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Background: Using virtual worlds with students and faculty in Initial Teacher Education (ITE) can provide exciting opportunities to develop innovative pedagogies. This work can begin in the ITE courses and filter into K-12 classrooms. Identifying the best practices is of the utmost importance in facilitating effective teaching and learning. The present case study seeks to highlight the elements that influence the successful integration of virtual worlds in learning environments. Methods: This case study was part of a more extensive participatory action research project (PAR). In that four-year project (2010-2014), data were gathered from over 1500 ITE students and six faculty at a regional university in Australia. The inductive analysis of the data gave rise to several case studies, one of which is presented in this paper. The data sets were obtained from virtual world interventions, surveys and interviews. Results: It was found that virtual worlds can support teachers in developing innovative pedagogical approaches in classrooms. However, resistance from one or more elements in the learning ecosystem can hamper the integration of virtual worlds into the educational landscape. These elements range from learners to technology systems. The inductive analysis identified the variables that influence the adoption of virtual worlds and facilitate innovative pedagogies. Conclusion: This paper delineates various elements of a learning ecosystem and their importance in the adoption of a sustainable virtual world, regardless of the learning application used. A specific case study is discussed here, since it best demonstrates the value of a supportive learning ecosystem and the practical ways of utilizing its elements to support future integration of virtual worlds. Suggestions are also made for future implementations in any faculty across a university.

Abstract Background Aboriginal people are under-reported on administrative health data in Australia. Various approaches have been used or proposed to improve reporting of Aboriginal people using linked records. This cross-sectional study used self-reported Aboriginality from the NSW Patient Survey Program (PSP) as a reference standard to assess the accuracy of reporting of Aboriginal people on NSW Admitted Patient (APDC) and Emergency Department Data Collections (EDDC), and compare the accuracy of selected approaches to enhance reporting Aboriginality using linked data. Methods Ten PSP surveys were linked to five administrative health data collections, including APDC, EDDC, perinatal, and birth and death registration records. Accuracy of reporting of Aboriginality was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) and F score for the EDDC and APDC as baseline and four enhancement approaches using linked records: “Most recent linked record”, “Ever reported as Aboriginal”, and two approaches using a weight of evidence, “Enhanced Reporting of Aboriginality (ERA) algorithm” and “Multi-stage median (MSM)”. Results There was substantial under-reporting of Aboriginality on APDC and EDDC records (sensitivities 84 and 77% respectively) with PPVs of 95% on both data collections. Overall, specificities and NPVs were above 98%. Of people who were reported as Aboriginal on the PSP, 16% were not reported as Aboriginal on any of their linked records. Record linkage approaches generally increased sensitivity, accompanied by decrease in PPV with little change in overall F score for the APDC and an increase in F score for the EDDC. The “ERA algorithm” and “MSM” approaches provided the best overall accuracy. Conclusions Weight of evidence approaches are preferred when record linkage is used to improve reporting of Aboriginality on administrative health data collections. However, as a substantial number of Aboriginal people are not reported as Aboriginal on any of their linked records, improvements in reporting are incomplete and should be taken into account when interpreting results of any analyses. Enhancement of reporting of Aboriginality using record linkage should not replace efforts to improve recording of Aboriginal people at the point of data collection and addressing barriers to self-identification for Aboriginal people.

A growing demand for the highly nutritious baobab fruit pulp from Europe and North America raises the question whether the marketing of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) products could be an opportunity as an income source for rural communities in Kenya, or if the increased demand from overseas would disturb domestic baobab use. To gain an idea of domestic baobab use, a value chain analysis of edible baobab products was performed, using qualitative methods. By using a non-probability sampling, 134 baobab value chain respondents from producers to retailers of baobab products were interviewed on sales data, volumes and profits. Results from an additional household survey, key informant interviews and participatory research were used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of and to the baobab business. The main actors of the baobab value network were farmers, collectors, wholesalers, processors and retailers; 72% of the respondents were female. The products most traded were unprocessed pulpcovered seeds and mabuyu, a candy made out of baobab pulp-covered seeds, sugar and food colour. The average value of the product along the mabuyu value chain increased from 0.07 USD per kg of raw pulp-covered seeds paid to the farmer to up to 1.50 USD per kg paid by the end consumer for the mabuyu candy. For farmers, the harvesting and trading with baobab products is an additional source of income during the dry season. Increased commercialisation of baobab products and better integration of farmers into value chains may enhance income, particularly of women.

Abstract Background Suicide amongst Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities occurs at twice the rate of the general population and, with significant barriers to treatment, help-seeking prior to a suicide attempt is low. This trial aims to test the effectiveness of an app (iBobbly) designed with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people for reducing suicidal ideation. Methods/design This is a two-arm randomised controlled trial that will compare iBobbly to a wait-list control condition. The trial aims to recruit Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants aged 16 years and over to test iBobbly, which is a self-help app delivering content based on acceptance and commitment therapy. The primary outcome for the study is suicidal ideation, and secondary outcomes include depression, hopelessness, distress tolerance, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belonging, and help-seeking intentions. Data will be collected for both groups at baseline, post-intervention (after 6 weeks of app use), and at 6 months post-baseline (with a final 12-month follow-up for the iBobbly group). Primary analysis will compare changes in suicidal ideation for the intervention condition relative to the wait-list control condition using mixed models. An examination of the cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared to the control condition will be conducted. Discussion If effective, iBobbly could overcome many barriers to help-seeking amongst a group of people who are at increased risk of suicide. It may provide a low-cost, accessible intervention that can reach more people. This trial will add to a sparse literature on indigenous suicide prevention and will increase our knowledge about the effectiveness of e-health interventions for suicide prevention. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12614000686606. Registered on 30 June 2014.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has been presenting new challenges for medical schools worldwide. Medical educators are coming-up with creative solutions to address those unprecedented challenges. The purpose of this study is to reflect upon an experience of an online TBL in a Family Medicine Clerkship. Methods: This study relied on a qualitative descriptive design. A phenomenological approach was adapted to capture the perception of students regarding online TBL as part of Family Medicine clerkship, using a survey of open-ended questions. The data were inductively analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The results of the study revealed that the students, overall, reacted positively to the experience. Five themes of text fragments emerged from the analysis: Equivalency of experience, Efficiency and Ease-of-use, Organization, Novelty, and Design. The students also noted some minor difficulties, that they faced at the beginning of their experience, indicating the existence of a learning curve. They also identified a few opportunities for improvement. Discussion: This study demonstrated that combining videoconferencing and lesson delivery software together for TBL enables remote facilitation of the Family Medicine curriculum, and that the students value the experience as such. From the COI perspective, all three factors, namely: social presence, teaching presence, and cognitive presence, are met by such a set-up for distance learning. The students also felt validated and that their voice is heard. The central coordination of the TBL process proved to be crucial to ensure continuity, and also to support individuals' mental health and team spirit. Conclusion: This study concludes that TBL enables rapid transition to distance learning; it promotes analytical and self-directed learning even in extreme circumstances. Moreover, the TBL sessions allow for the facilitators, including the Discipline Lead, to get to know the students, on a personal level, and to monitor and evaluate their performance, over time.

Something like normal functionality of tools in a manufacturing process is typically designed to ensure reliability, where fast and accurate identification of tool abnormal operation plays a vital role in intelligent manufacturing. In this study, a novel method is proposed to assess the cutting tool condition, which consists of a convolutional neural network with wider first-layer kernels (W-CONV), and long short-term memory (LSTM). The analysis benefits from the use of output power signals from the cutting tool, since they can be obtained easily and efficiently, enabling the proposed method to be applicable in practical operation for online condition monitoring. Moreover, effectiveness of the proposed method is investigated, using test data from cutting tools at various tool wear conditions. Results demonstrate that with the proposed method, tool wear condition can be identified accurately and efficiently. Furthermore, with test data collected at cutting tools with different sizes, the robustness of the proposed method can be further clarified.

Abstract Background In Australia there is commitment to developing interventions that will ‘Close the Gap’ between the health and welfare of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians and recognition that early childhood interventions offer the greatest potential for long term change. Nurse led sustained home visiting programs are considered an effective way to deliver a health and parenting service, however there is little international or Australian evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of these programs for Aboriginal infants. This protocol describes the Bulundidi Gudaga Study, a quasi-experimental design, comparing three cohorts of families from the Macarthur region in south western Sydney to explore the effectiveness of the Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-visiting (MECSH) program for Aboriginal families. Methods Mothers were recruited when booking into the local hospital for perinatal care and families are followed up until child is age 4 years. Participants are from three distinct cohorts: Aboriginal MECSH intervention cohort (Group A), Non-Aboriginal MECSH intervention cohort (Group B) and Aboriginal non-intervention cohort (Group C). Eligible mothers were those identified as at risk during the Safe Start assessment conducted by antenatal clinic midwives. Mothers in Group A were eligible if they were pregnant with an Aboriginal infant. Mothers in Group B were eligible if they were pregnant with a non-Aboriginal infant. Mothers in Group C are part of the Gudaga descriptive cohort study and were recruited between October 2005 and May 2007. The difference in duration of breastfeeding, child body mass index, and child development outcomes at 18 months and 4 years of age will be measured as primary outcomes. We will also evaluate the intervention effect on secondary measures including: child dental health; the way the program is received; patterns of child health and illness; patterns of maternal health, health knowledge and behaviours; family and environmental conditions; and service usage for mothers and families. Discussion Involving local Aboriginal research and intervention staff and investing in established relationships between the research team and the local Aboriginal community is enabling this study to generate evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions that are feasible to implement and sustainable in the context of Aboriginal communities and local service systems. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616001721493 Registered 14 Dec 2016. Retrospectively registered.

This mixed methods study explored elementary students’ (N = 263) writing enjoyment, their perceptions of teacher writing enjoyment, self-regulation, and grades. In the quantitative strand, we examined how student perceptions of teacher writing enjoyment and student writing enjoyment relate to student writing self-regulation and writing grades using structural equation modeling. Findings revealed a positive relationship among student-perceived teacher writing enjoyment, student writing enjoyment, and student writing self-regulation and grades. In the qualitative strand, we explored responses of students with high or low writing enjoyment ratings to understand aspects of the instructional environment that contribute to students’ affective experiences with writing. Much of what determines students’ enjoyment of or aversion to writing fell in to one of two categories, regardless of the degree to which they enjoy writing: writing preferences (e.g., topic/genre selection, writing environment) or mood and motivation (e.g., student mood at the time of writing, self-efficacy for writing).

Background: Vaccinia is known to induce antibody and cellular responses. Plasmablast, circulating follicular helper T (cTFH) cells, cytokine-expressing CD4 T cells, and memory B cells were compared between subcutaneous (SC) and needle-free jet injection (JI) recipients of non-replicating modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. Methods: Vaccinia-naïve adults received MVA SC or by JI on Days 1 and 29. Vaccinia-specific antibodies were quantified by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasmablast, cTFH, and cytokine-expressing CD4 T cells were assessed on Days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43 (cTFH and CD4+ only) and 57. Memory B cells were measured on Days 1 and 57. Results: Of the 36 enrolled subjects, only 22 received both vaccinations and had evaluable specimens after the second vaccine. Plasmablasts peaked one week after each vaccine. Day 15 plasmablasts correlated with peak PRNT titers. cTFH peaked on Days 8 and 36 and correlated with Day 36 plasmablasts. CD4+ peaked at Day 29 and one-third produced ≥2 cytokines. Day 57 memory B cells ranged from 0.1% to 0.17% of IgG-secreting B cells. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the cellular responses to non-replicating MVA, currently used as a vector for a variety of novel vaccines.

The use of assessment data to inform instruction is an important component of a comprehensive standards-based assessment programme. Examining teachers’ data use for instruction can reveal the extent to which instruction is aligned with established content standards and assessment. This paper describes results of a qualitative study of teachers’ data use in a mid-Atlantic metropolitan area in the United States. Focus group interviews with 60 upper elementary and middle school teachers from 45 schools were conducted. Findings indicate teachers aligned instruction and assessments with the state curriculum with the goal of improving student performance. While teachers found day-to-day informal assessments essential to shaping instruction, periodic formal assessments helped them monitor student progress and remediation efforts. Teachers described challenges associated with the misalignment of periodic assessments with instructional content, the breadth of content and higher cognitive demand expected in the newer state curriculum and the lack of infrastructure to support data use.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the first three years of a national program to improve the social and emotional wellbeing of Indigenous youth in remote and regional Australia. Methods: Combination of open inquiry and audit review involving investigation of process and outcomes, with a broad national overview supplemented by five in‐depth case studies in diverse settings. Results: Community development principles were applied at all 14 sites. There were many examples of collaborative, community‐driven health promotion initiatives, with most progress observed where there were strong local partnerships. Within the range of activities, education sessions on alcohol and other drugs, mental health and violence were facilitated by program staff. There was a tension between community development and specific program delivery, with the balance reflecting the needs and capacity of individual sites, program staff expertise and contractual requirements. Conclusions and implications: The main lessons concern program design and resourcing and ways of working. Program staff at each site learned to be not too ambitious, but to work consistently with the community, establishing partnerships and engaging and training community members. Community and stakeholder capacity enhancement should be regarded as core, and evaluation built in. Activities directed at youth must be engaging and effective, and integrated with other programs and services.

This paper presents a comparative study on the performance of different sizes of sensor sets on polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell fault diagnosis. The effectiveness of three sizes of sensor sets, including fuel cell voltage only, all the available sensors, and selected optimal sensors in detecting and isolating fuel cell faults (e.g., cell flooding and membrane dehydration) are investigated using the test data from a PEM fuel cell system. Wavelet packet transform and kernel principal component analysis are employed to reduce the dimensions of the dataset and extract features for state classification. Results demonstrate that the selected optimal sensors can provide the best diagnostic performance, where different fuel cell faults can be detected and isolated with good quality.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Clinical Research Operations Program is a free educational program designed to educate clinical research personnel on the conduct of clinical research (CR). The participant completes 16 required core sessions (24 h), 4 elective sessions (4 h), and passes the final exam to receive a certification in CR operations at Stanford. Sessions focus on the 9 domains of CR (established by the Joint Task Force for Clinical Trial Competency), such as Ethical & Participant Safety Considerations, Clinical Study Operations, & Data Management/Informatics. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Sessions are taught by volunteer lecturers. Participants may also attend the sessions without pursuing the certification. The program objective is to provide easy-access education in CR in order to increase regulatory compliance, staff retention, and improve CR at Stanford. The program targets CR coordinators, however, staff, postdocs, fellows, and faculty also participate. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Since the program’s launch in January 2017, 119 individuals have enrolled in the certification program. The most represented group is the Department of Medicine. Sessions consistently reach their maximum with a waiting list. Each core session requires that the participant complete an evaluation (Likert scale, 1–5) of the registration process (4.5/5), the class environment (4.6/5), the presented content (4.5/5), and the instructor (4.6/5). Data from these evaluations are positive to date and is used to continually refine the program. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: N/A.

In this paper, the sensor selection approach is investigated with the aim of using fewer sensors to provide reliable fuel cell diagnostic and prognostic results. The sensitivity of sensors is firstly calculated with a developed fuel cell model. With sensor sensitivities to different fuel cell failure modes, the available sensors can be ranked. A sensor selection algorithm is used in the analysis, which considers both sensor sensitivity to fuel cell performance and resistance to noise. The performance of the selected sensors in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell prognostics is also evaluated with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and results show that the fuel cell voltage can be predicted with good quality using the selected sensors. Furthermore, a fuel cell test is performed to investigate the effectiveness of selected sensors in fuel cell fault diagnosis. From the results, different fuel cell states can be distinguished with good quality using the selected sensors.

The author tells her experience at performing at the memorial services of a man who shot and killed two others before killing himself. She describes how her many years of working as music therapist with psychiatric patients, using clinical improvisation and through her study of the Bonny Method of Guided and Imagery prepared both professionally and personally for this experience. She also reflects on her development and as a singer and explores her identity as a singer and how it is intertwined with her identity as a music therapist. During her performance at the memorial services she has, what she describes, as an intense peak experience and describes it as similar to Helen Bonny's peak experience she had during a violin performance. She further describes her experience as becoming one with the music and recounts how the music served as a therapeutic container for the entire memorial service and how trusting where the music was leading was a powerful and humbling experience.