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Amb el suport del Consell Superior d'Avaluació de Catalunya Las pruebas tipo test para la evaluación de los conocimientos están ampliamente aceptadas por su objetividad y facilidad en la aplicación y corrección. Sin embargo, para asegurar la validez de sus puntuaciones es necesario verificar que éstas han sido obtenidas después de responder a la prueba de una forma prevista por el evaluador. Los patrones de respuesta que se alejan de lo previsto se consideran Patrones Atípicos de Respuesta (PAR). En este trabajo se presenta una metodologia encaminada a identificar la presencia de PAR así como su tipologia. Dado que los diferentes tipus de PAR pueden identificar déficits en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, esta metodología pretende ser de utilidad para evaluaciones formativas.

From Hesiod on, δαιμωυ denotes a passionate figure, useful to free divinity from the charge of evil. Plutarch conceives δαιμωυ as an active and changeable entity between God and rnatter; he must complete a catharsis that makes him better (more akin to God; Being in a higher degree). The task of δαιμωυ is to take care of oracles and to guide human lives. If this task has been done correctly, δαιμωυ ascends to the sun; if not, he falls down to the earth.

Oxidative stress is an early occurrence in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and one of its proposed etiologic hypotheses. There is sufficient experimental evidence supporting the theory that impaired antioxidant enzymatic activity and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) take place in this disease. However, the antioxidant treatments fail to stop its advancement. Its multifactorial condition and the diverse toxicological cascades that can be initiated by ROS could possibly explain this failure. Recently, it has been suggested that cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) contributes to the onset of AD. Oxidative stress is a central hallmark of CSVD and is depicted as an early causative factor. Moreover, data from various epidemiological and clinicopathological studies have indicated a relationship between CSVD and AD where endothelial cells are a source of oxidative stress. These cells are also closely related to oligodendrocytes, which are, in particular, sensitive to oxidation and lead to myelination being compromised. The sleep/wake cycle is another important control in the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocytes, and sleep loss reduces myelin thickness. Moreover, sleep plays a crucial role in resistance against CSVD, and poor sleep quality increases the silent markers of this vascular disease. Sleep disruption is another early occurrence in AD and is related to an increase in oxidative stress. In this study, the relationship between CSVD, oligodendrocyte dysfunction, and sleep disorders is discussed while focusing on oxidative stress as a common occurrence and its possible role in the onset of AD.

This thesis describes different ways of converting CO2 to high value-added chemicals. For that, we tested traditional (γ-Al2O3, TiO2 and MgO based catalysts) and non-traditional (MAX phase and MXene based catalysts) materials in different thermocatalytic reactions: butane dry reforming (where CO2 reacts with butane to produce syngas), reverse water-gas shift (RWGS, where CO2 reacts with H2 to CO and H2O), and butane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) to produce butenes. In addition to thermal-catalysis, we used plasma-catalysis to perform CO2 splitting and CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Overall, we found that Ti-based MAX phases are promising supports for CO2 conversion reactions due to their stability, acidity and electronic properties. We have also shown that MXenes are promising catalysts in redox reactions due to their electronic properties and their ability to stabilise vacancy sites. Regarding plasma-enhanced catalysis, we have seen that metal oxide supported catalysts are able to improve CO2 conversion and tune the selectivity in a DBD plasma setup, near ambient temperature and pressure. The metal loading and the metal oxide dispersion played important roles during CO2 hydrogenation. Similar materials had no catalytic effect during CO2 splitting in RF plasma. Nevertheless, we found that metal meshes can also act as catalysts under these conditions, increasing the CO yield.

For the treatment of impacted maxillary canines, traction associated with a complete orthodontic treatment is the first choice in young patients. However, in adults, this treatment has a worse prognosis. The surgical extraction of the impacted tooth can result in a series of complications and a compromised alveolar bone integrity, which may lead to the requirement of a bone regeneration/grafting procedure to replace the canine with a dental implant. These case reports aimed to describe an alternative treatment procedure to the surgical extraction of impacted maxillary canines in adults. Following clinical and computerized tomography-scan (CT-Scan) examination, the possibility of maintaining the impacted canine in its position and replacing the temporary canine present in its place with a dental implant was planned. A short dental implant with an immediate provisional crown was placed, without contacting the impacted canine. At 3 months follow-up, a definitive metal-ceramic restoration was placed. Follow-up visits were performed periodically. The implant site showed a physiological soft tissue color and firmness, no marginal bone loss, no infection or inflammation, and an adequate aesthetic result in all follow-up visits. These results suggest that the treatment carried out is a valid option to rehabilitate with an osseointegrated short implant area where a canine is included, as long as there is a sufficient amount of the remaining bone

Biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis are crucial in clinical practice. They should be objective and quantifiable and respond to specific therapeutic interventions. Optimal biomarkers should reflect the underlying process (pathological or not), be reproducible, widely available, and allow measurements repeatedly over time. Ideally, biomarkers should also be non-invasive and cost-effective. This review aims to focus on the usefulness and limitations of electroencephalography (EEG) in the search for Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. The main aim of this article is to review the evolution of the most used biomarkers in AD and the need for new peripheral and, ideally, non-invasive biomarkers. The characteristics of the EEG as a possible source for biomarkers will be revised, highlighting its advantages compared to the molecular markers available so far.

International audience; Compton cameras have the potential to become an emerging technology in Nuclear Medicine. Previous studies have shown electronic collimation allows a gain in detection efficiency of 20 with respect to standard collimated cameras. In this work, we present ongoing simulation studies for further enhancing detection efficiency. To this end, we simulated with GATE/Geant4 a Compton camera made of a scatterer detector based on the prototype under development by CLaRyS collaboration consisting of double-sided silicon strip detectors and an ideal absorber covering all the sides of the scatterer except the entrance surface.We studied the performance of the camera by varying the number of scatterer layers in a range comprised between 5 and 25 layers separated by a distance of 10 mm between them. The energy resolution was set to 2.5% at 200 keV and the energy threshold was set to 5 keV. True coincidences sorted by event identification were analyzed. Detection efficiency was obtained as the fraction of events that produces a detected coincidence. For comparison purposes, ideal absorption was also considered inthe studied GE Healthcare Infinia collimated camera (HEGP and MEGP collimators). The detection efficiency was approximated by the geometrical efficiency of the collimator, neglecting septal penetration. Monochromatic gamma sources emitting in a range comprised between 140 keV and 511 keV were employed. The source was located at 100 mm from the first layer, in the center of the transverse surface. The same distance was considered from the source to the collimator surface. Preliminary results showed an increase of detection efficiency by a factor 80 (resp 95) compared to the HEGP (resp MEGP) collimator when the Compton camera based on 25 scatterer layers was considered. In the future, we plan to extend the work to the study of spatial resolution and to the comparison with innovative SPECT systems.

In recent years, the idea that sleep is critical for cognitive processing has gained strength. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide and presents a high prevalence of sleep disturbances. However, it is difficult to establish causal relations, since a vicious circle emerges between different aspects of the disease. Nowadays, we know that sleep is crucial to consolidate memory and to remove the excess of beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorilated tau accumulated in AD patients' brains. In this review, we discuss how sleep disturbances often precede in years some pathological traits, as well as cognitive decline, in AD. We describe the relevance of sleep to memory consolidation, focusing on changes in sleep patterns in AD in contrast to normal aging. We also analyze whether sleep alterations could be useful biomarkers to predict the risk of developing AD and we compile some sleep-related proposed biomarkers. The relevance of the analysis of the sleep microstructure is highlighted to detect specific oscillatory patterns that could be useful as AD biomarkers.