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Background: Dentigerous cysts are usually of developmental nature but may be of inflammatory origin especially in paediatric populations. It is important to understand the histological features of dentigerous cysts to enable accurate diagnosis. The aim of this study is to present epidemiological, clinical features and histopathological features of dentigerous cysts seen in a paediatric tertiary referral hospital.Method: The medical, radiographic and histopathology records of the Department of Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia, during January 1998 to December 2013 were reviewed for patients with dentigerous cysts. All cases were re-examined by a specialist oral pathologist, consultant paediatric pathologist and paediatric dentistry registrar.Results: Forty-one cases of dentigerous cysts were found. Patients in the permanent dentition were most frequently affected. Male predilection was observed (male:female 2.42:1). The posterior mandible was the most frequently affected region (63.42%) although maxillary canines were the teeth most commonly associated with dentigerous cysts (29.27%). The majority of cases were incidental findings. Squamous epithelium showing pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (46%) was frequently observed and was significantly present with thicker epithelium (P < 0.0001) and an acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate (P < 0.001). Inflammatory infiltrate was seen in 75.6% of cases.Conclusions: The current study provides increased knowledge of the histological features of dentigerous cysts in a large retrospective series of paediatric patients and provides further evidence regarding the frequency of inflammatory dentigerous cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A study was conducted to develop and validate a screening model using risk scores to identify individuals at high risk for developing oral cancer in an Indian population. Methods: Life-course data collected from a multicentre case-control study in India were used. Interview was conducted to collect information on predictors limited to the time before the onset of symptoms or cancer diagnosis. Predictors included statistically significant risk factors in the multivariable model. A risk score for each predictor was derived from respective odds ratios (OR). Discrimination of the final model, risk scores and various risk score cut-offs was examined using the c statistic. The optimal cut-off was determined as the one with good area under curve (AUC) and high sensitivity. Predictive ability of the regression model and cut-off risk score was determined by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Models were validated from a bootstrap sample. Results: Smoking, chewing quid and/ or tobacco, alcohol, a family history of upper aero-digestive tract cancer, diet and oral hygiene behaviour were the predictors. Risk scores ranged from 0 to 28. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for risk scores was good (0.866). The sensitivity (0.928) and negative predictive value (0.927) were high, while specificity (0.603) and positive predictive value (0.607) were low for a risk score cut-off of 6. Conclusion: A risk score model to screen for individuals with high risk of oral cancer with satisfactory predictive ability was developed in the Indian population. Validation of the model in other populations is necessary before it can be recommended to identify subgroups of the population to be directed towards more extensive clinical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Oral adverse events (OAEs) associated with multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORIs) are underestimated but frequent and novel presentations of mucosal manifestations. Because optimal antitumor activity requires maintaining the optimal dose, it is essential to avoid unintended treatment delays or interruptions. Methods. We review the reported prevalence and appearance of OAEs with TKIs and mTORIs and the current oral assessment tools commonly used in clinical trials. We discuss the correlations between OAEs and hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) and rash. Results. The reported prevalence of oral mucositis/stomatitis of any grade is 4% for pazopanib, 28% for sorafenib, 38% for sunitinib, 41% for temsirolimus, and 44% for everolimus. Oral lesions associated with these agents have been reported to more closely resemble aphthous stomatitis than OM caused by conventional agents. In addition, these agents may result in symptoms such as oral mucosal pain, dysgeusia, and dysphagia, in the absence of clinical lesions. Because of these factors, OAEs secondary to targeted agents may be underreported. In addition, a correlation between OAEs and HFSR was identified. Conclusions. OAEs caused by TKIs and mTORIs may represent dose-limiting toxicities, especially considering the fact that even low grades of OAEs may be troubling to the patient. We discuss how these novel AEs can be assessed because current mucositis assessment tools have limitations. Prospective studies investigating the pathogenesis, risk factors, and management of OAEs are needed in order to minimize the impact on patient's health-related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mucositis is a toxic side effect of anti-cancer treatments and is a major focus in cancer research. Proinflammatory cytokines have previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. However, whether they play a key role in the development of radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterise the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract using a rat model of fractionated radiotherapy-induced toxicity. Methods: Thirty six female Dark Agouti rats were randomly assigned into groups and received 2.5 Gys abdominal radiotherapy three times a week over six weeks. Real time PCR was conducted to determine the relative change in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF in the jejunum and colon. Protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF in the intestinal epithelium was investigated using qualitative immunohistochemistry. Results: Radiotherapy-induced sub-acute damage was associated with significantly upregulated IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF mRNA levels in the jejunum and colon. The majority of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein expression in the jejunum and colon exhibited minimal change following fractionated radiotherapy. Conclusions: Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis in the sub-acute onset setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Alimentary tract (AT) mucositis can be a major problem for patients undergoing cancer treatment. It has significant clinical and economic consequences and is a major factor that can compromise the provision of optimal treatment for patients. The pathobiology of AT mucositis is complex and the exact mechanisms that underlie its development still need to be fully elucidated. Current opinion considers that there is a prominent interplay between all of the compartments of the mucosa involving, at a molecular level, the activation of transcription factors, particularly nuclear factor-κB, and the subsequent upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature relating to what is currently known about the pathobiology of AT mucositis, particularly with respect to the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as currently used animal models and the role of specific cytotoxic chemotherapy agents in the development of AT mucositis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An abstract of the article "Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the oral mucosa following cancer chemotherapy," by Richard M. Logan and colleagues is presented.