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Background: Loss of white adipose tissue (WAT), associated with type 1 diabetes (DM1), contributes to increased chronic systemic inflammation.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leucine supplementation and resistance training (RT) in attenuating WAT loss and improving inflammatory parameters and glucose metabolism in DM1 rats.Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: DA (sedentary and supplemented with non-essential amino acids (NEAA)), DL (sedentary and supplemented with leucine), DTA (submitted to RT and supplemented with NEAA) and DTL (submitted to RT and supplemented with leucine). DM1 was induced by streptozotocin (STZ). An 8-week period of RT consisted of climbing a ladder with a progressively increased load, and supplementation was offered in the feed.Results: Glycemia, polyphagia and polydipsia were lower in DL, DTA and DTL groups compared with the DA group by approximately 20% (p<.0001), 28% (p=.004) and 64% (p<.0001), respectively. Weight of total WAT and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) were higher by approximately 21% (p=.01) and 54% (p=.0004), respectively, in DL, DTA and DTL groups compared with DA. However, gene expression of adiponectin and leptin in RPAT was only increased by RT (DTA and DTL) compared with DA and DL by approximately 93% (p<.0001) and 78% (p=.0002), respectively. Similarly, the levels of adiponectin in the serum, tissue IL-10 (RPAT) and serum IL-10 were only increased in DTA and DTL compared with DA and DL by approximately 31% (p=.03), 45% (p=.0009) and 35% (p=.003), respectively.Conclusions: Both interventions, isolated or together, reduced hyperglycemia and excessive loss of WAT, but RT was the main factor responsible for attenuating inflammation.

This systematic review aimed to describe the physiological responses during arm activity in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared with the responses of healthy controls. Findings suggest that individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have decreased cardiorespiratory responses during peak arm exercise compared with controls but increased dyspnea, hyperinflation, and arm muscle effort.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of earlier weaning in addition to biocholine supplementation on age at puberty of Brangus heifers. Brangus calves were randomized and divided into three weaning ages groups, at 30 (Hyper-early weaning; HW), 75 (Early weaning; EW) and 180 days (Conventional weaning; CW). Then, calves were supplemented using the additive Biocholine (BIO) or not (CON). Animals were subjected to puberty induction and transrectal ultrasonography was performed to assess the ovarian activity and the presence of corpus luteum to determine heifer puberty. We also evaluated the body weight (BW; Kg), hip height (HH; cm), thoracic perimeter (TP; cm) and BW:HH ratio during the experimental period. BIO group showed higher ADG (>226g/day) when the animals were exposed to ryegrass pasture compared to CON (P < 0.05). We observed an interaction between weaning x biocholine and CW-BIO heifers showed greater HH more compared to CW-CON (P < 0.05). Overall, animals that have reached puberty at day 8 after puberty induction showed 331.0±23.14kg BW, 122.0±2.58cm HH and 165.4±3.45cm TP and 2.7±0.14 BW:HH. At the time of ovulation detection, the heifers from the HW group had 32.1kg BW, 3.93cm HH and 0.18cm BW:HH greater compared to CW (P < 0.05). The BIO supplementation together with ryegrass pasture, led to an increase in ADG weight throughout the evaluated period. We concluded that HW heifers showed an adequate body development throughout the experimental period until puberty appearance at the same age as others weaned groups.

In obesity, the excessive adipose tissue increases the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, which appear to alter the metabolism of minerals, such as zinc. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study investigated whether the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in plasma can to influence biochemical parameters of zinc in obese women.

Loss of response on repetitive drug exposure (i.e., tachyphylaxis) is a particular problem for the vasoconstrictor effects of medications containing oxymetazoline (OXY), an α1-adrenoceptor (AR) agonist of the imidazoline class. One cause of tachyphylaxis is receptor desensitization, usually accompanied by phosphorylation and internalization. It is well established that α1A-ARs are less phosphorylated, desensitized, and internalized on exposure to the phenethylamines norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine, or phenylephrine (PE) than are the α1B and α1D subtypes. However, here we show in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that the low-efficacy agonist OXY induces G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2–dependent α1A-AR phosphorylation, followed by rapid desensitization and internalization (∼40% internalization after 5 minutes of stimulation), whereas phosphorylation of α1A-ARs exposed to NE depends to a large extent on protein kinase C activity and is not followed by desensitization, and the receptors undergo delayed internalization (∼35% after 60 minutes of stimulation). Native α1A-ARs from rat tail artery and vas deferens are also desensitized by OXY, but not by NE or PE, indicating that this property of OXY is not limited to recombinant receptors expressed in cell systems. The results of the present study are clearly indicative of agonist-directed α1A-AR regulation. OXY shows functional selectivity relative to NE and PE at α1A-ARs, leading to significant receptor desensitization and internalization, which is important in view of the therapeutic vasoconstrictor effects of this drug and the varied biologic process regulated by α1A-ARs.

In obesity, the excessive adipose tissue increases the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, which appear to alter the metabolism of minerals, such as zinc. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study investigated whether the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in plasma can to influence biochemical parameters of zinc in obese women.

The rat tail artery has been used for the study of vasoconstriction mediated by alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors (ARs). However, rings from proximal segments of the tail artery (within the initial 4 cm, PRTA) were at least 3-fold more sensitive to methoxamine and phenylephrine (n = 6-12; p < 0.05) than rings from distal parts (between the sixth and 10th cm, DRTA). Interestingly, the imidazolines N-[5-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]methanesulfonamide hydrobromide (A-61603) and oxymetazoline, which activate selectively alpha(1A)-ARs, were equipotent in PRTA and DRTA (n = 4-12), whereas buspirone, which activates selectively alpha(1D)-AR, was approximately 70-fold more potent in PRTA than in DRTA (n = 8; p < 0.05). The selective alpha(1D)-AR antagonist 8-[2-[4-(methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione dihydrochloride (BMY-7378) was approximately 70-fold more potent against the contractions induced by phenylephrine in PRTA (pK(B) of approximately 8.45; n = 6) than in DRTA (pK(B) of approximately 6.58; n = 6), although the antagonism was complex in PRTA. 5-Methylurapidil, a selective alpha(1A)-antagonist, was equipotent in PRTA and DRTA (pK(B) of approximately 8.4), but the Schild slope in DRTA was 0.73 +/- 0.05 (n = 5). The noncompetitive alpha(1B)-antagonist conotoxin rho-TIA reduced the maximal contraction induced by phenylephrine in DRTA, but not in PRTA. These results indicate a predominant role for alpha(1A)-ARs in the contractions of both PRTA and DRTA but with significant coparticipations of alpha(1D)-ARs in PRTA and alpha(1B)-ARs in DRTA. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that mRNA encoding alpha(1A)- and alpha(1B)-ARs are similarly distributed in PRTA and DRTA, whereas mRNA for alpha(1D)-ARs is twice more abundant in PRTA. Therefore, alpha(1)-ARs subtypes are differentially distributed along the tail artery. It is important to consider the segment from which the tissue preparation is taken to avoid misinterpretations on receptor mechanisms and drug selectivities.

•AAQ showed adequate measurement properties to be used in Brazil.•AAQ showed adequate cross-cultural validity when compared to the original version.•AAQ can be used in international/multicenter studies.•Low schooling did not compromise the validity of the AAQ.