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Summary: The purpose of this study was to determine if surgically-induced menopause in younger women affects substrate utilization during submaximal exercise while controlling for other potential confounds. METHODS: Thirteen untrained female subjects (33-50 years old) were recruited: oophorectomized (Group O = 5) and premenopausal controls (Group C = 8). Two separate visits included: body composition and maximal treadmill exercise test; followed by substrate utilization via open-circuit spirometry during 45 minutes of treadmill walking at 50% VO2max. RESULTS: When controlling for multiple variables affecting whole-body substrate utilization (age, VO2max, physical activity, body composition, fasting glucose, menstrual phase and diet), there was no difference in substrate utilization between pre- and postmenopausal women as measured by respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (0.83 ± 0.04 v 0.84 ± 0.03, p=0.47). CONCLUSIONS: Menopausal status does not appear to have an effect on substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in younger women., 2015, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Background. The kidney is one of the major organs involved in whole-body homeostasis and it is well understood that chronic renal impairment is further complicated with deranged carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidemia, altered abdominal fat distribution and the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Recently, RAS blockades of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) have been noticed for their potential effects on improve glucose and lipid metabolisms and lowering the risk of new-onset diabetes. However, underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully established., Conclusions. (1) UNX induces progressive renal impairment and dysregulation of pancreatic and renal RAS in rats. (2) Pancreatic RAS activation leads to intra-islet fibrosis, insulin-secreting beta-cell deficit and insulin secretory deficiency. (3) Renal cortex RAS dysregulation induces ectopic adipocyte differentiation and lipid infiltration, in combination with lipodystrophy and lipid peroxidation, results to insulin resistance. (4) Pancreatic insulin-secretion deficit and insulin resistance contribute to the development of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. (5) Kidney impacting on glucose and lipid metabolism by affecting pancreatic islet and adipocyte, suggesting an essential role of the kidney in maintaining the whole-body homeostasis. (6) RAS blockade with ACEI or ARB may prevent the development of chronic renal impairment and glucose and lipid dysmetabolisms in UNX rats. (7) Common pathways modulating blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism warrant future studies for the better management of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome., Materials and methods. Chronic renal impairment and RAS disturbance were induced by unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) in adult Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing as long as 10 months of observation. Three-month old male rats were randomized into 4 groups: (1) sham operated control rats (n=10), (2) untreated UNX model rats (n=10), (3) ACEI---lisinopril treated UNX rats (n=10), and (4) ARB-olmesartan treated UNX rats (n=10). Blood glucose levels during fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) conditions, lipids, insulin and renal function were measured at 3, 6, 8 and 10 months after operation. Histological changes of kidney, pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue were examined at 10 months post-operation., Objectives. (1) To set up a rat model with persistent chronic renal impairment and RAS activation. (2) To examine changes of fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, blood lipids and insulin sensitivity. (3) To examine changes of pancreatic islets and the factors contributing to pancreatic islet damage such as RAS, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). (4) To examine changes of systemic and renal adipose tissue and the factors contributing to adipopathy such as RAS, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). (5) To investigate preventive effect of RAS blockades by the ACEI-lisinopril (4 mg/kg body weight) and ARB-olmesartan (4 mg/kg body weight) on the rat model of progressive renal deficiency., Results. (1) UNX rats developed time-dependent progressive renal functional impairment and marked glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions. (2) UNX rats showed fasting hyperglycemia, progressive glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. (3) UNX rats demonstrated insulin secretory deficiency in parallel to pancreatic islet fibrosis, beta-cell deficit, and overexpression of RAS components, TGF-beta, and alpha-SMA. (4) UNX rats displayed adipopathy evidenced by shifts the subcutaneous and visceral fats to the ectopic fat with lipid accumulation, lipofuscin pigmentation and adipocytes transformation. The adipopathy associated with down-regulation of AT1R and over-expression of angiotensin, AT2R, PPAR-gamma and HMGCR in the remnant kidney. (5) Treatment with lisinopril and olmesartan significantly attenuated the development of chronic renal impairment, RAS dysregulation and aberrant proteins expression, islet damage, adipose redistribution, and glucose and lipid dysmetabolism., Sui, Yi., Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3422., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-220)., Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., s in English and Chinese., School code: 1307., isbn: 9781109225174, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Li, Sui Mui., On t.p. "beta" appears as the Greek letter., Thesis submitted in: December 2006., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-189)., s in English and Chinese., p.i, (Chinese) --- p.iii, Acknowledgements --- p.v, Table of contents --- p.vi, List of figures --- p.xii, List of appendices --- p.xix, Abbreviations --- p.xx, Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1, Chapter Chapter 2 --- Role of PPARP in adipocyte differentiation - an in vitro study --- p.20, Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.21, Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.23, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation ofPPARβ (+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs --- p.23, Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Materials --- p.23, Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Methods --- p.23, Chapter 2.2.1.2.1 --- Isolation of MEFs --- p.23, Chapter 2.2.1.2.2 --- Passage ofMEF culture --- p.25, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Genotyping of PPARβ (+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs --- p.25, Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.26, Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Methods --- p.26, Chapter 2.2.2.2.1 --- Primer design --- p.26, Chapter 2.2.2.2.2 --- Genomic DNA extraction --- p.27, Chapter 2.2.2.2.3 --- PCR reaction --- p.29, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Western blotting of PPARβ(+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs --- p.30, Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Materials --- p.30, Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Methods --- p.31, Chapter 2.2.3.2.1 --- Preparation of nuclear extracts --- p.31, Chapter 2.2.3.2.2 --- Western blot --- p.32, Chapter 2.2.4 --- Induction of adipocyte differentiation of PPARβ (+/+) and PPARβ(-/-) MEFs --- p.33, Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Materials --- p.34, Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Methods --- p.34, Chapter 2.2.4.2.1 --- Seeding ofMEFs --- p.34, Chapter 2.2.4.2.2 --- Adipocyte differentiation --- p.35, Chapter 2.2.5 --- Oil Red O staining of differentiated PPARβ(+/+) and PPARβ(-/-) MEFs --- p.36, Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Materials --- p.36, Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Method --- p.37, Chapter 2.2.5.2.1 --- Oil Red O staining --- p.37, Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of triglyceride-protein assay of differentiated PPARβ (+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs --- p.37, Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Materials --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Methods --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.6.2.1 --- Lysis of differentiated MEFs --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.6.2.2 --- Measurement of triglyceride concentration in cell lysate --- p.40, Chapter 2.2.6.2.3 --- Measurement of protein concentration in cell lysate --- p.41, Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preparation of PPARβ(+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEF RNA for RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis --- p.42, Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Materials --- p.42, Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Method --- p.42, Chapter 2.2.7.2.1 --- RNA isolation --- p.42, Chapter 2.2.8 --- RT-PCR analysis of differentiated PPARβ(+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs --- p.44, Chapter 2.2.8.1 --- Materials --- p.45, Chapter 2.2.8.2 --- Methods --- p.45, Chapter 2.2.8.2.1 --- Primer design --- p.45, Chapter 2.2.8.2.2 --- RT-PCR --- p.46, Chapter 2.2.9 --- Northern blot analysis of differentiated PPARβ(+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs --- p.47, Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Materials --- p.48, Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Methods --- p.49, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1 --- Preparation of cDNA probes for Northern blotting --- p.49, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.1 --- RNA extraction --- p.49, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.2 --- Primer design --- p.49, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.3 --- RT-PCR of extracted mRNA --- p.50, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.4 --- Subcloning of amplified cDNA products --- p.50, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.5 --- Screening of recombinant clones by phenol-chloroform extraction --- p.51, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.6 --- Confirmation of the recombinant clones by restriction enzyme site mapping --- p.52, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.7 --- Confirmation of the recombinant clones by PCR method --- p.52, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.8 --- Mini-preparation of plasmid DNA from the selected recombinant clones --- p.54, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.9 --- Preparation of cDNA probes --- p.54, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.10 --- Formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis of RNA --- p.55, Chapter 2.2.9.2.1.11 --- Hybridization and color development --- p.56, Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.58, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Confirmation of PPARβ(+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) MEFs genotypes --- p.58, Chapter 2.3.2 --- PPARβ (-/-) MEFs differentiated similarly to PPARβ(+/+) MEFs as measured by Oil Red O staining --- p.61, Chapter 2.3.3 --- PPARβ (-/-) MEFs differentiated similarly to PPARβ(+/+) MEFs as reflected by their intracellular triglyceride contents --- p.64, Chapter 2.3.4 --- PPARβ(-/-) MEFs expressed the adipocyte differentiation marker genes similarly to PPARβ (+/+) MEFs --- p.66, Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.77, Chapter Chapter 3 --- Role of PPARβ in adipocyte differentiation and lipid homeostasis - an in vivo study --- p.82, Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.83, Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.85, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Animal and high fat diet treatment --- p.85, Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Materials --- p.85, Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Method --- p.86, Chapter 3.2.1.2.1 --- Animal treatment --- p.86, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Tail-genotyping of PPARβ (+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) mice --- p.87, Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.87, Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Methods --- p.88, Chapter 3.2.2.2.1 --- DNA extraction from tail --- p.88, Chapter 3.2.2.2.2 --- PCR tail-genotyping --- p.89, Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Measurement of serum triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose levels by enzymatic and spectrophometric methods" --- p.89, Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Materials --- p.90, Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Methods --- p.91, Chapter 3.2.3.2.1 --- Serum preparation --- p.91, Chapter 3.2.3.2.2 --- Measurement of serum triglycerides --- p.91, Chapter 3.2.3.2.3 --- Measurement of serum cholesterol --- p.92, Chapter 3.2.3.2.3 --- Measurement of serum glucose --- p.93, Chapter 3.2.4 --- Measurement of serum insulin and leptin levels by ELISA --- p.94, Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Materials --- p.95, Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Methods --- p.95, Chapter 3.2.4.2.1 --- Measurement of serum insulin --- p.95, Chapter 3.2.4.2.2 --- Measurement of serum leptin --- p.97, Chapter 3.2.5 --- "Histological studies of liver, interscapular BF and gonadal WF pads" --- p.99, Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- Materials --- p.100, Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Methods --- p.100, Chapter 3.2.5.2.1 --- "Fixation, dehydration, embedding in paraffin and sectioning" --- p.100, Chapter 3.2.5.2.2 --- H&E staining --- p.101, Chapter 3.2.6 --- Analyses of fecal lipid contents --- p.102, Chapter 3.2.6.1 --- Materials --- p.102, Chapter 3.2.6.2 --- Method --- p.103, Chapter 3.2.6.2.1 --- Extraction of lipid contents from stools --- p.103, Chapter 3.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.104, Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.105, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Confirmation of genotypes by PCR --- p.105, Chapter 3.3.2 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice were more resistant to high fat diet-induced obesity --- p.105, Chapter 3.3.3 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice consumed similarly as to PPARβ (+/+) counterparts… --- p.122, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of high fat diet on organ weights --- p.128, Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice were more resistant to high fat diet-induced liver hepatomegaly --- p.134, Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice were resistant to high fat diet-induced increased white fat depots --- p.134, Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice were resistant to high fat diet-induced increased brown fat mass --- p.137, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of high fat diet on organ histology --- p.142, Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- PPARβ(-/-) mice were more resistant to high fat diet-induced liver steatosis --- p.143, Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- No defect in white adipocyte expansion in PPARβ(-/-) mice upon high fat diet feeding --- p.153, Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- No defect in brown adipocyte expansion in PPARβ (-/-) mice upon high fat diet feeding --- p.159, Chapter 3.3.6 --- "Effect on high fat diet on serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin and leptin levels" --- p.164, Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- "PPARβ (-/-) mice had a lower serum cholesterol level, but a similar triglyceride level as compared to PPARβ (+/+) mice upon high fat diet feeding" --- p.165, Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice were resistant to high fat diet-induced insulin resistance --- p.167, Chapter 3.3.6.3 --- PPARβ (-/-) mice had a similar serum leptin level as PPARβ (+/+) mice --- p.170, Chapter 3.3.7 --- No decision made in fecal lipid content of PPARβ (+/+) and PPARβ (-/-) mice --- p.173, Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.176, References --- p.182, Appendices --- p.190, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893095, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Lo Kam Chun., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 310-323)., s in English and Chinese., p.i, (Chinese version) --- p.iii, Acknowledgements --- p.v, Table of Contents --- p.vi, List of Abbreviations --- p.xxvi, List of Unit Abbreviations --- p.xxviii, List of Figures --- p.xxix, List of Tables --- p.xxxviii, Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.3, Chapter 2.1 --- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) --- p.3, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Structure of PPAR --- p.4, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Ligands of PPAR --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPREs) --- p.8, Chapter 2.1.4 --- Coactivators and corepressors of PPAR --- p.8, Chapter 2.1.5 --- Signaling cross-talk between PPAR and other nuclear hormone receptors --- p.11, Chapter 2.1.6 --- Tissue distribution of PPAR --- p.12, Chapter 2.2 --- PPARα and lipid metabolism --- p.13, Chapter 2.3 --- "PPARα, cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism" --- p.18, Chapter 2.4 --- PPARα and glucose metabolism --- p.20, Chapter 2.5 --- PPARα and amino acid metabolism --- p.21, Chapter 2.6 --- "PPARα, atherosclerosis and inflammation" --- p.21, Chapter 2.7 --- PPARα and epidermal differentiation --- p.23, Chapter 2.8 --- PPARα and peroxisome proliferator-induced liver injury --- p.24, Chapter Chapter 3 --- Objectives --- p.25, Chapter Chapter 4 --- Materials and Methods --- p.26, Chapter 4.1 --- Animal tail-genotyping --- p.26, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Materials --- p.26, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Methods --- p.26, Chapter 4.2 --- Animal treatment --- p.29, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Animals --- p.30, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Treatment --- p.30, Chapter 4.3 --- "Serum β-hydroxybutyrate, triglyceride and cholesterol analyses" --- p.30, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Materials --- p.32, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Methods --- p.32, Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Serum preparation --- p.32, Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- β-hydroxybutyrate determination --- p.32, Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Triglyceride determination --- p.33, Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Cholesterol determination --- p.33, Chapter 4.4 --- Total RNA isolation --- p.34, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Materials --- p.34, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Methods --- p.34, Chapter 4.5 --- DNase I treatment --- p.35, Chapter 4.5.1 --- Materials --- p.35, Chapter 4.5.2 --- Methods --- p.35, Chapter 4.6 --- Reverse transcription (RT) and non-fluorescent PCR (non-fluoroDD PCR) --- p.36, Chapter 4.6.1 --- Materials --- p.41, Chapter 4.6.2 --- Methods --- p.41, Chapter 4.7 --- Reverse transcription (RT) and fluorescent PCR (fluoroDD PCR) --- p.42, Chapter 4.7.1 --- Materials --- p.42, Chapter 4.7.2 --- Methods --- p.42, Chapter 4.8 --- Fluorescent differential display --- p.42, Chapter 4.8.1 --- Materials --- p.43, Chapter 4.8.2 --- Methods --- p.43, Chapter 4.9 --- Excision of differentially expressed cDNA fragments --- p.44, Chapter 4.9.1 --- Materials --- p.44, Chapter 4.9.2 --- Methods --- p.44, Chapter 4.10 --- Reamplification of excised cDNA fragments --- p.44, Chapter 4.10.1 --- Materials --- p.45, Chapter 4.10.2 --- Methods --- p.45, Chapter 4.11 --- Subcloning of reamplified cDNA fragments --- p.46, Chapter 4.11.1 --- Materials --- p.46, Chapter 4.11.2 --- Methods --- p.46, Chapter 4.12 --- Reverse dot blot analysis of subcloned cDNA fragments --- p.50, Chapter 4.12.1 --- Materials --- p.50, Chapter 4.12.2 --- Methods --- p.51, Chapter 4.12.2.1 --- Mini-preparation of plasmid DNA from recombinant clones ´ؤ´ؤalkaline lysis method --- p.51, Chapter 4.12.2.2 --- Dot blot preparation --- p.52, Chapter 4.12.2.3 --- cDNA library and probe preparation --- p.52, Chapter 4.12.2.4 --- Hybridization and signal detection --- p.54, Chapter 4.13 --- Sequencing of reverse dot blot-confirmed cDNA fragments --- p.55, Chapter 4.13.1 --- Materials --- p.55, Chapter 4.13.2 --- Methods --- p.55, Chapter 4.13.2.1 --- Mini-preparation of plasmid DNA from recombinant clones ´ؤ´ؤQiagen method --- p.55, Chapter 4.13.2.2 --- DNA sequencing by CEQ dye terminator cycle sequencing --- p.56, Chapter 4.13.2.3 --- BLAST search against computer database --- p.57, Chapter 4.14 --- Northern blot analysis of sequenced cDNA fragments --- p.57, Chapter 4.14.1 --- Materials --- p.58, Chapter 4.14.2 --- Methods --- p.58, Chapter 4.14.2.1 --- Midi-preparation of plasmid DNA from recombinant clones for probe preparation ´ؤ´ؤQiagen method --- p.58, Chapter 4.14.2.2 --- DIG-labeled cDNA probe preparation --- p.59, Chapter 4.14.2.3 --- Formaldehyde-agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.60, Chapter 4.14.2.4 --- Hybridization and signal detection --- p.61, Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results --- p.63, Chapter 5.1 --- Confirmation of genotypes by PCR tail-genotyping --- p.63, Chapter 5.2 --- Morphological observation --- p.63, Chapter 5.3 --- "Serum β-hydroxybutyrate, triglyceride and cholesterol levels" --- p.67, Chapter 5.4 --- RT and non-fluoroDD PCR --- p.69, Chapter 5.5 --- RT and fluoroDD PCR --- p.94, Chapter 5.6 --- Reamplification of cDNA fragments --- p.121, Chapter 5.7 --- Subcloning of reamplified cDNA fragments --- p.131, Chapter 5.8 --- Reverse dot blot analysis of subcloned cDNA fragments --- p.174, Chapter 5.9 --- Sequencing of reverse dot blot-confirmed cDNA fragments --- p.243, Chapter 5.10 --- Northern blot analysis of sequenced cDNA fragments --- p.262, Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussions --- p.282, Chapter 6.1 --- PPARα and hepatic lipid metabolism during fasting --- p.282, Chapter 6.2 --- Enlargement of liver in starved PPARα-null mice --- p.283, Chapter 6.3 --- "Alteration of serum β-hydroxybutyrate, triglyceride and cholesterol levels by PPARa during fasting" --- p.284, Chapter 6.4 --- Identification of PPARα-dependent and fasting- responsive genes by fluorescent differential display and PPARα-null mice --- p.285, Chapter 6.4.1 --- Roles of PPARα-dependent and fasting-responsive genes --- p.289, Chapter 6.4.1.1 --- Lipid metabolism --- p.290, Chapter 6.4.1.2 --- Protein metabolism --- p.299, Chapter 6.4.1.3 --- Other functions --- p.302, Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.307, Chapter Chapter 8 --- Future Studies --- p.309, Chapter 8.1 --- Further identification of fasting-responsive and PPARα- dependent genes --- p.309, Chapter 8.2 --- Characterization of the mouse EST --- p.309, References --- p.310, Chapter Appendix A: --- Protocol for reaction preparation, Chapter Table A1 --- PCR-tail genotyping --- p.324, Chapter Table A2 --- DNase I treatment of total RNA --- p.324, Chapter Table A3 --- Reverse transcription (RT) for both non-fluoroDD and fluooDD PCR --- p.324, Chapter Table A4 --- Non-fluoroDD PCR --- p.325, Chapter Table A5 --- FluoroDD PCR --- p.325, Chapter Table A6 --- Reamplification of cDNA fragments --- p.325, Chapter Table A7 --- Reverse transcription in cDNA library synthesis for reverse dot blot analysis --- p.326, Chapter Table A8 --- RT-PCR in cDNA library synthesis for reverse dot blot analysis --- p.326, Chapter Appendix B: --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones, Chapter Figure B1 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel D --- p.327, Chapter Figure B2 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel E --- p.328, Chapter Figure B3 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gels G and HH --- p.329, Chapter Figure B4 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel JJ --- p.330, Chapter Figure B5 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel LL --- p.331, Chapter Figure B6 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel MM --- p.332, Chapter Figure B7 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gels NN and OO (fragments OO1 - OO4) --- p.333, Chapter Figure B8 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel 00 (fragments OO5 - OO7) --- p.334, Chapter Figure B9 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel OO (fragments OO8 and OO9) --- p.335, Chapter Figure B10 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel PP --- p.336, Chapter Figure B11 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel QQ (fragments QQ1 and QQ3) --- p.337, Chapter Figure B12 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel QQ (fragments QQ4 - QQ6) --- p.338, Chapter Figure B13 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel RR --- p.339, Chapter Figure B14 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gels SS and TT --- p.340, Chapter Figure B15 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel UU --- p.341, Chapter Figure B16 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel VV --- p.342, Chapter Figure B17 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel WW --- p.343, Chapter Figure B18 --- Phenol-chloroform extraction for recombinant subclones containing cDNA fragments excised from fluoroDD gel XX --- p.344, Chapter Appendix C: --- DNA sequence and sequence alignment of cDNA subclones, Chapter C1.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone Dl#2 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP3 --- p.345, Chapter C1.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone Dl#2 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.345, Chapter C1.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone Dl#2 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.345, Chapter C2.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone Dl#2 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5´ة-ARP12 --- p.346, Chapter C2.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone Dl#2 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.346, Chapter C2.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone Dl#2 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.346, Chapter C3.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone D2#9 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP12 --- p.347, Chapter C3.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone D2#9 with mouse Bhmt by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.347, Chapter C3.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone D2#9 with mouse Bhmt --- p.347, Chapter C4.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone D3#3 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP12 --- p.348, Chapter C4.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone D3#3 with mouse hypothetical protein MMT-7 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.348, Chapter C4.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone D3#3 with mouse hypothetical protein MMT-7 --- p.348, Chapter C5.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone D3#3 using M13 reverse primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP3 --- p.349, Chapter C5.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone D3#3 with mouse hypothetical protein MMT-7 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.349, Chapter C5.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone D3#3 with mouse hypothetical protein MMT-7 --- p.349, Chapter C6.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone LL1#7 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP4 --- p.350, Chapter C6.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone LL1#7 with mouse Ctsl by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.350, Chapter C6.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone LL1#7 with mouse Ctsl --- p.350, Chapter C7.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone LL1#11 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP6 --- p.351, Chapter C7.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone LL1#11 with mouse Ctsl by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.351, Chapter C7.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone LL1#11 with mouse Ctsl --- p.351, Chapter C8.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone MM1#1 using M13 forward -20primer and the sequence of 3'-AP2 --- p.352, Chapter C8.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone MM1#1 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.352, Chapter C8.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone MM1#1 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.352, Chapter C9.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone MM1#1 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5´ة-ARP7 --- p.353, Chapter C9.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone MM1#1 with mouse CYP4A110 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.353, Chapter C9.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone MM1#1 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.353, Chapter C10.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 002#6 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP9 --- p.354, Chapter C10.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 002#6 with rat ASL by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.354, Chapter C10.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 002#6 with rat ASL --- p.354, Chapter C11.l --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 002#9 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.355, Chapter C11.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 002#9 with rat ASL by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.355, Chapter C11.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 002#9 with rat ASL --- p.355, Chapter C12.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 003#4 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.356, Chapter C12.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone O03#4 with mouse Phyh by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.356, Chapter C12.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 003#4 with mouse Phyh --- p.356, Chapter C13.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 003#9 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.357, Chapter C13.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 003#9 with rat ASL by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.357, Chapter C13.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 003#9 with rat ASL --- p.357, Chapter C14. --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 004#3 using M13 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.358, Chapter C14.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#3 with rat ASL by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.358, Chapter C14.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#3 with rat ASL --- p.358, Chapter C15.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 004#3 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 3'-AP9 --- p.359, Chapter C15.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#3 with rat ASL by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.359, Chapter C15.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#3 with rat ASL --- p.359, Chapter C16.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 004#4 using Ml 3 forward -20primer and the sequence of 5?-ARP3 --- p.360, Chapter C16.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#4 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.360, Chapter C16.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#4 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.360, Chapter C17.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 004#4 using M13 reverse primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP9 --- p.361, Chapter C17.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#4 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.361, Chapter C17.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#4 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.361, Chapter C18.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 004#10 using M13 forward -20primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP9 --- p.362, Chapter C18.2 --- a Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#10 with rat PBE by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.362, Chapter C18.3 --- a Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#10 with rat PBE --- p.362, Chapter C18.2 --- b Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#10 with mouse L-PBE by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.363, Chapter C18.3 --- b Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 004#10 with mouse L-PBE --- p.363, Chapter C19.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 005#13 using M13 forward -20primer and the sequence of 3'-AP9 --- p.364, Chapter C19.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 005#13 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.364, Chapter C19.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 005#13 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.364, Chapter C20.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 005#13 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.365, Chapter C20.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 005#13 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.365, Chapter C20.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 005#13 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.365, Chapter C21.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 006#2 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP9 --- p.366, Chapter C21.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 006#2 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.366, Chapter C21.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 006#2 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.366, Chapter C22.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 006#8 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.367, Chapter C22.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 006#8 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.367, Chapter C22.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 006#8 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.367, Chapter C23.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 006#10 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.368, Chapter C23.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 006#10 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National --- p.368, Chapter C23.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 006#10 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.368, Chapter C24.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 007#6 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.368, Chapter C24.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 007#6 with mouse Spil-3 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.369, Chapter C24.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 007#6 with mouse Spil-3 --- p.369, Chapter C25.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 007#10 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP9 --- p.370, Chapter C25.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 007#10 with mouse Spil-3 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.370, Chapter C25.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 007#10 with mouse Spil-3 --- p.370, Chapter C26.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 008#10 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.371, Chapter C26.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 008#10 with mouse Hpcl by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.371, Chapter C26.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 008#l0 with mouse Hpcl --- p.371, Chapter C27.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 009#6 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the 3´ة-AP9 --- p.372, Chapter C27.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 009#6 with mouse Hpcl by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.372, Chapter C27.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 009#6 with mouse Hpcl --- p.372, Chapter C28.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone 009#8 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 3'-AP9 --- p.373, Chapter C28.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 009#8 with mouse Hpcl by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.373, Chapter C28.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone 009#8 with mouse Hpcl --- p.373, Chapter C29.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone PP3#3 using M13 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.374, Chapter C29.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone PP3#3 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center --- p.374, Chapter C29.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone PP3#3 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.374, Chapter C30.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone PP3#13 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP3 --- p.375, Chapter C30.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone PP3#13 with mouse CYP4A14 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.375, Chapter C30.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone PP3#13 with mouse CYP4A14 --- p.375, Chapter C31.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone QQ4#14 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5´ة-ARP2 --- p.376, Chapter C31.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ4#14 with mouse MCAD by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.376, Chapter C31.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ4#14 with mouse MCAD --- p.376, Chapter C32.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone QQ4#15 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5´ة-ARP2 --- p.377, Chapter C32.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ4#15 with mouse MCAD by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.377, Chapter C32.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ4#15 with mouse MCAD --- p.377, Chapter C33.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone QQ5#14 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP3 --- p.377, Chapter C33.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ5#14 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.378, Chapter C33.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ5#14 with mouse MUP II --- p.378, Chapter C34.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone QQ5#17 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP2 --- p.378, Chapter C34.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ5#17 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.379, Chapter C34.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ5#17 with mouse MUP II --- p.379, Chapter C35.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone QQ6#13 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP3 --- p.380, Chapter C35.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ6#13 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.380, Chapter C35.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ6#13 with mouse MUP II --- p.380, Chapter C36.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone QQ6#14 using M13 reverse primer and the 5'-ARP2 --- p.381, Chapter C36.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ6#14 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.381, Chapter C36.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone QQ6#14 with mouse MUP II --- p.381, Chapter C37.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone TT4#5 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP5 --- p.382, Chapter C37.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT4#5 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.382, Chapter C37.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT4#5 with mouse MUP II --- p.382, Chapter C38.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone TT4#8 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5´ة-ARP2 --- p.383, Chapter C38.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT4#8 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.383, Chapter C38.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT4#8 with mouse MUP II --- p.383, Chapter C39.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone TT4#9 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 3'-AP5 --- p.384, Chapter C39.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT4#9 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.384, Chapter C39.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT4#9 with mouse MUP II --- p.384, Chapter C40.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone TT5#1 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP2 --- p.385, Chapter C40.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT5#1 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.385, Chapter C40.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT5#1 with mouse MUP II --- p.385, Chapter C41.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone TT5#9 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP5 --- p.386, Chapter C41.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT5#9 with mouse MUP II by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.386, Chapter C41.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone TT5#9 with mouse MUP II --- p.386, Chapter C42.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone UU1#1 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP2 --- p.387, Chapter C42.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone UU1#1 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.387, Chapter C42.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone UU1#1 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.387, Chapter C43.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone UU1#4 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP12 --- p.388, Chapter C43.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone UU1#4 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.388, Chapter C43.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone UU1#4 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.388, Chapter C44.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone VV5#2 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-AP2 --- p.389, Chapter C44.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV5#2 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.389, Chapter C44.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV5#2 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.389, Chapter C45.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone VV5#3 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP2 --- p.390, Chapter C45.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV5#3 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.390, Chapter C45.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV5#3 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.390, Chapter C46.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone VV5#4 using Ml3 reverse primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP18 --- p.391, Chapter C46.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV5#4 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.391, Chapter C46.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV5#4 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.391, Chapter C47.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone VV8#5 using M13 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP18 --- p.392, Chapter C47.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV8#5 with mouse HMG-CoAS by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.392, Chapter C47.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV8#5 with mouse HMG-CoAS --- p.392, Chapter C48.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone VV8#6 using Ml 3 reverse primer and the sequence of 3'-AP2 --- p.393, Chapter C48.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV8#6 with mouse HMG-CoAS by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.393, Chapter C48.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone VV8#6 with mouse HMG-CoAS --- p.393, Chapter C49.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone WW1#3 using Ml 3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP2 --- p.394, Chapter C49.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone WW1#3 with mouse Spil-3 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.394, Chapter C49.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone WW1#3 with mouse Spil-3 --- p.394, Chapter C50.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone WW1#4 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3'-AP2 --- p.395, Chapter C50.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone WW1#4 with mouse Spil-3 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.395, Chapter C50.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone WW1#4 with mouse Spil-3 --- p.395, Chapter C51.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone WW1#7 using M13 reverse primer and the sequence of 5´ة-ARP19 --- p.396, Chapter C51.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone WW1#7 with mouse Spil-3 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.396, Chapter C51.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone WW1#7 ith mouse Spil-3 --- p.396, Chapter C52.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone XX1#2 using Ml3 forward 20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-APl0 --- p.397, Chapter C52.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone XX1#2 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.397, Chapter C52.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone XX1#2 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.397, Chapter C53.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone XX1#3 using M13 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 3´ة-APl0 D205 --- p.398, Chapter C53.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone XX1#3 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.398, Chapter C53.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone XX1#3 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.398, Chapter C54.1 --- DNA sequence of cDNA subclone XX1#9 using Ml3 forward -20 primer and the sequence of 5'-ARP12 --- p.399, Chapter C54.2 --- Sequence alignment of cDNA subclone XX1#9 with mouse CYP4A10 by BLAST searching with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database --- p.399, Chapter C54.3 --- Summary of sequence alignment of cDNA subclone XX1#9 with mouse CYP4A10 --- p.399, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896084, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Chi-Ming Wong., Bibliography: leaves 183-193, Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885496, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Obesity is characterised by a high-fat accumulation in many organs in the body and is associated with many diseases, including Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As most T2DM patients, the major class of diabetes, are obese, researchers have started investigating the role of obesity in this disease. The skeletal muscles are the major organ in the disposal of blood sugar. Also, the accumulation of fats in non-adipocyte cells such as skeletal muscles can result in insulin resistance. The overall aims of this thesis were to establish a useful in vitro model to investigate intracellular lipids accumulation and the effects on insulin sensitivity. Besides, to examine whether dietary polyphenols have a beneficial effect on lipid accumulation and, subsequently, leads to amelioration in insulin sensitivity. C2C12 and L6 myotubes cells were exposed to 0.2mM of different fatty acids; palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and a combination of these FAs (3xFA) total 0.2mM for 3 days, followed by Nile-Red staining. There was a consistently higher deposition of lipids in the LA treated cells after 3 days for both cell lines (P>0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively). C2C12 cells were treated with 0.2mM LA, which resulted in no significant increase in the mRNA of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 (PPAR2) (P>0.05) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) (not detectable), which suggests that no adipocytes were occurring. L6 myotubes were treated with 0.2mM LA combined with different polyphenols (0.05µM, 0.1µM, and 1µM of resveratrol, quercetin, or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) for 3 days. Only 1µM EGCG significantly inhibited the lipid deposition (P<0.01). Interestingly, LA treatment (0.2mM) of L6 myotubes for 3 days significantly decreased the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (P<0.05), while this effect of LA was blocked after co-treatment with 1µM EGCG.

The effects of dieldrin poisoning on the liver were compared in cold-adapted rats and normal rats. One-fourth of the cold-adapted rats succumbed to the poisoning while all of the normal rats survived. There were minimal fat deposits in both groups, but the cold-adapted rats were least affected., By contrast, cytoplasmic RNA was altered to a greater extent in the cold-adapted rats, although with both the changes were located periportally. Another stain that is probably specific for secondary amines was increased in both treated groups but was decreased in cold adaptation.