEP) with indicators of insertion in global value chains at the industry level for the period 2000–2013. They test two hypotheses. First, the authors investigate whether workers in industries with higher offshoring intensity report lower job satisfaction and/or are more prone to be unsecure at their jobs. Second, they test whether these effects differ among four categories of collars. Their findings indicate that offshoring is associated with lower job satisfaction. The results are also indicative of some heterogeneity in the offshoring effect, with high skilled white-collar workers being mostly unaffected by offshoring and low skilled blue-collar workers showing the largest negative effects. Discriminating between manufacturing and services activities, the authors find that the extent of heterogeneity and the offshoring effect is relatively larger in manufacturing industries. They also find that the effect of offshoring intensity upon job satisfaction is more negative and significant in periods of economic decline. Finally, the results show that offshoring is not significantly related with job insecurity, a result that applies to all workers’ categories. Still, in a period of economic decline job insecurity may increase when the offshoring intensity rises., R&D Program in Social Sciences and Humanities by the Autonomous Community of Madrid, OPINBI project H2019/HUM-5793, Junta de Andalucia, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y universidades (Spain) PGC2018-093506-B-I00

Claims that low-skilled young people, and especially the men among them, are being excluded from the labour market have been influential over recent decades, contributing to an increasing concern over the issue of early school leaving. In this study, we use high-quality administrative data and sequence analysis to investigate the school-to-work trajectories of three birth cohorts of early school leavers in Norway between the ages of 16 and 26. Our observation period (from 1994 to 2015) covers several structural transformations of the Norwegian economy, such as increased migration, labour market polarisation and automatisation, widely held to have worsened the prospects of low-skilled young people. In accordance with expectations, we find some signs of increased labour market exclusion among early school leavers, relating to changes in welfare policy. However, the majority still follow trajectories characterised by employment and/or further education. Contrary to discourses on low-skilled men as losers, but in accordance with previous research, we find that male early school leavers consistently predominate in trajectories leading to middle and high incomes. Even in the comparatively gender equal country of Norway, the gender-segregated labour market consistently appears to be providing low-skilled men with more economically rewarding life course trajectories. publishedVersion

This interdisciplinary study combines insights from attachment theory, services research, and organizational management to investigate how a Chinese restaurant chain creates a strong service climate by satisfying emotional attachment needs of low-skilled employees. Employee attachment has been used extensively to predict employees’ attitudes and behaviors (Wang et al. 2018), which are important for service climate (Hong et al. 2013). Despite the importance of attachment to understand employees’ attitudes, behavior and positive service climate, the use of attachment theory in services research is still recent. Scholars identify the need to understand the antecedents of service climate (Bowen and Schneider 2014). Specifically, how employees bond with co-workers to align their personal goals with those of the organization (Tang et al. 2014), how these bonds relate to social stressors (such as those caused by supervisors or colleagues), and the impact on service climate. This understanding is relevant in the context of low-skilled Chinese workers moving from the countryside to the city, leaving their families behind, and facing adaptation difficulties, which in turn activates their attachment system.

This article investigates the role of ‘voice’, technology, innovation (of products, services, or processes) and labor shortages in the training participation of low skilled workers in German companies. By building on the key findings of previous research, hypotheses on drivers of training participation are derived from filter theory and the concept of social embeddedness. Regression and cluster analysis based on the German IAB Establishment Panel (wave 2011) show evidence that training participation is shaped by ‘voice’‐related institutional company characteristics such as employee representation or formalized HR practices. Both characteristics often cluster together. Regression analyses confirm that companies in this cluster train a higher share of their low‐skilled workforce. The share is particularly high when companies in this cluster face labor shortages. Apart from that, advanced technology and recent innovations at the company level are not related to higher rates of training participation among low skilled workers.

We estimated the impact of the minimum wage on wages, unemployment, and formal-informal sector mobility for women in the domestic-work sector in Uruguay. Applying the density-discontinuity design developed by Jales (2017), we used cross-sectional data for the period 2006-2016 from the National Household Survey and found that the minimum wage had significant effects on labor outcomes, with almost 20% of women increasing their wages to reach the minimum. This effect was observed in both the formal and informal sectors, though the latter was not covered by the policy. We also showed a decline in employment in the domestic sector as well as a significant effect on formal-informal sector mobility with negative impacts on formal employment. We present suggestive evidence those effects were offset by other labor policies undertaken in the analysis period.

In Oman, Bangladeshis are now the most important community of migrants among South Asians. Among them are fishermen who represent a paradigmatic example of the difficult situation most low skilled workers have to face in the Gulf countries. Based on fieldworks in Hatiya, a small island of the Bay of Bengal from where these fishermen are originating, and in several harbours of Oman, I intend to highlight the different mechanisms which make migration a very risky gamble for these men. From the recruitment process through local networks, the conditions of work and salaries, the unavoidable path to an irregular status and eventually the arrest and deportation of most of these workers, I propose to show how, structurally, their migratory experience almost always leads to failure and increased poverty.

This paper studies the effect of the change in occupational structure on wages for low skilled men. We develop a model of occupational choice in which workers have multi-dimensional skills that are exploited differently across different occupations. We allow for a rich specification of technological change which has heterogenous effects on different occupations and different parts of the skill distribution. We estimate the model combining four datasets: (1) O*NET, to measure skill intensity across occupations, (2) NLSY79, to identify life-cycle supply effects, (3) CPS (ORG), to estimate the evolution of skill prices and occupations over time, and (4) NLSY97 to see how the gain to specific skills has changed. We find that while changes in the occupational structure have affected wages of low skilled workers, the effect is not dramatic. First, the wages in traditional blue collar occupations have not fallen substantially relative to other occupations-a fact that we can not reconcile with a competitive model. Second, our decompositions show that changes in occupations explain only a small part of the patterns in wage levels over our time period. Price changes within occupation are far more important. Third, while we see an increase in the payoff to interpersonal skills, manual skills still remain the most important skill type for low educated males.

The purpose of the study is to experiment with the effectiveness of MIT App Inventor (AI) as a tool to develop a mobile application for 125 students in Malaysia Polytechnics. The experiments run for four months with five hours of class each week and the students were divided into two groups. The first group consist of 50 students and learned using AI. The second group is 75 students and were given Android Studio (AS) as the development tool. The results show that the majority of the students in the group that used AI as development tool able to complete more project that the group that developed their apps using AS. They also have shown positive feedback towards the tool and find that using AI is much easier, faster and able to assist the learning of the low skilled learner when compared to the group that learned using programming language tools such as AS. The finding of this study can be an added value for educators to consider AI as one of the visual programming tools for their computer science classes

Learning Management Systems (LMS) administrator periodically deals with big users number registering. Manual registering is monotonous but may not be assigned to low skilled staff, because such employees must have administrator’s rights. It entails possible LMS non-working condition, causes risk of strangers access and increases probability of e-learning courses author’s rights violation. Administrator’s dull work may be minimized, if to use data, entered at applicants enrollment in any files, prepared manually or exported from software applications. So, it’s necessary to develop the template, where to define formation order of significant information components about users, which must be registered; to develop software tool, which will read data from source files and will form text files, ready for import by LMS accordingly to template; to convert data using software tool and to import obtained files into LMS.

We estimated the impact of the minimum wage on wages, unemployment, and formal-informal sector mobility for women in the domestic-work sector in Uruguay. Applying the density-discontinuity design developed by Jales (2017), we used cross-sectional data for the period 2006–2016 from the National Household Survey and found that the minimum wage had significant effects on labor outcomes, with almost 20% of women increasing their wages to reach the minimum. This effect was observed in both the formal and informal sector, though the latter was not covered by the policy. We also showed a decline in employment in the domestic sector as well as a significant effect on formal-informal sector mobility with negative impacts on formal employment. We present suggestive evidence those effects were offset by other labor policies undertaken in the analysis period.

This paper examines the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) and offshoring on the skill demand in Japanese manufacturing. One of the contributions of this paper is that we focus explicitly on the demand for low-wage part-time workers, which we call low skilled workers. Estimating a system of variable factor demands for the period 1980–2011, we find that industries with higher ICT stock shifted demand from middle-low to middle-high and low skilled workers. Offshoring is associated with the increasing demand for high skilled workers but it has insignificant effects on the demand for middle-high, middle-low, and low skilled workers. The results together suggest that the increasing demand for low-wage part-time workers can be attributable to ICT in Japan.

In a country like Lebanon, where the participation rate of women in the labor force is low, around 24 % in 2014 [1], women social entrepreneurs try to alleviate this problem by targeting Low-skilled women. Our exploratory study aims to identify the motivations of six women social entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs perceive that low-skilled women need to be reintegrated into society and suffer from gender discrimination at hiring in Lebanon. They also have personal experience that has sparked their interest in the employment of low-skilled women. Interactions with marginalized women and gender discrimination lived throughout their personal and professional lives are also considered as important motivators. Finally, women social entrepreneurs point out that working for the professional integration of low-skilled women gives them personal satisfaction while taking a limited risk. Our qualitative exploratory study was supplemented by a quantitative study among fifty-seven low-skilled women to ascertain the motivations of the women social entrepreneurs who employ them. The results seem to confirm the majority of motivations reported by social women entrepreneurs especially in term of personal satisfaction.

From the 1970s to the early 2000s, the United States experienced an epochal wave of low-skilled immigration. Since the Great Recession, however, U.S. borders have become a far less active place when it comes to the net arrival of foreign workers. The number of undocumented immigrants has declined in absolute terms, while the overall population of low-skilled, foreign-born workers has remained stable. We examine how the scale and composition of low-skilled immigration in the United States have evolved over time, and how relative income growth and demographic shifts in the Western Hemisphere have contributed to the recent immigration slowdown. Because major source countries for U.S. immigration are now seeing and will continue to see weak growth of the labor supply relative to the United States, future immigration rates of young, low-skilled workers appear unlikely to rebound, whether or not U.S. immigration policies tighten further.