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58. COMMENTARY

Author

Roberts, T E and Low, N

Published
2007

60. The cost effectiveness of opportunistic chlamydia screening in England

Author

Adams, Elisabeth J., Turner, Katherine M.E., Edmunds, W. John, Roberts, T.E., and Low, N.

Subjects
United Kingdom. National Health Service -- Health policy, Medical screening -- Government finance, Medical screening -- Methods, Medical screening -- Demographic aspects, Medical care, Cost of -- Research, Pelvic inflammatory disease -- Causes of, Pelvic inflammatory disease -- Development and progression, Quality of life -- Evaluation, Chlamydia infections -- Risk factors, Chlamydia infections -- Prevention, Chlamydia infections -- Demographic aspects, Chlamydia infections -- Testing, Cost benefit analysis, Cost benefit analysis, Health
Published
2007

67. Point-of-care testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections to improve birth outcomes in high-burden, low-income settings: Study protocol for a cluster randomized crossover trial (the WANTAIM Trial, Papua New Guinea).

Author

Vallely, AJ, Pomat, WS, Homer, C, Guy, R, Luchters, S, Mola, GDL, Kariwiga, G, Vallely, LM, Wiseman, V, Morgan, C, Wand, H, Rogerson, SJ, Tabrizi, SN, Whiley, DM, Low, N, Peeling, R, Siba, P, Riddell, M, Laman, M, Bolnga, J, Robinson, LJ, Morewaya, J, Badman, SG, Batura, N, Kelly-Hanku, A, Toliman, PJ, Peter, W, Babona, D, Peach, E, Garland, SM, Kaldor, JM, Vallely, AJ, Pomat, WS, Homer, C, Guy, R, Luchters, S, Mola, GDL, Kariwiga, G, Vallely, LM, Wiseman, V, Morgan, C, Wand, H, Rogerson, SJ, Tabrizi, SN, Whiley, DM, Low, N, Peeling, R, Siba, P, Riddell, M, Laman, M, Bolnga, J, Robinson, LJ, Morewaya, J, Badman, SG, Batura, N, Kelly-Hanku, A, Toliman, PJ, Peter, W, Babona, D, Peach, E, Garland, SM, and Kaldor, JM

Abstract

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis have been associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, and are highly prevalent among pregnant women in many low- and middle-income settings. There is conflicting evidence on the potential benefits of screening and treating these infections in pregnancy. Newly available diagnostic technologies make it possible, for the first time, to conduct definitive field trials to fill this knowledge gap. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether antenatal point-of-care testing and immediate treatment of these curable sexually transmitted and genital infections (STIs) leads to reduction in preterm birth and low birth weight. Methods: The Women and Newborn Trial of Antenatal Interventions and Management (WANTAIM) is a cluster-randomised crossover trial in Papua New Guinea to compare point-of-care STI testing and immediate treatment with standard antenatal care (which includes the WHO-endorsed STI 'syndromic' management strategy based on clinical features alone without laboratory confirmation). The unit of randomisation is a primary health care facility and its catchment communities. The primary outcome is a composite measure of two events: the proportion of women and their newborns in each trial arm, who experience either preterm birth (delivery <37 completed weeks of gestation as determined by ultrasound) and/or low birth weight (<2500 g measured within 72 hours of birth). The trial will also evaluate neonatal outcomes, as well as the cost-effectiveness, acceptability and health system requirements of this strategy, compared with standard care. Conclusions: WANTAIM is the first randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability and health system requirements of point-of-care STI testing and treatment to improve birth outcomes in high-burden settings. If the intervention is proven to have an impact, the trial will hasten access t

Published
2019

68. Point-of-care testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections to improve birth outcomes in high-burden, low-income settings: Study protocol for a cluster randomized crossover trial (the wantaim trial, papua new guinea) [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Author

Vallely, AJ, Pomat, WS, Homer, C, Guy, R, Luchters, S, Mola, GDL, Kariwiga, G, Vallely, LM, Wiseman, V, Morgan, C, Wand, H, Rogerson, SJ, Tabrizi, SN, Whiley, DM, Low, N, Peeling, R, Siba, P, Riddell, M, Laman, M, Bolnga, J, Robinson, LJ, Morewaya, J, Badman, SG, Batura, N, Kelly-Hanku, A, Toliman, PJ, Peter, W, Babona, D, Peach, E, Garland, SM, Kaldor, JM, Vallely, AJ, Pomat, WS, Homer, C, Guy, R, Luchters, S, Mola, GDL, Kariwiga, G, Vallely, LM, Wiseman, V, Morgan, C, Wand, H, Rogerson, SJ, Tabrizi, SN, Whiley, DM, Low, N, Peeling, R, Siba, P, Riddell, M, Laman, M, Bolnga, J, Robinson, LJ, Morewaya, J, Badman, SG, Batura, N, Kelly-Hanku, A, Toliman, PJ, Peter, W, Babona, D, Peach, E, Garland, SM, and Kaldor, JM

Abstract

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis have been associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, and are highly prevalent among pregnant women in many low-and middle-income settings. There is conflicting evidence on the potential benefits of screening and treating these infections in pregnancy. Newly available diagnostic technologies make it possible, for the first time, to conduct definitive field trials to fill this knowledge gap. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether antenatal point-of-care testing and immediate treatment of these curable sexually transmitted and genital infections (STIs) leads to reduction in preterm birth and low birth weight. Methods: The Women and New born Trial of Antenatal Interventions and Management (WANTAIM) is a cluster-randomised crossover trial in Papua New Guinea to compare point-of-care STI testing and immediate treatment with standard antenatal care (which includes the WHO-endorsed STI ‘syndromic’ management strategy based on clinical features alone without laboratory confirmation). The unit of randomisation is a primary health care facility and its catchment communities. The primary outcome is a composite measure of two events: the proportion of women and their new borns in each trial arm, who experience either preterm birth (delivery <37 completed weeks of gestation as determined by ultrasound) and/or low birth weight (<2500 g measured within 72 hours of birth). The trial will also evaluate neonatal outcomes, as well as the cost-effectiveness, acceptability and health system requirements of this strategy, compared with standard care. Conclusions: WANTAIM is the first randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability and health system requirements of point-of-care STI testing and treatment to improve birth outcomes in high-burden settings. If the intervention is proven to have an impact, the trial will hasten access

Published
2019

69. Understanding the relation between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and adverse fetal, infant and child outcomes: A protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of pregnant women and their infants and children

Author

Wilder-Smith, A. (Annelies), Wei, Y. (Yinghui), Araújo, T.V.B.D. (Thalia Velho Barreto De), Vankerkhove, M. (Maria), Turchi Martelli, C.M. (Celina Maria), Turchi, M.D. (Marília Dalva), Teixeira, M. (Mauro), Tami, A. (Adriana), Souza, J. (João), Sousa, P. (Patricia), Soriano-Arandes, A. (Antoni), Soria-Segarra, C. (Carmen), Sanchez Clemente, N. (Nuria), Rosenberger, K.D. (Kerstin Daniela), Reveiz, L. (Ludovic), Prata-Barbosa, A. (Arnaldo), Pomar, L. (Léo), Pelá Rosado, L.E. (Luiza Emylce), Perez, F. (Freddy), Passos, S.D. (Saulo D.), Nogueira, M. (Mauricio), Noel, T.P. (Trevor P.), Moura Da Silva, A. (Antônio), Moreira, M.E. (Maria Elisabeth), Morales, I. (Ivonne), Miranda Montoya, M.C. (Maria Consuelo), Miranda-Filho, D.D.B. (Demócrito De Barros), Maxwell, L. (Lauren), Macpherson, C.N.L. (Calum N. L.), Low, N. (Nicola), Lan, Z. (Zhiyi), Labeaud, A.D. (Angelle Desiree), Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion), Kim, C. (Caron), João, E. (Esaú), Jaenisch, T. (Thomas), Hofer, C.B. (Cristina Barroso), Gustafson, P. (Paul), Gérardin, P. (Patrick), Ganz, J.S. (Jucelia S.), Dias, A.C.F. (Ana Carolina Fialho), Elias, V. (Vanessa), Duarte, G. (Geraldo), Debray, T.P. (Thomas P.A.), Cafferata, M.L. (María Luisa), Buekens, P. (Pierre), Broutet, N. (Nathalie), Brickley, E.B. (Elizabeth B.), Brasil, P. (Patrícia), Brant, F. (Fátima), Bethencourt, S. (Sarah), Benedetti, A. (Andrea), Avelino-Silva, V.L. (Vivian Lida), Ximenes, R.A.D.A. (Ricardo Arraes De Alencar), Alves Da Cunha, A. (Antonio), Alger, J. (Jackeline), Wilder-Smith, A. (Annelies), Wei, Y. (Yinghui), Araújo, T.V.B.D. (Thalia Velho Barreto De), Vankerkhove, M. (Maria), Turchi Martelli, C.M. (Celina Maria), Turchi, M.D. (Marília Dalva), Teixeira, M. (Mauro), Tami, A. (Adriana), Souza, J. (João), Sousa, P. (Patricia), Soriano-Arandes, A. (Antoni), Soria-Segarra, C. (Carmen), Sanchez Clemente, N. (Nuria), Rosenberger, K.D. (Kerstin Daniela), Reveiz, L. (Ludovic), Prata-Barbosa, A. (Arnaldo), Pomar, L. (Léo), Pelá Rosado, L.E. (Luiza Emylce), Perez, F. (Freddy), Passos, S.D. (Saulo D.), Nogueira, M. (Mauricio), Noel, T.P. (Trevor P.), Moura Da Silva, A. (Antônio), Moreira, M.E. (Maria Elisabeth), Morales, I. (Ivonne), Miranda Montoya, M.C. (Maria Consuelo), Miranda-Filho, D.D.B. (Demócrito De Barros), Maxwell, L. (Lauren), Macpherson, C.N.L. (Calum N. L.), Low, N. (Nicola), Lan, Z. (Zhiyi), Labeaud, A.D. (Angelle Desiree), Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion), Kim, C. (Caron), João, E. (Esaú), Jaenisch, T. (Thomas), Hofer, C.B. (Cristina Barroso), Gustafson, P. (Paul), Gérardin, P. (Patrick), Ganz, J.S. (Jucelia S.), Dias, A.C.F. (Ana Carolina Fialho), Elias, V. (Vanessa), Duarte, G. (Geraldo), Debray, T.P. (Thomas P.A.), Cafferata, M.L. (María Luisa), Buekens, P. (Pierre), Broutet, N. (Nathalie), Brickley, E.B. (Elizabeth B.), Brasil, P. (Patrícia), Brant, F. (Fátima), Bethencourt, S. (Sarah), Benedetti, A. (Andrea), Avelino-Silva, V.L. (Vivian Lida), Ximenes, R.A.D.A. (Ricardo Arraes De Alencar), Alves Da Cunha, A. (Antonio), and Alger, J. (Jackeline)

Abstract

Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is a known cause of microcephaly and other congenital and developmental anomalies. In the absence of a ZIKV vaccine or prophylactics, principal investigators (PIs) and international leaders in ZIKV research have formed the ZIKV Individual Participant Data (IPD) Consortium to identify, collect and synthesise IPD from longitudinal studies of pregnant women that measure ZIKV infection during pregnancy and fetal, infant or child outcomes. Methods and analysis We will identify eligible studies through the ZIKV IPD Consortium membership and a systematic review and invite study PIs to participate in the IPD meta-analysis (IPD-MA). We will use the combined dataset to estimate the relative and absolute risk of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), including microcephaly and late symptomatic congenital infections; identify and explore sources of heterogeneity in those estimates and develop and validate a risk prediction model to identify the pregnancies at the highest risk of CZS or adverse developmental outcomes. The variable accuracy of diagnostic assays and differences in exposure and outcome definitions means that included studies will have a higher level of systematic variability, a component of measurement error, than an IPD-MA of studies of an established pathogen. We will use expert testimony, existing internal and external diagnostic accuracy validation studies and laboratory external quality assessments to inform the distribution of measurement error in our models. We will apply both Bayesian and frequentist methods to directly account for these and other sources of uncertainty. Ethics and dissemination The IPD-MA was deemed exempt from ethical review. We will convene a group of patient advocates to evaluate the ethical implications and utility of the risk stratification tool. Findings from these analyses will be shared via national and international conferences and through publication in open access, peer-reviewed

Published
2019
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70. Acute lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome: a systematic review.

Author

Pratt G., Low N., Alexander W., Pratt G., Low N., and Alexander W.

Abstract

While still a rare entity, acute lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome has an increasing incidence. Similar to other compartment syndromes, acute lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome is defined by raised pressure within a closed fibro-osseous space, limiting tissue perfusion within that space. The resultant tissue ischaemia presents as acute pain, and if left untreated, it may result in permanent tissue damage. A literature search of 'paraspinal compartment syndrome' revealed 21 articles. The details from a case encountered by the authors are also included. A common data set was extracted, focusing on demographics, aetiology, clinical features, management and outcomes. There are 23 reported cases of acute compartment syndrome. These are typically caused by weight-lifting exercises, but may also result from other exercises, direct trauma or non-spinal surgery. Pain, tenderness and paraspinal paraesthesia are key clinical findings. Serum creatine kinase, magnetic resonance imaging and intracompartment pressure measurement confirm the diagnosis. Half of the reported cases have been managed with surgical fasciotomy, and these patients have all had good outcomes relative to those managed with conservative measures with or without hyperbaric oxygen therapy. These good outcomes were despite significant delays to operative intervention. The diagnostic uncertainty and subsequent delay to fasciotomy result from the rarity of this disease entity, and a high level of suspicion is recommended in the appropriate setting. This is particularly true in light of the current popularity of extreme weight lifting in non-professional athletes. Operative intervention is strongly recommended in all cases based on the available evidence.Copyright © 2018 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.

Published
2019

71. Point-of-care testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections to improve birth outcomes in high-burden, low-income settings: Study protocol for a cluster randomized crossover trial (the WANTAIM Trial, Papua New Guinea)

Author

Vallely, A, Pomat, W, Homer, C, Guy, R, Luchters, S, Mola, G, Kariwiga, G, Vallely, L, Wiseman, V, Morgan, C, Wand, H, Rogerson, S, Tabrizi, S, Whiley, D, Low, N, Peeling, R, Siba, P, Riddell, M, Laman, M, Bolnga, J, Robinson, L, Morewaya, J, Badman, S, Batura, N, Kelly-Hanku, A, Toliman, P, Peter, W, Babona, D, Peach, E, Garland, S, Kaldor, J, Vallely, A, Pomat, W, Homer, C, Guy, R, Luchters, S, Mola, G, Kariwiga, G, Vallely, L, Wiseman, V, Morgan, C, Wand, H, Rogerson, S, Tabrizi, S, Whiley, D, Low, N, Peeling, R, Siba, P, Riddell, M, Laman, M, Bolnga, J, Robinson, L, Morewaya, J, Badman, S, Batura, N, Kelly-Hanku, A, Toliman, P, Peter, W, Babona, D, Peach, E, Garland, S, and Kaldor, J

Abstract

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis have been associated with preterm birth and low birth weight, and are highly prevalent among pregnant women in many low- and middle-income settings. There is conflicting evidence on the potential benefits of screening and treating these infections in pregnancy. Newly available diagnostic technologies make it possible, for the first time, to conduct definitive field trials to fill this knowledge gap. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether antenatal point-of-care testing and immediate treatment of these curable sexually transmitted and genital infections (STIs) leads to reduction in preterm birth and low birth weight. Methods : The Women and Newborn Trial of Antenatal Interventions and Management (WANTAIM) is a cluster-randomised crossover trial in Papua New Guinea to compare point-of-care STI testing and immediate treatment with standard antenatal care (which includes the WHO-endorsed STI ‘syndromic’ management strategy based on clinical features alone without laboratory confirmation). The unit of randomisation is a primary health care facility and its catchment communities. The primary outcome is a composite measure of two events: the proportion of women and their newborns in each trial arm, who experience either preterm birth (delivery <37 completed weeks of gestation as determined by ultrasound) and/or low birth weight (<2500 g measured within 72 hours of birth). The trial will also evaluate neonatal outcomes, as well as the cost-effectiveness, acceptability and health system requirements of this strategy, compared with standard care. Conclusions: WANTAIM is the first randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability and health system requirements of point-of-care STI testing and treatment to improve birth outcomes in high-burden settings. If the intervention is proven to have an impact, the trial will hasten acces

Published
2019

72. The use of mathematical modeling studies for evidence synthesis and guideline development: A glossary

Author

Porgo, T, Norris, SL, Salanti, G, Johnson, LF, Simpsons, JA, Low, N, Egger, M, Althaus, CL, Porgo, T, Norris, SL, Salanti, G, Johnson, LF, Simpsons, JA, Low, N, Egger, M, and Althaus, CL

Abstract

Mathematical modeling studies are increasingly recognised as an important tool for evidence synthesis and to inform clinical and public health decision-making, particularly when data from systematic reviews of primary studies do not adequately answer a research question. However, systematic reviewers and guideline developers may struggle with using the results of modeling studies, because, at least in part, of the lack of a common understanding of concepts and terminology between evidence synthesis experts and mathematical modellers. The use of a common terminology for modeling studies across different clinical and epidemiological research fields that span infectious and non-communicable diseases will help systematic reviewers and guideline developers with the understanding, characterisation, comparison, and use of mathematical modeling studies. This glossary explains key terms used in mathematical modeling studies that are particularly salient to evidence synthesis and knowledge translation in clinical medicine and public health.

Published
2019

75. The chlamydia screening studies: rationale and design

Author

Low, N, McCarthy, A, Macleod, J, Salisbury, C, Horner, P J, Roberts, T E, Campbell, R, Herring, A, Skidmore, S, Sanford, E, Sterne, J A C, Smith, G Davey, Graham, A, Huengsberg, M, Ross, J, and Egger, M

Published
2004

83. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

James, S.L. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alouani, M.M.L. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Arauz, A. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Armoon, B. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Ataro, Z. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bensenor, I.M. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Blacker, B.F. Blyth, F.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briggs, A.M. Briko, A.N. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Buchbinder, R. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Cano, J. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, A.R. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Charlson, F.J. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Coresh, J. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Cross, M. Crump, J.A. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Davey, G. Davis, A.C. Davitoiu, D.V. De Courten, B. De La Hoz, F.P. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dinberu, M.T. Dirac, M.A. Djalalinia, S. Doan, L. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Dorsey, E.R. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Echko, M.M. Edvardsson, D. Effiong, A. Ehrlich, J.R. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. El-Khatib, Z. Elkout, H. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Fakhim, H. Fallah Omrani, V. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. Farinha, C.S.E. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Feigin, V.L. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrari, A.J. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fox, J. Frank, T.D. Fukumoto, T. Fullman, N. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Gall, S. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Geramo, Y.C.D. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadiri, K. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghimire, M. Ghosh, R. Ghoshal, A.G. Giampaoli, S. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Ginawi, I.A. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grams, M.E. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gyawali, B. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Haghparast Bidgoli, H. Hagos, T.B. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hawley, C.N. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Heibati, B. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Hoang, H.T. Hoek, H.W. Hoffman, H.J. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Htet, A.S. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Huynh, C.K. Iburg, K.M. Ikeda, C.T. Ileanu, B. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Mohammed, S. Islam, S. Islami, F. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, C.O. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kanchan, T. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kawakami, N. Kazemi Karyani, A. Keighobadi, M.M. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemmer, L. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khazaei, M. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, P. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kivimäki, M. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosen, S. Kotsakis, G.A. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krohn, K.J. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kyu, H.H. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lalloo, R. Lallukka, T. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Lazarus, J.V. Leasher, J.L. Ledesma, J.R. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leung, J. Levi, M. Lewycka, S. Li, S. Li, Y. Liao, Y. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Liu, S. Lodha, R. Looker, K.J. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Low, N. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lucchesi, L.R. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Mahotra, N.B. Mai, H.T. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Manguerra, H. Manhertz, T. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Matsushita, K. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mejia-Rodriguez, F. Mekonen, T. Melese, A. Melku, M. Meltzer, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezerji, N.M.G. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miltz, B. Mini, G.K. Mirarefin, M. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitchell, P.B. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Moitra, M. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Moreno Velásquez, I. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Murhekar, M. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Nagata, C. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Natarajan, G. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nguyen, S.H. Nichols, E. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oren, E. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plana-Ripoll, O. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prakash, V. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Ram, U. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rao, P.C. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezai, M.S. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Sachdev, P.S. Sadat, N. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saleem, K. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sang, Y. Santomauro, D.F. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shafieesabet, A. Shahbazi, M. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shishani, K. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Slepak, E.L.N. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Sobngwi, E. Soneji, S.S. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylte, D.O. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tadesse, B.T. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Truelsen, T.C. Tsilimbaris, M.K. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Unutzer, J. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Waller, S.G. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wu, S. Wu, Y.-C. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yadollahpour, A. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, A.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zhang, K. Zhao, Z. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators

Abstract

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Published
2018

85. MA18.07 Identification of Neuroendocrine Transformation in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Rearranged (ALK+) Tumors After Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Author

Pal, P., primary, Fares, A., additional, Patel, D., additional, Stewart, E., additional, Perera-Low, N., additional, Grindley, A., additional, Allison, F., additional, Pham, N., additional, Shi, R., additional, Leighl, N., additional, Shepherd, F., additional, Bradbury, P., additional, Sacher, A., additional, Rogalla, P., additional, Yasufuku, K., additional, Cabanero, M., additional, Tsao, M., additional, Liu, G., additional, Martins-Filho, S., additional, and Nguyen, L., additional

Published
2019
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86. Meeting report:Initial World Health Organization consultation on herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine preferred product characteristics, March 2017

Author

Gottlieb, SL, Giersing, BK, Hickling, J, Jones, R, Deal, C, Kaslow, DC, Boily, M-C, Brady, M, Broutet, N, Chirenje, ZM, Delany-Moretlwe, S, Johnston, C, Koelle, DM, Leone, P, Looker, K, Low, N, Madhivanan, P, Mugo, N, Nagot, N, Schillinger, J, Southem, J, Toledo, JP, Wald, A, and Zhou, P

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Herpesvirus 2, Human, viruses, Preferred product characteristics, HSL and HSV, Disease, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Research & Experimental Medicine, Herpes simplex virus, IMMUNOGENICITY, medicine.disease_cause, PLASMID DNA VACCINE, 0302 clinical medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Referral and Consultation, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Reproductive health, Vaccines, HIV-1 TRANSMISSION, HSV Vaccine Expert Consultation Group, WOMEN, Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines, GENITAL HERPES, Product characteristics, TYPE-2 INFECTION, Genital herpes, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Research & Experimental, HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS, Molecular Medicine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Immunology, World Health Organization, World health, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, medicine, Sexually transmitted infections, Animals, Humans, Science & Technology, Herpes Genitalis, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, ACQUISITION, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Herpes Simplex, 06 Biological Sciences, Clinical trial, 030104 developmental biology, Family medicine, T-CELLS, HSV vaccines, THERAPEUTIC VACCINE, business
Abstract

The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an important global goal for sexual and reproductive health. A key priority to advance development of HSV vaccines is the definition of preferred product characteristics (PPCs), which provide strategic guidance on World Health Organization (WHO) preferences for new vaccines, specifically from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) perspective. To start the PPC process for HSV vaccines, the WHO convened a global stakeholder consultation in March 2017, to define the priority public health needs that should be addressed by HSV vaccines and discuss the key considerations for HSV vaccine PPCs, particularly for LMICs. Meeting participants outlined an initial set of overarching public health goals for HSV vaccines in LMICs, which are: to reduce the acquisition of HIV associated with HSV-2 infection in high HIV-prevalence populations and to reduce the burden of HSV-associated disease, including mortality and morbidity due to neonatal herpes and impacts on sexual and reproductive health. Participants also considered the role of prophylactic versus therapeutic vaccines, whether both HSV-2 and HSV-1 should be targeted, important target populations, and infection and disease endpoints for clinical trials. This article summarizes the main discussions from the consultation.

Published
2017

90. Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Author

Vallely, LM, Egli-Gany, D, Pomat, W, Homer, CSE, Guy, R, Wand, H, Silver, B, Rumbold, AR, Kaldor, JM, Low, N, Vallely, AJ, Vallely, LM, Egli-Gany, D, Pomat, W, Homer, CSE, Guy, R, Wand, H, Silver, B, Rumbold, AR, Kaldor, JM, Low, N, and Vallely, AJ

Abstract

Introduction Several bacterial sexually transmitted and genital mycoplasma infections during pregnancy have been associated with poor pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Comprehensive and systematic information about associations between sexually transmitted infections (STI) and genital infections in pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes is needed to improve understanding about the evidence for causal associations between these infections and adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Our primary objective is to systematically review the literature about associations between: (1) Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pregnancy and preterm birth; (2) Mycoplasma genitalium in pregnancy and preterm birth; (3) M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and/or U. parvum in pregnancy and preterm birth. Methods and analysis We will undertake a systematic search of Medline, Excerpta Medica database and the Cochrane Library and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Following an initial screening of titles by one reviewer, abstracts will be independently assessed by two reviewers before screening of full-text articles. To exclude a manuscript, both reviewers need to agree on the decision. Any discrepancies will be resolved by discussion, or the adjudication of a third reviewer. Studies will be included if they report testing for one or more of N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. urealyticum and/or U. parvum during pregnancy and report pregnancy and/or birth outcomes. In this review, the primary outcome is preterm birth. Secondary outcomes are premature rupture of membranes, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal mortality and ophthalmia neonatorum. We will use standard definitions, or definitions reported by study authors. We will examine associations between exposure and outcome in forest plots, using the I 2 statistic to examine between study heterogeneity. Where appropriate, we will use meta-analysis to combine results of individual studies. E

Published
2018

91. Population effectiveness of opportunistic chlamydia testing in primary care in Australia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Author

Hocking, JS, Temple-Smith, M, Guy, R, Donovan, B, Braat, S, Law, M, Gunn, J, Regan, D, Vaisey, A, Bulfone, L, Kaldor, J, Fairley, CK, Low, N, Hocking, JS, Temple-Smith, M, Guy, R, Donovan, B, Braat, S, Law, M, Gunn, J, Regan, D, Vaisey, A, Bulfone, L, Kaldor, J, Fairley, CK, and Low, N

Abstract

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Background: Screening young adults who are sexually active for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection is promoted in several high-income countries, but its effectiveness at the population level is highly debated. We aimed to investigate the effects of opportunistic chlamydia testing in primary care on the estimated chlamydia prevalence in the population aged 16–29 years in Australia. Methods: We did a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Clusters were rural towns with a minimum of 500 women and men aged 16–29 years and no more than six primary care clinics. We randomly allocated each cluster using a computer-generated minimisation algorithm to receive a multifaceted, clinic-based chlamydia testing intervention or to continue usual care. The intervention included computerised reminders to test patients, an education package, payments for chlamydia testing, and feedback on testing rates. The primary outcome was chlamydia prevalence, estimated before randomisation (survey 1) and at the end of the trial (survey 2) in patients aged 16–29 years who attended the clinics. Analyses were done by intention to treat. General practitioners and clinic staff were aware of group allocation, whereas patients and laboratory staff who performed the chlamydia tests were not. This trial was completed on Dec 31, 2015, and is registered (ACTRN12610000297022). Findings: Between Dec 14, 2010, and Sept 14, 2015, 26 clusters (63 clinics) received the chlamydia testing intervention and 26 (67 clinics) continued usual care. Over a mean duration of 3·1 years (SD 0·3), 93 828 young adults attended intervention clinics and 86 527 attended control clinics. The estimated chlamydia prevalence decreased from 5·0% (95% CI 3·8 to 6·2) at survey 1 to 3·4% (2·7 to 4·1) at survey 2 in the intervention clusters (difference −1·6%, 95% CI −2·9 to −0·3) and from 4·6% (95% CI 3·5 to 5·7) at survey 1 to 3·4% (2·4 to 4·5) at survey 2 in the control clusters (difference −1·1%, −2·7 to 0·5). Th

Published
2018

92. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author

She J., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Torre A.E., Tortajada-Girbes M., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsilimbaris M.K., Tsoi D., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Undurraga E.A., Unutzer J., Updike R.L., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Waller S.G., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., West T.E., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Wijeratne T., Wilner L.B., Wilson S., Winkler A.S., Wiyeh A.B., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woolf A.D., Wu S., Wu Y.-C., Wyper G.M.A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeleke A.J., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang K., Zhao Z., Zhou M., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Fox J., James S.L., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe Z., Abera S.F., Abil O.Z., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Acharya P., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adib M.G., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agesa K.M., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Al-Aly Z., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alam K., Alam T., Alashi A., Alavian S.M., Alene K.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Alouani M.M.L., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Aminde L.N., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arabloo J., Arauz A., Aremu O., Ariani F., Armoon B., Arnlov J., Arora A., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Ataro Z., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayer R., Azzopardi P.S., Babazadeh A., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A.G., Ballesteros K.E., Ballew S.H., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Belachew A.B., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Bisanzio D., Blacker B.F., Blyth F.M., Bou-Orm I.R., Boufous S., Bourne R., Brady O.J., Brainin M., Brant L.C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Briant P.S., Briggs A.M., Briko A.N., Britton G., Brugha T., Buchbinder R., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cano J., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cercy K.M., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang A.R., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chattopadhyay A., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P.P.-C., Chin K.L., Chitheer A., Choi J.-Y.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cicuttini F.M., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Claro R.M., Collado-Mateo D., Cooper C., Coresh J., Cortesi P.A., Cortinovis M., Costa M., Cousin E., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Cross M., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Daryani A., Das Gupta R., Das Neves J., Dasa T.T., Davey G., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De La Hoz F.P., De Leo D., De Neve J.-W., Degefa M.G., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Des Jarlais D.C., Dessie G.A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dinberu M.T., Dirac M.A., Djalalinia S., Doan L., Dokova K., Doku D.T., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Duncan B.B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimpour S., Echko M.M., Edvardsson D., Effiong A., Ehrlich J.R., El Bcheraoui C., El Sayed Zaki M., El-Khatib Z., Elkout H., Elyazar I.R.F., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Er B., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Fakhim H., Fallah Omrani V., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farid T.A., Farinha C.S.E., Farioli A., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Foigt N.A., Foreman K.J., Frank T.D., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gall S., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gardner W.M., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin A.T., Gebremichael T.G., Gelano T.F., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Geramo Y.C.D., Gething P.W., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghasemi Falavarjani K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghimire M., Ghosh R., Ghoshal A.G., Giampaoli S., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginawi I.A., Giussani G., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goldberg E.M., Goli S., Gomez-Dantes H., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorman T.M., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Grams M.E., Grosso G., Gugnani H.C., Guo Y., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gyawali B., Haagsma J.A., Hachinski V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hagos T.B., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hasan M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hawley C.N., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hedayatizadeh-Omran A., Heibati B., Hendrie D., Henok A., Herteliu C., Heydarpour S., Hibstu D.T., Hoang H.T., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C.T., Ileanu B., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaei M., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K.S., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kyu H.H., Lad D.P., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Latifi A., Lau K.M.-M., Lazarus J.V., Leasher J.L., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Liu S., Lodha R., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lucchesi L.R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Madotto F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maghavani D.P., Mahotra N.B., Mai H.T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda A.-L., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Marzan M.B., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Matsushita K., Maulik P.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Melese A., Melku M., Meltzer M., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Mensah G.A., Mereta S.T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Mezerji N.M.G., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A.I., Miller T.R., Miltz B., Mini G.K., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A.T., Mitchell P.B., Mitiku H., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Moitra M., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Moschos M.M., Mousavi S.M., Mruts K.B., Muche A.A., Muchie K.F., Mueller U.O., Muhammed O.S., Mukhopadhyay S., Muller K., Mumford J.E., Murhekar M., Musa J., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Naik N., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H.S., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Neupane S., Newton C.R.J., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen A.Q., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen M., Nguyen N.B., Nguyen S.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nixon M.R., Nolutshungu N., Nomura S., Norheim O.F., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nouri H.R., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nowroozi M.R., Nsoesie E.O., Nyasulu P.S., Odell C.M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Ong K.L., Ong S.K., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Otstavnov S.S., overland S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R., Pakpour A.H., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Parisi A., Park E.-K., Parry C.D.H., Patel S., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patle A., Patton G.C., Paturi V.R., Paulson K.R., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plana-Ripoll O., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prakash V., Purcell C.A., Purwar M.B., Qorbani M., Quistberg D.A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M.A., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranjan P., Ranta A., Rao P.C., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reddy K.S., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L.P., Robinson S.R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi H.S., Salam N., Salama J.S., Salamati P., Saleem K., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sang Y., Santomauro D.F., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Sardana M., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Saylan M., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Scott J.G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shahbazi M., Shaheen A.A., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shishani K., Shiue I., Shokraneh F., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Si S., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singam N.S.V., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Slepak E.L.N., Sliwa K., Smith D.L., Smith M., Soares Filho A.M., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Sobngwi E., Soneji S.S., Soofi M., Soosaraei M., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Subart M.L., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Sutradhar I., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadesse B.T., Tandon N., Tassew S.G., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalign T.G., Tekelemedhin S.W., Tekle M.G., Temesgen H., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Terkawi A.S., Teweldemedhin M., She J., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Tilahun B., To Q.G., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Torre A.E., Tortajada-Girbes M., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Troeger C.E., Truelsen T.C., Tsilimbaris M.K., Tsoi D., Tudor Car L., Tuzcu E.M., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Undurraga E.A., Unutzer J., Updike R.L., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vaduganathan M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Villafaina S., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vollset S.E., Vosoughi K., Vujcic I.S., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Waller S.G., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Weldegebreal F., Weldegwergs K.G., Werdecker A., West T.E., Whiteford H.A., Widecka J., Wijeratne T., Wilner L.B., Wilson S., Winkler A.S., Wiyeh A.B., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woolf A.D., Wu S., Wu Y.-C., Wyper G.M.A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y.J., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zare Z., Zeleke A.J., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang K., Zhao Z., Zhou M., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Vos T., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Fox J., James S.L., Abate D., Abate K.H., Abay S.M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abebe Z., Abera S.F., Abil O.Z., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Acharya P., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adib M.G., Adsuar J.C., Afanvi K.A., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agesa K.M., Aggarwal R., Aghayan S.A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemiju T., Akseer N., Al-Aly Z., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alam K., Alam T., Alashi A., Alavian S.M., Alene K.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Alouani M.M.L., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Aminde L.N., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Animut M.D., Anjomshoa M., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arabloo J., Arauz A., Aremu O., Ariani F., Armoon B., Arnlov J., Arora A., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Ataro Z., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayer R., Azzopardi P.S., Babazadeh A., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A.G., Ballesteros K.E., Ballew S.H., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Banstola A., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Belachew A.B., Belay Y.A., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bensenor I.M., Bernabe E., Bernstein R.S., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhala N., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin 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H.W., Hoffman H.J., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hoogar P., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini S.M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C.K., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C.T., Ileanu B., Ilesanmi O.S., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Irvine C.M.S., Islam S., Islami F., Jacobsen K.H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S.K., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Johnson C.O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S.M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D.H., Kassa G.M., Kassa T.D., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kemp G.R., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M.A., Khajavi A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan M.S., Khan M.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaei M., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K.S., Kocarnik J.M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M.A., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kyu H.H., Lad D.P., Lad S.D., Lafranconi A., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Latifi A., Lau K.M.-M., Lazarus J.V., Leasher J.L., Ledesma J.R., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim L.-L., Lim S.S., Liu S., Lodha R., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lucchesi L.R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Mackay M.T., Madotto F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maghavani D.P., Mahotra N.B., Mai H.T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manda 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Abstract

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Method(s): We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we

Published
2018

93. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

James, S, Abate, D, Abate, K, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, Z, Abera, S, Abil, O, Abraha, H, Abu-Raddad, L, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Accrombessi, M, Acharya, D, Acharya, P, Ackerman, I, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adib, M, Adsuar, J, Afanvi, K, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, K, Aggarwal, R, Aghayan, S, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Al-Raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alashi, A, Alavian, S, Alene, K, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alouani, M, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Aminde, L, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Animut, M, Anjomshoa, M, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Arabloo, J, Arauz, A, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, Ärnlöv, J, Arora, A, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Ataro, Z, Atre, S, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, P, Babazadeh, A, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Bali, A, Ballesteros, K, Ballew, S, Banach, M, Banoub, J, Banstola, A, Barac, A, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Belachew, A, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bensenor, I, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhala, N, Bhattarai, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Bisanzio, D, Blacker, B, Blyth, F, Bou-Orm, I, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Brady, O, Brainin, M, Brant, L, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Briko, A, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Buchbinder, R, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cano, J, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, A, Chang, H, Chang, J, Charlson, F, Chattopadhyay, A, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chin, K, Chitheer, A, Choi, J, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Claro, R, Collado-Mateo, D, Cooper, C, Coresh, J, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Costa, M, Cousin, E, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Cross, M, Crump, J, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Das Gupta, R, Das Neves, J, Dasa, T, Davey, G, Davis, A, Davitoiu, D, De Courten, B, De La Hoz, F, De Leo, D, De Neve, J, Degefa, M, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Des Jarlais, D, Dessie, G, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dinberu, M, Dirac, M, Djalalinia, S, Doan, L, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Dorsey, E, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Ebrahimi, H, Ebrahimpour, S, Echko, M, Edvardsson, D, Effiong, A, Ehrlich, J, El Bcheraoui, C, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Khatib, 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Sanjay, Zucker, Inbar, Vos, Theo, and Murray, Christopher J L

Abstract

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we ca

Published
2018

96. Investigation of a large community-based outbreak of hepatitis B infection in the United Kingdom

Author

ANDERSSON, M. I., LOW, N., IRISH, C. J., VERLANDER, N. Q., CARRINGTON, D., HORNER, P., STUART, J. M., and HICKMAN, M.

Abstract

We describe the largest outbreak of hepatitis B virus infection reported to date in the UK. Between July 2001 and December 2005, 237 cases were identified in Avon, South West England. The likely route of transmission was injecting drug use in 44% (104/237) and heterosexual intercourse in 30% (71/237) of cases. A case-control study in injectors showed that injecting crack cocaine [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 23·8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·04-186, P

Published
2017

97. P3.209 Age differences between heterosexual partners: implications for the spread of chlamydia trachomatis

Author

Smid, JH, Garcia, V, Mercer, CH, Low, N, and Althaus, CL

Subjects
610 Medicine & health, 360 Social problems & social services
Abstract

Introduction The consequences of mixing between sexual partners of different ages on the transmission and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) are still not well understood. Using sexual behaviour data, we obtained a detailed quantitative description of sexual mixing by age. We then investigated the impact of age mixing on the age- and sex-specific prevalence and incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) using a dynamic transmission model. Methods First, we used age- and sex-specific data about the proportion of individuals who are sexually active, sexual partner change rates, and the ages of the three most recent part- ners at first episode of sexual intercourse from the second and third British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2 and Natsal-3). We used a parametric description of the partner ages using skew-normal distributions and combined the data to reconstruct age mixing between heterosexual partners. Second, we incorporated the mixing patterns into a compartmental transmission model to investigate the age groups amongst which Ct is most likely to be transmitted and in which direction. Results On average, males reported sex with younger female partners (median age difference 5.3; IQR [1.6, – 8.9] years) and females reported having male partners of similar age (median age difference 0.4; IQR [2.7, 1.9] years). The median and the skewness of partner age distributions depend heavily on the age of the respondent. Ct-transmitting partnerships are typically between an older male and a younger female partner. In 60% of Ct-transmitting partnerships, at least one partner was >25 years old. Conclusion Our study illustrates the importance of sexual mixing patterns on Ct spread and indicates that a majority oftransmitted infections are in age groups outside of those included in typical Ct screening programs. Our method for the incorporating sexual behaviour data into dynamic transmission models can be used to study the transmission of any STI and to understand the potential impact of control strategies that target specific age groups.

Published
2017
Full Text
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98. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author

Vos, T, Barber, Rm, Bell, B, Bertozzi Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, Vl, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, Gm, Hanson, Sw, Heuton, Kr, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie, E, Liang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, Macintyre, Mf, Moradi Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, Da, Roth, Ga, Sandar, L, Serina, Pt, Stanaway, Jd, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, Se, Whiteford, H, Wolock, Tm, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, Ma, Aasvang, Gm, Abbafati, C, Abbasoglu, Ozgoren, A, Abd Allah, F, Abdel, Aziz, Abera, Sf, Aboyans, V, Abraham, Jp, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu Raddad, Lj, Abu Rmeileh, Nm, Aburto, Tc, Achoki, T, Ackerman, In, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Arnlov, J, Agardh, Ee, Khabouri, Al, Alam, Ss, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, Mi, Alegretti, Ma, Aleman, Av, Alemu, Za, Alfonso Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis, Guzman, Ameli, N, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, Bo, Anderson, Hr, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, Vs, Artaman, A, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, Ls, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, Mc, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker Collo, Sl, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, Lh, Basu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Benjet, C, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene, Tj, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Bin, Abdulhak, Blore, Jd, Blyth, Fm, Bohensky, Ma, Bora, Basara, B, Borges, G, Bornstein, Nm, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, Rr, Boyers, Ln, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, Ce, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brenner, H, Briggs, Ad, Brooks, Pm, Brown, J, Brugha, Ts, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, Ag, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, Nl, Campos, Nonato, Campuzano, Ir, Carapetis, Jc, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castaneda Orjuela, Ca, Catala Lopez, F, Chadha, Vk, Chang, Jc, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, Pp, Chimed Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, Ss, Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, Sm, Contreras, Ag, Cooper, Lt, Cooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, Mh, Crump, Ja, Cuevas Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, Hg, Dargan, Pi, Davey, G, Davitoiu, Dv, Dayama, A, La, De, Cruz, Gongora, De, V, Vega, La, De, Sf, Leo, D, Del, Pozo, Cruz, Dellavalle, Rp, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des, Jarlais, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Diaz Torne, C, Ding, El, Dokova, K, Dorsey, Er, Driscoll, Tr, Duber, H, Durrani, Am, Edmond, Km, Ellenbogen, Rg, Endres, M, Ermakov, Sp, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, Df, Felson, Dt, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, Jg, Ferri, Cp, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, Kj, Fowkes, Fg, Franklin, Rc, Furst, T, Futran, Nd, Gabbe, Bj, Gankpe, Fg, Garcia, Guerra, Geleijnse, Fa, Gessner, Bd, Gibney, Kb, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Gonzalez, De, Cosio, T, Gosselin, Ra, Gotay, Cc, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, Hc, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, Ra, Hafezi Nejad, N, Hagan, H, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Heredia, Pi, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hornberger, Jc, Hosgood, Hd, Hossain, M, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang, Jj, Huang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, Km, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jassal, Sk, Jeemon, P, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jonas, Jb, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, Ds, Kemp, Ah, Kengne, Ap, Khader, Ys, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khan, G, Khang, Yh, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kissela, Bm, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, Ak, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, Rv, Krishnaswami, S, Kuate, Defo, Kucuk, B, Bicer, B, Kuipers, Ej, Kulkarni, Vs, Kumar, K, Kumar, Ga, Kwan, Gf, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, Ae, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lind, M, Lindsay, Mp, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Lloyd, Bk, Lockett, Ohno, S, Logroscino, G, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lopez Olmedo, N, Lortet Tieulent, J, Lotufo, Pa, Low, N, Lucas, Rm, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay, Mt, Majdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, March, Lm, Margono, C, Marks, Gb, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Mason Jones, Aj, Matzopoulos, Rg, Mayosi, Bm, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgill, Nw, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mclain, A, Mcmahon, Bj, Meaney, Pa, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, Ya, Meltzer, M, Memish, Za, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, Fa, Micha, R, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mitchell, Pb, Mock, Cn, Moffitt, Te, Mohamed, Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, Tj, Moore, Ar, Moran, Ae, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moschandreas, J, Moturi, Wn, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, Me, Murray, J, Murthy, Ks, Naghavi, P, Nahas, Z, Naheed, A, Naidoo, Ks, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, Km, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, Sp, Newman, Lm, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, Fn, Nhung, Nt, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Norman, Re, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Ih, Oh, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Ortiz, A, Pandian, Jd, Panelo, Ci, Papachristou, C, Park, Ek, Parry, Cd, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pedraza, Ls, Pellegrini, Ca, Pereira, Dm, Perez Ruiz, Fp, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, Cb, Petzold, M, Phillips, Mr, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, Fb, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk, Gv, Polinder, S, Pope, Ca, Popova, S, Poulton, Rg, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, Nm, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi Movaghar, V, Rahman, Su, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, Sm, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, Al, Riccio, Pm, Richardson, L, Richardus, Jh, Riederer, Am, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, Gm, Sabin, N, Sacco, Rl, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, Ma, Sampson, U, Sanabria, Jr, Sanchez Riera, L, Santos, Is, Satpathy, M, Saunders, Je, Sawhney, M, Saylan, Mi, Scarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, Ij, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Serdar, B, Servan Mori, Ee, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shamah, Levy, T, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, Ds, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, Mg, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Simard, Ep, Sindi, S, Singh, Ja, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, Ss, Speyer, P, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, Vk, Steckling, N, Stein, Mb, Stein, Dj, Steiner, Tj, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner, Lj, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, Bf, Swaroop, M, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, Hr, Ao, Te, Temesgen, Am, Ten, Have, M, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, As, Theadom, Am, Thomas, E, Thorne Lyman, Al, Thrift, Ag, Tleyjeh, Im, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, Ja, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, Bx, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja, Kn, Undurraga, Ea, Uzun, Sb, Van, Brakel, Van, Wh, Vijver, De, Van, S, Dingenen, R, Van, Gool, Varakin, Yy, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, Ms, Veerman, Lj, Velasquez, Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, Fs, Vlassov, Vv, Waller, S, Wallin, Mt, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, Ts, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Werdecker, A, Wessells, Kr, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams, Hc, Williams, Tn, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wolfe, Cd, Wong, Jq, Wong, H, Woolf, Ad, Wright, Jl, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, Ma, Yentur, Gk, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, Ky, Zaki, Mel, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, Jr, Salomon, Ja, Murray, C. J., Vos, T, Barber, Rm, Bell, B, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, Vl, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, Gm, Hanson, Sw, Heuton, Kr, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie ELiang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, Macintyre, Mf, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, Da, Roth, Ga, Sandar, L, Serina, Pt, Stanaway, Jd, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, Se, Whiteford, H, Wolock, Tm, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, Ma, Aasvang, Gm, Abbafati, C, Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel Aziz MI, Abera, Sf, Aboyans, V, Abraham, Jp, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Abu-Rmeileh, Nm, Aburto, Tc, Achoki TAckerman IN, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Adsuar, Jc, Arnlov, J, Agardh, Ee, Al Khabouri MJ, Alam, S, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, Mi, Alegretti MAAleman AV, Alemu, Za, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, Pj, Almazroa, Ma, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman NAmeli, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, Bo, Anderson, Hr, Antonio, Ca, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, V, Artaman, A, Asghar, Rj, Assadi, R, Atkins, L, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, Mc, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker-Collo, Sl, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero LHBasu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, Ml, Benjet, C, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene TJBhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Blore, Jd, Blyth, Fm, Bohensky, Ma, Bora Basara, B, Borges, G, Bornstein, Nm, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, Rr, Boyers, Ln, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, Ce, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brenner, H, Briggs, Ad, Brooks, Pm, Brown JBrugha TS, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, Ag, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, Nl, Campos Nonato IR, Campuzano JCCarapetis JR, Carpenter, Do, Caso, V, Castaneda-Orjuela, Ca, Catala-Lopez, F, Chadha, Vk, Chang, Jc, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, Pp, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, Ca, Chugh, S, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, Sm, Contreras, Ag, Cooper LTCooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, Mh, Crump, Ja, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, Hg, Dargan, Pi, Davey, G, Davitoiu, Dv, Dayama, A, De la Cruz-Gongora, V, de la Vega SF, De Leo, D, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, Rp, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn, M, Deveber, Ga, Dharmaratne, Sd, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, El, Dokova, K, Dorsey, Er, Driscoll, Tr, Duber, H, Durrani, Am, Edmond, Km, Ellenbogen, Rg, Endres, M, Ermakov, Sp, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, Df, Felson, Dt, Fereshtehnejad SMFernandes JG, Ferri, Cp, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, Kj, Fowkes, Fg, Franklin, Rc, Furst, T, Futran, Nd, Gabbe, Bj, Gankpe, Fg, Garcia-Guerra FAGeleijnse JM, Gessner, Bd, Gibney, Kb, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, Gonzalez de Cosio TGosselin RA, Gotay, Cc, Goto, A, Gouda, Hn, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, Hc, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, Ra, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagan HHalasa, Y, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, S, Hedayati, Mt, Heredia Pi IB, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hornberger, Jc, Hosgood, Hd, Hossain, M, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang JJHuang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, Km, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, Kh, Jassal, Sk, Jeemon, P, Jensen, Pn, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang YJonas JB, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, D, Kemp, Ah, Kengne, Ap, Khader, Y, Khalifa, Se, Khan, Ea, Khan, G, Khang, Yh, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, Jm, Kissela, Bm, Kivipelto MKnibbs, L, Knudsen, Ak, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, Rv, Krishnaswami, S, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuipers EJKulkarni VS, Kumar, K, Kumar, Ga, Kwan, Gf, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, Ae, Leasher, Jl, Lee, Jt, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lind, M, Lindsay, Mp, Lipshultz, Se, Liu, S, Lloyd, Bk, Lockett Ohno, S, Logroscino, G, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lopez-Olmedo, N, Lortet-Tieulent, J, Lotufo, Pa, Low, N, Lucas, Rm, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay MTMajdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, Cc, Marcenes, W, March, Lm, Margono, C, Marks, Gb, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Mason-Jones, Aj, Matzopoulos RGMayosi BM, Mazorodze, Tt, Mcgill, Nw, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mclain, A, Mcmahon, Bj, Meaney, Pa, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, Ya, Meltzer, M, Memish, Za, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, Fa, Micha, R, Miller, Tr, Mills, Ej, Mitchell, Pb, Mock, Cn, Moffitt TEMohamed Ibrahim, N, Mohammad, Ka, Mokdad, Ah, Mola, Gl, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, Tj, Moore, Ar, Moran, Ae, Morawska, L, Mori RMoschandreas, J, Moturi, Wn, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, Uo, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, Me, Murray, J, Murthy, K, Naghavi, P, Nahas ZNaheed, A, Naidoo, K, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, Km, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, Sp, Newman, Lm, Newton, Cr, Ng, M, Ngalesoni FNNhung NT, Nisar, Mi, Nolte, S, Norheim, Of, Norman, Re, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Oh, Ih, Ohkubo, T, Omer, Sb, Opio, Jn, Ortiz, A, Pandian JDPanelo CI, Papachristou, C, Park, Ek, Parry, Cd, Caicedo, Aj, Patten, Sb, Paul, Vk, Pavlin, Bi, Pearce, N, Pedraza, L, Pellegrini, Ca, Pereira, Dm, Perez-Ruiz, Fp, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, Cb, Petzold, M, Phillips, Mr, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, Fb, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk GVPolinder, S, Pope, Ca, Popova, S, Poulton, Rg, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, Nm, Qato, D, Quistberg, Da, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, Su, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, Sm, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, Al, Riccio, Pm, Richardson, L, Richardus, Jh, Riederer, Am, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, Gm, Sabin, N, Sacco, Rl, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, Ma, Sampson, U, Sanabria, Jr, Sanchez-Riera, L, Santos, I, Satpathy, M, Saunders, Je, Sawhney, M, Saylan MIScarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, Ij, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, Sg, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, Ee, Shackelford, K, Shaheen AShahraz, S, Shamah Levy, T, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, D, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, Mg, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Simard, Ep, Sindi, S, Singh, Ja, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, S, Speyer PSposato LA, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, Vk, Steckling, N, Stein, Mb, Stein, Dj, Steiner, Tj, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner LJStroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, Bf, Swaroop, M, Sykes, Bl, Tabb, Km, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, Hr, Te Ao BJ, Temesgen, Am, Ten Have, M, Tenkorang, Ey, Terkawi, A, Theadom, Am, Thomas, E, Thorne-Lyman, Al, Thrift, Ag, Tleyjeh, Im, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, Ja, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, Bx, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja KNUndurraga EA, Uzun, Sb, van Brakel WH, van de Vijver, S, Van Dingenen, R, van Gool CH, Varakin, Yy, Vasankari, Tj, Vavilala, M, Veerman LJVelasquez-Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, F, Vlassov, Vv, Waller, S, Wallin, Mt, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, T, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, Rg, Werdecker, A, Wessells, Kr, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, Jd, Williams HCWilliams TN, Woldeyohannes, Sm, Wolfe, Cd, Wong, Jq, Wong, H, Woolf, Ad, Wright, Jl, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, Ma, Yentur GKYip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, Sj, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, Ky, Zaki Mel, S, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, Jr, Salomon, Ja, Murray, Cj., Vos, Theo, Barber, Ryan M., Bell, Brad, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Biryukov, Stan, Bolliger, Ian, Charlson, Fiona, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dicker, Daniel, Duan, Leilei, Erskine, Holly, Feigin, Valery L., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thoma, Graetz, Nichola, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Hansen, Gillian M., Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Heuton, Kyle R., Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nichola, Kyu, Hmwe, Laurie, Evan, Liang, Xiofeng, Lofgren, Katherine, Lozano, Rafael, Macintyre, Michael F., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Odell, Shaun, Ortblad, Katrina, Roberts, David Allen, Roth, Gregory A., Sandar, Logan, Serina, Peter T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Steiner, Caitlyn, Thomas, Bernadette, Vollset, Stein Emil, Whiteford, Harvey, Wolock, Timothy M., Ye, Pengpeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ãvila, Marco A., Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Aziz, Muna I. Abdel, Abera, Semaw F., Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P., Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Aburto, Tania C., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, Josef C., Arnlov, Johan, Agardh, Emilie E., Al Khabouri, Mazin J., Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Aleman, Alicia V., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J., Almazroa, Mohammad Abdulaziz, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O., Anderson, H. Ro, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Apfel, Henry, Arsenijevic, Valentain S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Atkinson, Charle, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Arindam, Baxter, Amanda, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benzian, Habib, Bernabe, Eduardo, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref Bin, Blore, Jed D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Basara, Berrak Bora, Borges, Guilherme, Bornstein, Natan M., Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R., Boyers, Lindsay N., Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol E.G., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D.M., Brooks, Peter M., Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C., Bukhman, Gene, Bulloch, Andrew G., Burch, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cardenas, Rosario, Cabral, Norberto L., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Campuzano, Julio C., Carapetis, Jonathan R., Carpenter, David O., Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A., Chugh, Sumeet S., Cirillo, Massimo, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron, Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Contreras, Alejandra G., Cooper, Leslie T., Cooper, Cyru, Cooperrider, Kimberly, Coresh, Josef, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Lalit, Dansereau, Emily, Dantes, Hector G., Dargan, Paul I., Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Dayama, Anand, De La Cruz-Gongora, Vanessa, De La Vega, Shelley F., De Leo, Diego, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Deveber, Gabrielle A., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Diaz-Torne, Cesar, Ding, Eric L., Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E.R., Driscoll, Tim R., Duber, Herbert, Durrani, Adnan M., Edmond, Karen M., Ellenbogen, Richard G., Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F.J., Felson, David T., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Ferri, Cluesa P., Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J., Fowkes, F Gerry R., Franklin, Richard C., Furst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D., Gabbe, Belinda J., Gankpe, Fortune G., Garcia-Guerra, Francisco A., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gibney, Katherine B., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim A., Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Goenka, Shifalika, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Gona, Philimon, De Cosio, Teresita Gonzalez, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Guerrant, Richard L., Gugnani, Harish C., Gunnell, David, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Gutierrez, Reyna A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J., Hay, Simon, Hedayati, Mohammad T., Pi, Ileana B. Heredia, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hornberger, John C., Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Howard, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J., Huang, Cheng, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim M., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Jonathan, Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Katz, Ronit, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S., Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Khader, Yousef S., Khalifa, Shams Eldin A.H., Khan, Ejaz A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Kissela, Brett M., Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Kramer, Alexander, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita V., Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, Kaushalendra, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larson, Heidi, Larsson, Ander, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E.B., Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Jong-Tae, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Lim, Stephen, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lind, Margaret, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K., Ohno, Summer Lockett, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lopez-Olmedo, Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Low, Nicola, Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Jixiang, Ma, Stefan, Mackay, Mark T., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Christopher C., Marcenes, Wagner, March, Lyn M., Margono, Chri, Marks, Guy B., Marzan, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Matzopoulos, Richard G., Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mcgill, Neil W., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abby, Mcmahon, Brian J., Meaney, Peter A., Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A., Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Moffitt, Terrie E., Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L., Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Moore, Ami R., Moran, Andrew E., Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N., Moyer, Madeline, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Murdoch, Michele E., Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naghavi, Paria, Nahas, Ziad, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K.M. Venkat, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P., Newman, Lori M., Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N., Nhung, Nguyen T., Nisar, Muhammad I., Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Omer, Saad B., Opio, John Nelson, Ortiz, Alberto, Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D., Caicedo, Angel J. Paternina, Patten, Scott B., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pearce, Neil, Pedraza, Lilia S., Pellegrini, Carlos A., Pereira, David M., Perez-Ruiz, Fernando P., Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Phillips, David, Phillips, Bryan, Piel, Frederic B., Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V., Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C.A., Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M., Qato, Dima, Quistberg, D.A., Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Refaat, Amany, Rehm, Jurgen, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Riccio, Patricia M., Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Riederer, Anne M., Robinson, Margot, Roca, Anna, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M., Sabin, Nsanzimana, Sacco, Ralph L., Ksoreide, Kjetil, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu, Sanabria, Juan R., Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S., Satpathy, Maheswar, Saunders, James E., Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I., Scarborough, Peter, Schoettker, Ben, Schneider, Ione J.C., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shepard, Donald S., Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Soneji, Samir, Soshnikov, Sergey S., Speyer, Peter, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stoeckl, Heidi, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi, Steckling, Nadine, Stein, Murray B., Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Timothy J., Stewart, Andrea, Stork, Eden, Stovner, Lars J., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Tan, Feng, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R., Te Ao, Braden J., Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Have, Margreet Ten, Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Theadom, Alice M., Thomas, Elissa, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Tleyjeh, Imad M., Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey A., Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Trasande, Leonardo, Trillini, Matia, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin M., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen B., Van Brakel, Wim H., Van De Vijver, Steven, Dingenen, Rita Van, Van Gool, Coen H., Varakin, Yuri Y., Vasankari, Tommi J., Vavilala, Monica S., Veerman, Lennert J., Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Waller, Stephen, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wan, Xia, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Yanping, Warouw, Tati S., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Wessells, K. Ryan, Westerman, Ronny, Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Hywel C., Williams, Thomas N., Woldeyohannes, Solomon M., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wong, John Q., Wong, Haidong, Woolf, Anthony D., Wright, Jonathan L., Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yang, Gonghuan, Yano, Yuichiro, Yenesew, Muluken A., Yentur, Gokalp K., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Kim, Kim Yun, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhang, Yong, Zhao, Zheng, Zhao, Yong, Zhu, Jun, Zonies, David, Zunt, Joseph R., Salomon, Joshua A., Murray, Christopher J.L., Cell biology, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and Public Health

Subjects
Male, Gerontology, Nutrition and Disease, Epidemiology, years lived with disability, Global burden of disease, acute and chronic diseases, countries, Prevalence, Disease, Global Health, Medical and Health Sciences, Conduct disorder, Otitis-media, Cost of Illness, Residence Characteristics, Voeding en Ziekte, 80 and over, Global health, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, countries, Aetiology, Child, Aged, 80 and over, Medicine(all), education.field_of_study, ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Pain Research, Neglected Diseases, Alcohol dependence, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Global burden of disease, Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators, Mental Health, Infectious Diseases, Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, Burden of Illness, Child, Preschool, Acute Disease, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, GBD 2013, Population, acute and chronic diseases, Young Adult, Mental-disorders, Age Distribution, Medicine, General & Internal, Weights, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Life Science, Disabled Persons, Sex Distribution, Preschool, education, Developing Countries, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, Developed Countries, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Health outcomes, Newborn, medicine.disease, Comorbidity, Brain Disorders, years lived with disability, Good Health and Well Being, Disease, injury, incidence, prevalence, YLDs, GBD 2010, Chronic Disease, Wounds and Injuries, business, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Iron-deficiency, Demography
Abstract

Summary Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2015

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