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Subject of study Among the rich collection of plants used for medicinal purposes since the primitive times, a special place, due to its participation in European culture, is occupied by the white lily (Lilium candidum L.). Antiquity shaped its unique position as a symbol of purity, beauty and dignity, the whole was strengthened by Christianity, linking the flower with Mary and thus making it a symbol of chastity. The parts of the lily that were most widely used in the community were not only known as a medicinal raw material, but were even credited with magical abilities, especially in the case of its petals. Medicine, both ancient and modern, which draws from its wisdom, knows many ways to use mainly the lily root for purposes such as softening hardened tissues, relieving pain or reducing the effects of burns. This practice also involves the art of medicine and pharmacy in Poland, reinforced by popular beliefs about its effectiveness. Today, the white lily, associated mainly with horticulture and widely understood ornamentation, has lost its status as a medicinal plant, but new light on this matter is shed by the latest research published in scientific journals, which associate the lily with potential antibacterial, antiviral and wound-healing effects. Purpose of research This paper provides an overview of how the white lily is perceived in a therapeutic context and its use in preparations of multiple forms and applications over the millennia. Material and methods The data for this review was provided by the medical journals of ancient authors (Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Celsus, Avicenna, Galen), modern pharmacopoeia (Sardinian, Galeno-chymica, Extemporanea, Universalis) and contemporary scientific articles from such journals as Plants ( Basel), Molecules, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care or Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. The Polish accent was introduced by taking into account the minor prescriptions of Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish herbalists (Siennik, Falimirz, Spiczyński, Syreniusz), letters intended for farmers or guides for keeping a home first aid kit in the manor. All materials were obtained in digital form with the participation of such platforms as Google Books, the PubMed database or the website of the Elsevier publishing house. Results The review of these positions proves the wide use of raw materials derived from the white lily, i.e. tubers, seeds, crown petals and leaves for medical, cosmetic and magical purposes. Lily root had the status of a softening, pain-relieving raw material, widely used in slices, ointments and in the form of decoction. The main use of the leaves was to soothe burns by directly applying the cooked material. Lily petals used in cosmetics (water after distillation of lilies was considered an anti-wrinkle and whitening cosmetic) were used to create lily oil, while the seeds were used as an antidote to snake venom and fungal poison. Modern research confirms the antibacterial, antiviral and potential wound-healing effects of lily-based preparations, but these issues require more careful research. Conclusions The white lily and its parts was a raw material known and widely used in European medicine, repeatedly described in specialist literature, pharmacopoeias, herbariums and books or magazines intended for mass use. The potential properties of lilies may also be useful today.

Cases of ingestion of indoor poisonous plants are relatively common among animals and lead to both acute cases of poisoning and long-term exposure to harmful substances and chronic damage to the animal's health. Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, which serve to protect the plant from attacks by insects, parasitic plants, fungi or, for example, during reproduction. However, these metabolites can be toxic if ingested by animals or humans. Toxicologically effective components found in plants are mainly alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, terpenes and others. This review article describes in detail the most common and popular indoor poisonous plants grown in Europe, the mechanisms of action of their active substances and clinical signs of the respective poisonings. This manuscript is supplemented with rich photographic documentation of these plants not found in similar articles, and also includes a description of the treatment of individual types of poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lilies are economically significant crops, and their fragrance is a crucial trait for cut flowers. Different lily varieties exhibit a rich diversity of fragrance profiles. To identify chemical markers associated with sensory attributes, this study screened 36 popular cut lily varieties with varying fragrances. Sensory analysis and HS–SPME–GC–MS were used to evaluate their fragrance characteristics. The aroma intensity evaluation showed that OT and O varieties had stronger fragrances, while LA and L varieties had lower fragrance intensities. LO, L, and LA varieties were preferred by evaluators over O, OA, and OT varieties. However, there was no significant correlation between aroma intensity and hedonic tone. A total of 73 VOCs were detected. Methyl benzoate, β -myrcene, (E)- β -ocimene, allo-ocimene, ethyl benzoate, and (Z)-caryophyllene were present in the fragrances of most varieties. PCA and HCA analyses indicated that the relative emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could effectively distinguish the fragrance characteristics of LO, O, and OT varieties, while the proportion of VOCs emissions could differentiate LA, LO, and OT varieties. PLS regression and jackknife analyses identified that the relative emission and proportion of terpinolene, eugenol, and (E)-isoeugenol were positively correlated with aroma intensity. Linalool (proportion) and cyclopentene, 3-isopropenyl-5,5-dimethyl- were positively correlated with hedonic tone, while methyl salicylate (proportion) was negatively correlated with hedonic tone. These findings provide potential chemical markers for the efficient evaluation of cut lily fragrances and offer references for selecting raw materials for lily fragrance oils and hydrosols. • Identified 73 VOCs in 36 lily varieties. • Terpinolene, eugenol, and (E)-isoeugenol are potential markers for aroma intensity. • Linalool and cyclopentene, 3-isopropenyl-5,5-dimethyl-, and methyl salicylate are potential markers for hedonic tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 20 lily bulbs of different varieties and origins were used as materials, and 47 nutrient components were detected and analyzed by correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that, lilies of different (variety) species had the same types of nutrients, and their contents had significant differences. Different lily samples contained higher mineral elements such as starch, pectin, protein, amino acids, potassium, and zinc, and lower content of other nutrients. It had the characteristics of high protein, rich in pectin, potassium, zinc, and low in sodium and fat. The contents of total free amino acids (4.96 g/100 g) and total mineral elements (952.98 mg/100 g) in Asiatic hybrids ‘Tresor’ were the highest. The contents of total fatty acids (215.72 mg/100 g), protein (5.36 g/100 g) and fat (836.37 mg/100 g) of L. lancifolium from Manshuihe in Anhui province were the highest. L. duchartrei had the highest contents of total vitamin (26.91 mg/100 g) and coarse fiber (1.19 g/100 g). The oriental lily ‘Sorbonne’ had the highest starch content (22.89 g/100 g), while the OT lily ‘Conca D'or’ had the highest pectin (431.41 mg/100 g) content. Cluster analysis divided L. lancifolium from three origins into one categories. The contents of total free amino acids, fat-soluble vitamins, protein, and monounsaturated fatty acids were prominent in L. lancifolium. It had high edible and medicinal value. The results of principal component analysis showed that ‘Tresor’ bulbs had outstanding performance in multiple nutritional indicators and were suitable for both in ornamental and edible purposes. This research would provide a reference for the development of edible and ornamental lily materials.

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【Objective】The present paeper aimed to explore the correlation of the enzyme activity of ADPG pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the gene expression of AGPase with the starch content on two kinds of lilies at different developmental stages.【Method】qPCR, continuous reaction method and anthrone method were used to determine the gene expression, enzyme activity and starch content. The similarities and differences between the two kinds of lilies were compared to obtain the characteristics of AGPase expression, enzyme activity and starch content and the correlation between various factors. 【Result】All the cloned AGPase genes were the structural characteristics of PLN02241 family proteins. The quantitative results showed that the expression patterns of AGPase large subunits gene were the same and the overall trend was similar. The expression patterns of small subunits gene were different. In addition, the expression of small subunit gene was lower than that of large subunit gene; The determination results of starch content and enzyme activity showed that the overall trend of the two kinds of lilies was the same. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of AGPase small subunit gene and AGPase enzyme activity were correlated with starch content in scales highly linearly, and the enzyme activity in leaves was also highly linearly positively correlated with starch content.【Conclusion】The starch content and enzyme activities of the two types of lilies had the same trend in different periods, but there were differences in the starch content and enzyme activities of different types of lilies at the same period. The expression patterns of large and small subunits gene of the two types of lilies were similar at different stages of bulb, but there were differences in the expression levels of different types of lilies at the same developmental stage. The expression of AGPase small subunit gene was positively correlated with starch content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Lily is known as the third main bulbous flower in the world that used for cut flowers and pots. Bulblet as a staple procedure is known for propagation of this plant. Due to the high performance of in vitro bulblets regeneration, the use of this method can reduce the costs production of this plant and also reduction of water and soil pollution due to minimizing the field area for ex vitro propagation. The size of lily bulblets produced in vitro is smaller than ex vitro propagated bulblets. For this purpose, several concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and calcium were used to investigate their role on lily bulblet growth under in vitro condition. Materials and methods In this experiment, 'Santander' cultivar was used for bulblet growth of lily. For this purpose, the effect of five strength (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3) of macro elements (phosphorus, potassium and calcium) based on MS medium on bulblet regeneration percentage, bulblet number, bulblet fresh weight, scale explant fresh weight, and fresh weight of leaf and root was surveyed. Results The results of the experiment clearly showed the effect of all three elements on the growth of bulblet, so that the limitation of any of the elements (0 strength) caused serious disorders in all explants. With increasing the concentration of the studied elements, the bulblet regeneration percentage increased significantly. The maximum in vitro bulblet regeneration percentage (95.3 %) was found in explants grown on medium supplemented with double-strength of phosphorous. All three macroelementsnotably phosphorus played a major role on lily bulblets growth. According to results, application of double-strength of phosphorus caused the highest number of bulblet compared to test with 11.6. A considerable decrement in the fresh weight of leaves (16 g) and roots (10 g) was observed in the absence of calcium in the culture medium. Conclusions In general, phosphorus and calcium play a vital role in the regeneration of lily bulblets in vitro, so that on the one hand, double-strength of phosphorus had the highest amount of bulblet regeneration and fresh weight of the bulblets and on the other hand, shortage of calcium had the lowest amount in all parameters. So it is recommended to increase the concentrations of above mentioned macroelementsfor obtaining bigger bulblets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the inspection of imported grown Lily (Lilium spp.) plants (Acapulco cultivar), symptoms of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (Ca. P. astris) infestation was observed in the experimental fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza governorate. The observed disease symptoms included stunting, scorched and leaf discoloration, flowering bud failure, and reduced quality of bulbs. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the key technique employed in this study. Four pairs of primers were used in PCR analysis. In the first amplification, a universal primer pair P1/P7 was used to amplify a 1.8 kbp DNA fragment of the rRNA operon. In the second nested amplification, the universal primer pairs R16F2n/R16R2 (F2n/R2) and R16F0/R16R1 (F0/R1) and the specific P1/Ayint were used to detect 1.2, 1.44, and 1.5 kbp, respectively, from aster yellows group phytoplasma infecting plants. Containment of phytoplasma infestation in lily was obtained through a periodical spray of infected lily plants with tetracycline hydrochloride antibiotic. Lily plants are vegetatively propagated. This allows the spread of this phytoplasma to several economic crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar transport and distribution plays an important role in lily bulb development and resistance to abiotic stresses. In this study, a member of the Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) gene family, LoSWEET14, from Oriental hybrid lily 'Sorbonne' was identified. LoSWEET14 encodes a protein of 278 amino acids and is capable of transporting sucrose and some types of hexoses. The transcript level of the LoSWEET14 gene was significantly increased under various stress conditions including drought, cold, salt stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Overexpression of LoSWEET14 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) showed that the transgenic lines had larger leaves, accumulated more soluble sugars, and were more resistant to drought, cold, and salt stresses, while becoming more sensitive to ABA compared with wild-type lines. Promoter analysis revealed that multiple stress-related cis-acting elements were found in the promoter of LoSWEET14. According to the distribution of cis-acting elements, different lengths of 5′-deletion fragments were constructed and the LoSWEET14-pro3(-540 bp) was found to be able to drive GUS gene expression in response to abiotic stresses and ABA treatment. Furthermore, a yeast one hybrid (Y1H) assay proved that the AREB/ABF (ABRE-binding protein/ABRE-binding factor) from lilies (LoABF2) could bind to the promoter of LoSWEET14. These findings indicated that LoSWEET14 is induced by LoABF2 to participate in the ABA signaling pathway to promote soluble sugar accumulation in response to multiple abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichomes play a crucial role in plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and their development and characteristics vary across different species. This study demonstrates that trichomes of Lilium pumilum exhibit synchronized growth during flower bud differentiation and enhance the plant's adaptability to UV-B radiation and aphid infection. We identified LpNAC48, a NAC family transcription factor (TF), that interacted with the B-box (BBX) family TF LpBBX28, during trichome formation in L. pumilum. Silencing LpNAC48 or LpBBX28 impaired trichome development and reduced trichome density on the outer perianths. We demonstrated that the upstream regulators LpNAC48 and LpBBX28 directly bound to the promoter of the bHLH TF-encoding gene LpGL3-LIKE (LpGL3L) to activate its expression. Moreover, an ABA-responsive element within a 259-bp DNA variation in the LpNAC48 promoter was important for its expression and was bound by the bZIP TF LpbZIP29 during trichome development. This binding activated LpNAC48 expression and contributed to trichome formation. This study provides insights into the role of a small DNA sequence variation in gene expression and trichome traits., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Taxonomy: Plantago asiatica mosaic virus belongs to the genus Potexvirus in the family Alphaflexiviridae of the order Tymovirales. Virion and genome properties: Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) has flexuous virions of approximately 490–530 nm in length and 10–15 nm in width. The genome of PlAMV consists of a single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA of approximately 6.13 kb. It contains five open reading frames (ORFs 1–5), encoding a putative viral polymerase (RdRp), movement proteins (triple gene block proteins, TGBp1‐3), and coat protein (CP), respectively. Host range: PlAMV has an exceptionally wide host range and has been isolated from various wild plants, including Plantago asiatica, Nandina domestica, Rehmannia glutinosa, and other weed plants. Experimentally PlAMV can infect many plant species including Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. It also infects ornamental lilies and frequently causes severe necrotic symptoms. However, host range varies depending on isolates, which show significant biological diversity within the species. Genome diversity: PlAMV can be separated into five clades based on phylogenetic analyses; nucleotide identities are significantly low between isolates in the different clades. Transmission: PlAMV is not reported to be transmitted by biological vectors. Virions of PlAMV are quite stable and it can be transmitted efficiently by mechanical contact. Disease symptoms: PlAMV causes red‐rusted systemic necrosis in ornamental lilies, but it shows much weaker, if any, symptoms in wild plants such as P. asiatica. Control: Control of the disease caused by PlAMV is based mainly on rapid diagnosis and elimination of the infected bulbs or plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term continuous cropping of facility soils could influence soil properties, however, the differences in soil properties among different continuous cropping years are still not well understood. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of continuous cropping years of lily on the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of facility red soil under subtropical conditions. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, chloroform fumigation culture method, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and other methods were used to examine the changes of the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil, the abundance of nitrogen (N) conversion functional genes, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), and total microbial enzyme activities in facility red soil after continuous Lily cropping for 4 years, 5 years, 7 years. As the continuous Lily cropping years increased, soil pH decreased, and soil available nutrients and organic matter accumulated. The number of bacteria and the nirS gene abundance of denitrifying bacteria were the lowest in continuous cropping for 4 years and the highest after 7 years of continuous cropping. The number of fungi and the nirK gene of denitrifying bacteria rose. Compared with the control with no Lily grown, the copy number of AOA gene in the facility soil after 4 years, 5 years, and 7 years of continuous cropping decreased by 99.5%, 73.8%, and 45.2%, respectively; however, the AOB gene copy number increased by 51.1%, 79.1%, and 112.4%, respectively. The copy number of the N-fixing gene nifH decreased significantly and the MBC and MBN contents increased significantly. The total enzyme activity of microorganisms showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the extension of continuous cropping years and reached the maximum value at 5 years of continuous cropping. As continuous cropping years increased, the total enzyme activity increased with continuous cropping for 5 years, and then showed a downward trend. The key factor affecting soil microbial activity was continuous cropping years. The results of this study lay the foundation for future research on the influence of continuous cropping years on the health of facility soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series polysaccharide samples extracted from three edible lilies (Lilium davidii var. willmottiae, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, and Lilium lancifolium) by subcritical water and ultrasound-assisted extraction were systematically compared. The results showed that extraction method was a more important factor than lily species. Subcritical water extracted lily polysaccharides (S-LP) with higher yield, molecular weight, neutral glucose and uronic acid content as well as apparent viscosity. Ultrasound-assisted extracted lily polysaccharides (U-LP) with higher reducing sugars and protein content. Moreover, due to the degradation of glycosidic bonds, ultrasonic extraction was easier to obtain lower molecular weight polysaccharides. In addition, the extraction method significantly affected the monosaccharide proportion of polysaccharides, but had no effect on type. Glucose was the main component in S-LP, and glucose and mannose were the main components in U-LP. The micromorphology of different polysaccharide samples was similar, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed regular/irregular particle clusters with different particle sizes. Overall, the relationships between extraction methods, lily species and polysaccharide properties were preliminarily elucidated, providing a reference for the targeted extraction of specific lily polysaccharides (LP).

Due to the cooperation of civilians and professionals in the Orosháza Museum, Hungary, the number of seal rings found in various archaeological sites and sent to the museum during the metal-detecting activity exceeds 1000 pieces. In this paper, we would like to present a fragmentary ring which was found near to today’s Végegyháza (Békés County), on the territory of the medieval Pereg. The settlement had been established near to the region’s river, called Száraz-ér, along the road leading to the Maros (now Arad). The ring belongs to a horizon of the 12th–13th centuries, and it can be dated to the era before the Tartar invasion, to the beginning of the 13th century. The significant part of the rings found in the neighborhood of Orosháza is linked to the areas of the Balkans, once the Byzantine Empire, so the local settlements’ and material culture’s history should be examined in accordance with these regions.

In this work, a fluorophores-assisted excitation/emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence method was proposed to trace the origin of lily in the Chinese market. There are few active components in lilies that have fluorescent signals, and too few characteristic variables may lead to unsatisfactory accuracy in the subsequent classification. Therefore, three fluorophores, 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (DPBA), o-Phthalaldehyde (OPA) and Rhodamine B (RB), were used to enrich the information of the fluorescent fingerprint of lily, which can improve the classification accuracy. The lily samples were characterized by using EEM fluorescence coupled with the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm, which was able to extract information of various fluorophores in lily samples. Two chemical pattern recognition methods, principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), were used to model and trace the origin of different lilies. When the fluorophores were added, the accuracy of the test set and prediction set obtained by the classification model increased from 71.4% to 92.9% and 66.7% to 100%, respectively. The proposed method combined fluorophores-assisted EEM fluorescence with multi-way chemometric methods to extract comprehensive information on the samples, which provided a potential method for the origin traceability of traditional Chinese medicine.

Background and Objectives: Environmental stresses could cause changing in the plants growth and development and drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in the world and is the most common stress that threatens a large part of the world lands and reduces various crops. The use of plant tissue culture methods in laboratory conditions compared to field culture has provided a controlled environment for physiological studies such as the effects of drought stress using plants to manage the environmental factors to maximize productivity. Therefore, in this study, the effect of in-vitro drought stress on the growth of three species of lily and some of its compounds was investigated. Materials and Methods: This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design in the tissue culture and biotechnology laboratory of university of mohaghegh ardabili for screening in-vitro of three species of lilies for drought stress. In-vitro bulblet scales of L. tsingtauense, L. regale and L. ledebourii in MS medium containing different concentrations of polyethyleneglycol 6000 (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/l) was cultured. After two months, morphological characteristics of regenerated plantlets such as plantlets height, leaf length and number, number of bulblets, number of roots and fresh weight, as well as biochemical parameters such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoid were measured and evaluated separately in each of the treatments. Results: In the present study, among the three species of lily, only L. regale regenerated leaves. The results showed that the plantlet height, number and length of leaf, number of bulblet and number of root and fresh weight of plantlet decreased with increasing drought stress. The highest number of bulblet was obtained from L. ledebourii, the highest number of root was obtained from L. regale and the highest fresh weight was obtained from L. tsingtauense explants. The highest amount of phenol and carotenoid was obtained from L. regale and the highest amount of proline was obtained from L. ledebourii, while L. tsingtauense had more flavonoid, anthocyanin and chlorophyll than other species. According to the results, the levels of proline, flavonoids and anthocyanin had a positive correlation with drought stress, but the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates and phenol from the treatment of 10 g/l PEG and the highest amount of carotenoid from the concentration of 5 g/l PEG was obtained. Conclusion: In conditions of water deficiency, lily cause a series of morphophysiological changes to reduce the harmful effects of drought stress as drought tolerance mechanisms. In this study, drought stress caused by PEG in-vitro, by affecting physiological, biochemical and hormonal processes, reduced the growth indices of lily species, while the amount of biochemical indices associated. Therefore, the increase of proline, soluble carbohydrates and secondary metabolites, in addition to increasing the medicinal performance of the product, is a mechanism of drought tolerance in lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The correlation between dormancy release and metabolic metabolic changes in lily bulbs during low temperature storage was investigated. Low temperature is a major environmental factor required for dormancy release in lily bulbs. Although great advances in plant metabolomics have been achieved, knowledge about the molecular basis of lily bulb metabolomes at different developmental stages in response to low temperature is still limited. In this work, the dormancy release, vegetative growth, flowering, metabolic profile and gene expression in the less dormant cultivar Lilium longiforum × Oriental hybrid 'Triumphator' (T) and the more dormant cultivar Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'Honesty' (H) were compared. Exposure to low temperature (LT) successfully promoted stem elongation, floral transition and flowering of both T and H bulbs. However, exposure to room temperature (RT) restricted stalk elongation of both T and H bulbs, and prohibited floral transition and flowering of H bulbs. Correspondingly, higher antioxidant enzyme activity and total primary metabolite contents were observed in the apical bud of T bulbs. Gene expression analysis revealed that expressions of LiFT, LiFLK, LiSOC1 and LiCBF were decreased, whereas the expression of LiSVP and LiFLC were increased, in the apical bud of H bulbs under RT storage condition. Our findings reveal that the growth and dormancy breaking of lily bulbs are closely associated with the metabolic changes in the apical buds during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily scale-explants cultured in vitro regenerate adventitious bulblets at their base. Large scale-explants (6 × 18 mm; the basal side is 6 mm) yielded more (26%) bulblet growth than small ones (6 × 6 mm). The beneficial effect of the scale was also clear when bulblets excised from scale explants were transferred to fresh medium for additional growth. When a small piece of the original scale was left attached to these bulblets, growth increased by 33%. The growth of bulblets was highest in explants cut from the middle of a scale as opposed to the edge, and in explants cut from the basal half as opposed to the apical half. We examined the development of the scale-explants during the period of bulblet regeneration in vitro and the scale explants were physiologically very active as judged by the decrease in the amount of polysaccharides in the explant (ca.70%) and the increase in total amount of soluble sugars in the explant (ca. 40%). In the basal scale explants, the number of starch granules was far higher than in apical scale explants. During culture, the number of vascular bundles increased in basal and apical scale explants from 6 to 3.3 to 8 and 4 bundles, respectively. Key Message: Explants excised from different parts of lily bulb scales exhibit a different growth in vitro dependent on their amount of storage starch and vascular bundle intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the most common toxic agents affecting domestic cats, the clinical signs of toxicity, and the therapeutic approaches for recovery. A survey on poisoning in cats was conducted among small animal veterinary practitioners from 2017 to 2018. Of the 748 completed questionnaires, 543 (72.6%) were evaluated. Pesticides and household cleaning supplies were the most common causes of poisoning in cats. The toxicant groups included pesticides and household cleaning supplies (organophosphates), human drugs (acetaminophen), plants/plant derivatives (lily), and veterinary drugs (tramadol). The major clinical signs for these four groups of toxicants were (1) acetaminophen poisoning, which caused oxidative erythrocyte damage; (2) muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic syndrome, which resulted from organophosphate poisoning; (3) acute kidney injury, which resulted from intoxication of lily; and (4) serotonin syndrome, which resulted from tramadol toxicosis. Interventions for treating poisoning in cats were based on the clinical presentation of animals. In the present study, the significant toxins identified to be dangerous for cats were characterized using the obtained data in Brazil as well as the main associated clinical signs and therapy recommended by veterinarians.

During the growth cycle of lilies, assimilates undergo a process of accumulation, consumption and reaccumulation in bulbs and are transported and allocated between aboveground and underground organs and tissues. The sink–source relationship changes with the allocation of assimilates, affecting the vegetative growth and morphological establishment of lilies. In this study, the carbohydrate contents in different tissues of five critical stages during lily development were measured to observe the assimilates allocation. The results showed bulbs acted as the main source to provide energy before the budding stage (S3); after the flowering stage (S4), bulbs began to accumulate assimilates as a sink organ again. During the period when the plant height was 30cm with leaf-spread (S2), leaves mainly accumulated assimilates from bulbs through the symplastic pathway, while when leaves were fully expanded, it transformed to export carbohydrates. At the S4 stage, flowers became a new active sink with assimilates influx. To further understand the allocation of assimilates, 16 genes related to sugar transport and metabolism (ST genes) were identified and categorized into different subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis, and their protein physicochemical properties were also predicted. Tissue-specific analysis showed that most of the genes were highly expressed in stems and petals, and it was mainly the MST (monosaccharide transporter) genes that were obviously expressed in petals during the S4 stage, suggesting that they may be associated with the accumulation of carbohydrates in flowers and thus affect flower development process. LoSWEET14 (the Sugar will eventually be exported transporters) was significantly correlated with starch in scales and with soluble sugar in leaves. Sugar transporters LoHXT6 and LoSUT1 were significantly correlated with soluble sugar and sucrose in leaves, suggesting that these genes may play key roles in the accumulation and transportation of assimilates in lilies. In addition, we analyzed the expression patterns of ST genes under different abiotic stresses, and the results showed that all genes were significantly upregulated. This study lays a solid foundation for further research on molecular mechanism of sink–source change and response to abiotic stresses in lilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oxalic acid (OA) is a crucial pathogenic factor for Sclerotinia spp. fungi, which is closely related to Botrytis spp. fungi. Whether OA is a pathogenic factor for the causal agent of grey mould in lily, Botrytis elliptica, and the response of lily to OA are poorly understood.To address these questions, lesion tissues and deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOX) and callose were observed in diploid and tetraploid leaves of L. rosthornii after inoculation with B. elliptica. Oxalate oxidase (OXO) activity and the transcript levels of some genes related to OA degradation (LrGLP1, LrGLP2 and LrWRKY4), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production/scavenging systems (LrRBOHD, LrGST, LrPOD and LrAPX1) and pathogen‐related protein (PR) synthesis (LrCHI, LrBGL and LrPR10) were compared.After diploid and tetraploid leaves inoculation, lesion tissue and callose and CaOX were separately observed around in guard cells and stomata rather than the epidermis in the infected area. OXO activity was triggered at 2 h post‐inoculation (hpi) in both ploidy leaves, and it was higher in the latter from 12‐48 hpi. Expression of LrGLP1, LrGLP2, LrRBOHD, LrGST, LrPOD, LrCHI, LrBGL and LrPR10 was higher in tetraploids than in diploids from 24(12)–36(48) hpi.In conclusion, for B. elliptica, OA mainly chelates Ca2+ from the stomata cell wall. The strong capability to degrade OA and higher expression levels of some genes related to ROS accumulation/scavenging and PR synthesis may partially explain the relatively higher grey mould resistance of tetraploid L. rosthornii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of sucrose pulsing, cold storage methods (dry and wet) and cold storage duration (one and two weeks) on the post-storage attributes of cut lilies in Dalat were studied. After harvest, the lilies were treated with sucrose pulsing solutions consisting of three concentrations of sucrose (0, 50, and 100g/L) in combination with 0.2mM silver thiosulphate (STS) and water as control for 24h at room temperature, then placed in wet and dry cold storage at 2.5°C for one and two weeks. After each period of cold storage, the cut lilies were placed in water to evaluate the vase life, the time of bud opening, the bud opening rate, and water uptake. The results showed that when cut lilies were treated with 50g/L sucrose in combination with STS 0.2mM and one-week cold storage, the vase life increased to 16.8 days with better color, the time of bud opening slowed down to 5.8 days, buds fully opened (100%), and the water uptake remained constant at 91.5ml.

The Lily mottle virus (LMoV) impedes the growth and quality of lily crops in Lanzhou, China. Recently Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) has been detected in LMoV-infected plants in this region, causing plant stunting as well as severe foliar symptoms, and likely posing a threat to lily production. Consequently, there is a need to develop simple, sensitive, and reliable detection methods for these two viruses to prevent them from spreading. Reverse transcription (RT) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays have been developed to detect LMoV and ArMV using two primer pairs that match six conserved sequences of LMoV and ArMV coat proteins, respectively. RT-LAMP assay results were visually assessed in reaction tubes using green fluorescence and gel electrophoresis. Our assays successfully detected both LMoV and ArMV in lily plants without the occurrence of viral cross-reactivity from other lily viruses. Optimal conditions for LAMP reactions were 65°C and 60°C for 60 min for LMoV and ArMV, respectively. Detection sensitivity for both RT-LAMP assays was a hundredfold greater than that of our comparative RT-polymerase chain reaction assays. We have also found this relatively rapid, target specific and sensitive method can also be used for samples collected in the field and may be especially useful in regions with limited or no laboratory facilities.

Lily (Lilium asiatica) is an important plant grown for its range of flower colors and heavy scent. In March 2024, potyvirus-like symptoms consisting of light-yellow mottling and mosaic were noticed on 12/20 lily plants in a private property in Weslaco, Hidalgo County, Texas. Two symptomatic plants (WTX1 and WTX2) were sampled randomly for virus diagnosis. The leaf extracts of both samples were negative for the potyvirus group using Agdia's Poty ImmunoStrip® (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA). However, rub-inoculation of the extracts onto healthy Nicotiana benthamiana and Vigna unguiculata plants (n=4, each) induced mild mottle symptoms on the systemic leaves of both herbaceous test plants 20 to 28 days post inoculation, indicating the presence of a mechanically transmissible agent in the samples. No virus-like symptoms were observed on the mock-inoculated plants (n=1, each) of both species. To test for suspected potyvirus infection, 2-µg of total nucleic acid extracts (Dellaporta et al. 1983) from WTX1 and WTX2 were used for complimentary DNA (cDNA) synthesis with Oligo(dT) primer and the PrimeScript 1st strand cDNA synthesis kit (Takara Bio, USA). One microliter aliquot of each cDNA served as template in 12.5-µl conventional PCR reaction volumes with 5 U Taq polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN), and two pairs of degenerate primers targeting the partial cylindrical inclusion (CI) gene and the helper component protease (HC-Pro) of potyviruses (Ha et al. 2008). The expected ~700-bp DNA product of each gene target was amplified from both samples. The amplicons were excised, gel eluted (Zymoclean™ Gel DNA Recovery kit) and cloned individually into the pJET1.2/Blunt vector (Life Technologies). Recombinant plasmids from two transformed Escherichia coli cells per cloned DNA insert were Sanger sequenced. BLASTn analysis of each gene-specific nucleotide (nt) sequence fragment revealed their identities (83 to 92 % nt) as lily mottle virus (LMoV; genus Potyvirus) at 93 to 98% query coverage. In pairwise comparison, the obtained sequences of LMoV isolates from TX specific to the CI (GenBank accession nos. PQ037260-61) and the HC-Pro (PQ037262-63) shared ~99% nt and 100% amino acid (aa) identities with each other and ~91-92% nt and 98-100% aa identities with the closest isolate, Bate5 (JN127341) from Australia. Based on these results, a pair of LMoV-specific primers (LM_v109-F: 5'-GGCCAGTAATGTGCACAAGC-3' and LM_c527-R: 5'-TCGCTGTAGCTAGCGACGTAC-3') was newly designed to target the partial CI gene, internal to the 700-bp fragment obtained above with the generic primers. The primer pair was used to screen each of the mechanically inoculated test plants by RT-PCR as previously described above. The expected 438-bp fragment of the LMoV CI gene was amplified from all the inoculated plants of both N. benthamiana and V. unguiculata; the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing as described above. The mock-inoculated plant of each experimental host plant tested negative for LMoV. LMoV is a quarantine pest and was previously reported in the U.S. (Brierley and Smith, 1944) and other lily-producing parts of the world, such as the Netherlands, China, Korea, and Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of the virus in Texas, thus expanding its geographical range. Testing of lily foundation stocks before propagation is essential to prevent further spread of LMoV via planting material.

Flower color is the decisive factor that affects the commercial value of ornamental flowers. Therefore, it is important to study the regulation of flower color formation in lily to discover the positive and negative factors that regulate this important trait. In this study, MYB transcription factors (TFs) were characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily. Two R2R3-MYB TFs, LvMYB5, and LvMYB1, were found to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily flowers. LvMYB5, which has an activation motif, belongs to the SG6 MYB protein subgroup of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transient expression of LvMYB5 indicated that LvMYB5 can promote coloration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and that expression of LvMYB5 increases the expression levels of NbCHS , NbDFR , and NbANS. VIGS experiments in lily petals showed that the accumulation of anthocyanins was reduced when LvMYB5 was silenced. Luciferase assays showed that LvMYB5 can promote anthocyanin synthesis by activating the ANS gene promoter. Therefore, LvMYB5 plays an important role in flower coloration in lily. In addition, the transient expression experiment provided preliminary evidence that LvMYB1 (an R2R3-MYB TF) inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in lily flowers. The discovery of activating and inhibitory factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily provides a theoretical basis for improving flower color through genetic engineering. The results of our study provide a new direction for the further study of the mechanisms of flower color formation in lilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower color is the decisive factor that affects the commercial value of ornamental flowers. Therefore, it is important to study the regulation of flower color formation in lily to discover the positive and negative factors that regulate this important trait. In this study, MYB transcription factors (TFs) were characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily. Two R2R3-MYB TFs, LvMYB5, and LvMYB1, were found to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily flowers. LvMYB5, which has an activation motif, belongs to the SG6 MYB protein subgroup of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transient expression of LvMYB5 indicated that LvMYB5 can promote coloration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and that expression of LvMYB5 increases the expression levels of NbCHS, NbDFR, and NbANS. VIGS experiments in lily petals showed that the accumulation of anthocyanins was reduced when LvMYB5 was silenced. Luciferase assays showed that LvMYB5 can promote anthocyanin synthesis by activating the ANS gene promoter. Therefore, LvMYB5 plays an important role in flower coloration in lily. In addition, the transient expression experiment provided preliminary evidence that LvMYB1 (an R2R3-MYB TF) inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in lily flowers. The discovery of activating and inhibitory factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily provides a theoretical basis for improving flower color through genetic engineering. The results of our study provide a new direction for the further study of the mechanisms of flower color formation in lilies.

Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important commercial flower crop, but its market popularity and applications are adversely affected by severe pollen pollution. Many studies have examined pollen development in model plants, but few studies have been conducted on flower crops such as lily. GAMYBs are a class of R2R3-MYB transcription factors and play important roles in plant development and biotic resistance; their functions vary in different pathways, and many of them are involved in anther development. However, their function and regulatory role in lily remain unclear. Here, the GAMYB homolog LoMYB33 was isolated and identified from lily. The open reading frame of LoMYB33 was 1620 bp and encoded a protein with 539 amino acids localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Protein sequence alignment showed that LoMYB33 contained a conserved R2R3 domain and three BOX motifs (BOX1, BOX2, and BOX3), which were unique to the GAMYB family. LoMYB33 had transcriptional activation activity, and its transactivation domain was located within 90 amino acids of the C-terminal. LoMYB33 was highly expressed during the late stages of anther development, especially in pollen. Analysis of the promoter activity of LoMYB33 in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that the LoMYB33 promoter was highly activated in the pollen of stage 12 to 13 flowers. Overexpression of LoMYB33 in Arabidopsis significantly retarded growth; the excess accumulation of LoMYB33 also negatively affected normal anther development, which generated fewer pollen grains and resulted in partial male sterility in transgenic plants. Silencing of LoMYB33 in lily also greatly decreased the amount of pollen. Overall, our results suggested that LoMYB33 might play an important role in the anther development and pollen formation of lily.

Key message: A number of potential genes and pathways involved in tepal trichome development were identified in a natural lily mutant by transcriptome analysis and were confirmed with trichome and trichomeless species. Trichome is a specialized structure found on the surface of the plant with an important function in survival against abiotic and biotic stress. It is also an important economic trait in crop breeding. Extensive research has investigated the foliar trichome in model plants (Arabidopsis and tomato). However, the developmental mechanism of tepal trichome remains elusive. Liliumpumilum is an edible ornamental bulb and a good breeding parent possessing cold and salt-alkali resistance. Here, we found a natural mutant of Liliumpumilum grown on a highland whose tepals are covered by trichomes. Our data indicate that trichomes of the mutant are multicellular and branchless. Notably, stomata are also developed on the tepal of the mutant as well, suggesting there may be a correlation between trichome and stomata regulation. Furthermore, we isolated 27 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome profiling between the natural mutant and the wild type. These 27 genes belong to 4 groups: epidermal cell cycle and division, trichome morphogenesis, stress response, and transcription factors. Quantitative real-time PCR in Liliumpumilum (natural mutant and the wild type) and other lily species (Liliumleichtlinii var. maximowiczii/trichome; Liliumdavidii var. willmottiae/, trichomeless) confirmed the validation of RNA-seq data and identified several trichome-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important commercial flower crop, but its market popularity and applications are adversely affected by severe pollen pollution. Many studies have examined pollen development in model plants, but few studies have been conducted on flower crops such as lily. GAMYBs are a class of R2R3-MYB transcription factors and play important roles in plant development and biotic resistance; their functions vary in different pathways, and many of them are involved in anther development. However, their function and regulatory role in lily remain unclear. Here, the GAMYB homolog LoMYB33 was isolated and identified from lily. The open reading frame of LoMYB33 was 1620 bp and encoded a protein with 539 amino acids localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Protein sequence alignment showed that LoMYB33 contained a conserved R2R3 domain and three BOX motifs (BOX1, BOX2, and BOX3), which were unique to the GAMYB family. LoMYB33 had transcriptional activation activity, and its transactivation domain was located within 90 amino acids of the C-terminal. LoMYB33 was highly expressed during the late stages of anther development, especially in pollen. Analysis of the promoter activity of LoMYB33 in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that the LoMYB33 promoter was highly activated in the pollen of stage 12 to 13 flowers. Overexpression of LoMYB33 in Arabidopsis significantly retarded growth; the excess accumulation of LoMYB33 also negatively affected normal anther development, which generated fewer pollen grains and resulted in partial male sterility in transgenic plants. Silencing of LoMYB33 in lily also greatly decreased the amount of pollen. Overall, our results suggested that LoMYB33 might play an important role in the anther development and pollen formation of lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• LvCOP1 may mediate the ubiquitination of LvMYB1, leading to the degradation of LvMYB1 in the absence of light, thereby controlling the accumulation of lily anthocyanins. CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), a ubiquitin E3 ligase, has been identified as a crucial repressor involved in plant development in the absence of light. However, its specific roles in lily (Lilium 'Viviana') remain largely unknown. Through transcriptome analysis in lily, a gene (TRINITY_DN102750_c1_g1) that positively influences lily pigmentation was identified. Evolutionary analysis revealed that TRINITY_DN102750_c1_g1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis COP1 , subsequently designated as LvCOP1. The promoter region of LvCOP1 is enriched with multiple cis-acting elements responsive to light, and its expression was regulated by light, indicating that LvCOP1 plays a crucial role in response to light signals. Furthermore, the overexpression of LvCOP1 elevates the anthocyanin content in lily petals. This enhancement is achieved by elevating the expression levels of key genes involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin, including LvCHS, LvF3H, LvDFR, LvANS , and Lv3GT. Conversely, silencing LvCOP1 had the opposite effect. Additionally, yeast library screening demonstrated an interaction between LvCOP1 and LvMYB1, with the latter being confirmed as a protein that limits the synthesis of anthocyanins. In light of these findings, we propose a model where LvCOP1, in the presence of light, can facilitate the ubiquitination and degradation of LvMYB1, thereby precisely regulating anthocyanin accumulation in lily. This study expands our understanding of COP1 functions, revealing its positive regulatory role in anthocyanin accumulation in lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Lilium is one of the most popular flower crops worldwide, and some species are also used as vegetables and medicines. The availability of and easy access to diverse Lilium genetic resources are essential for plant genetic improvements. Cryopreservation is currently considered as an ideal means for the long-term preservation of plant germplasm. Over the last two decades, great efforts have been exerted in studies of Lilium cryopreservation and progress has been made in the successful cryopreservation of pollen, seeds and shoot tips in Lilium. Genes that exist in Lilium, including those that regulate flower shape, color and size, and that are resistant to cold stress and diseases caused by fungi and viruses, provide a rich source of valuable genetic resources for breeding programs to create novel cultivars required by the global floriculture and ornamental markets. Successful cryopreservation of Lilium spp. is a way to preserve these valuable genes. The present study provides updated and comprehensive information about the development of techniques that have advanced Lilium cryopreservation. Further ideas are proposed to better direct future studies on Lilium cryobiotechnology.

In plants, the cell fates of a vegetative cell (VC) and generative cell (GC) are determined after the asymmetric division of the haploid microspore. The VC exits the cell cycle and grows a pollen tube, while the GC undergoes further mitosis to produce two sperm cells for double fertilization. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their fate differentiation remains limited. One major advantage of the nuclear proteome analysis is that it is the only method currently able to uncover the systemic differences between VC and GC due to GC being engulfed within the cytoplasm of VC, limiting the use of transcriptome. Here, we obtained pure preparations of the vegetative cell nuclei (VNs) and generative cell nuclei (GNs) from germinating lily pollens. Utilizing these high-purity VNs and GNs, we compared the differential nucleoproteins between them using state-of-the-art quantitative proteomic techniques. We identified 720 different amount proteins (DAPs) and grouped the results in 11 fate differentiation categories. Among them, we identified 29 transcription factors (TFs) and 10 cell fate determinants. Significant differences were found in the molecular activities of vegetative and reproductive nuclei. The TFs in VN mainly participate in pollen tube development. In comparison, the TFs in GN are mainly involved in cell differentiation and male gametogenesis. The identified novel TFs may play an important role in cell fate differentiation. Our data also indicate differences in nuclear pore complexes and epigenetic modifications: more nucleoporins synthesized in VN; more histone variants and chaperones; and structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, chromatin remodelers, and DNA methylation-related proteins expressed in GN. The VC has active macromolecular metabolism and mRNA processing, while GC has active nucleic acid metabolism and translation. Moreover, the members of unfolded protein response (UPR) and programmed cell death accumulate in VN, and DNA damage repair is active in GN. Differences in the stress response of DAPs in VN vs. GN were also found. This study provides a further understanding of pollen cell differentiation mechanisms and also a sound basis for future studies of the molecular mechanisms behind cell fate differentiation.

A multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) system was modified and evaluated for the simultaneous detection of multiple viruses in coinfected lily plants. Four major lily viruses, namely, lily symptomless, cucumber mosaic, lily mottle, and plantago asiatica mosaic viruses, were targeted by simultaneous detection. Analysis of PCR products confirmed the amplification of virus-specific DNA fragments of the expected sizes and nucleotide sequences from the target viruses. The cDNAs from singly infected plant samples were used as positive controls, and multiple infected samples were used to develop the multiplex RT-PCR system, which was then applied to leaf samples from diverse lily species and hybrids. The modified multiplex RT-PCR was successfully validated on the simultaneous detection of these viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants, the cell fates of a vegetative cell (VC) and generative cell (GC) are determined after the asymmetric division of the haploid microspore. The VC exits the cell cycle and grows a pollen tube, while the GC undergoes further mitosis to produce two sperm cells for double fertilization. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their fate differentiation remains limited. One major advantage of the nuclear proteome analysis is that it is the only method currently able to uncover the systemic differences between VC and GC due to GC being engulfed within the cytoplasm of VC, limiting the use of transcriptome. Here, we obtained pure preparations of the vegetative cell nuclei (VNs) and generative cell nuclei (GNs) from germinating lily pollens. Utilizing these high-purity VNs and GNs, we compared the differential nucleoproteins between them using state-of-the-art quantitative proteomic techniques. We identified 720 different amount proteins (DAPs) and grouped the results in 11 fate differentiation categories. Among them, we identified 29 transcription factors (TFs) and 10 cell fate determinants. Significant differences were found in the molecular activities of vegetative and reproductive nuclei. The TFs in VN mainly participate in pollen tube development. In comparison, the TFs in GN are mainly involved in cell differentiation and male gametogenesis. The identified novel TFs may play an important role in cell fate differentiation. Our data also indicate differences in nuclear pore complexes and epigenetic modifications: more nucleoporins synthesized in VN; more histone variants and chaperones; and structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, chromatin remodelers, and DNA methylation-related proteins expressed in GN. The VC has active macromolecular metabolism and mRNA processing, while GC has active nucleic acid metabolism and translation. Moreover, the members of unfolded protein response (UPR) and programmed cell death accumulate in VN, and DNA damage repair is active in GN. Differences in the stress response of DAPs in VN vs. GN were also found. This study provides a further understanding of pollen cell differentiation mechanisms and also a sound basis for future studies of the molecular mechanisms behind cell fate differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. We have previously performed an analysis of the cold-responsive transcriptome in the mature leaves of tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium) by gene co-expression network identification. The results has revealed that a ZFHD gene, notated as encoding zinc finger homeodomain protein, may play an essential regulating role in tiger lily response to cold stress. Methods. A further investigation of the ZFHD gene (termed as LlZFHD4) responding to osmotic stresses, including cold, salt, water stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA) was performed in this study. Based on the transcriptome sequences, the coding region and 5′ promoter region of LlZFHD4 were cloned from mature tiger lily leaves. Stress response analysis was performed under continuous 4 °C, NaCl, PEG, and ABA treatments. Functional characterization of LlZFHD4 was conducted in transgenic Arabidopsis, tobacco, and yeast. Results. LlZFHD4 encodes a nuclear-localized protein consisting of 180 amino acids. The N-terminal region of LlZFHD4 has transcriptional activation activity in yeast. The 4 °C, NaCl, PEG, and ABA treatments induced the expression of LlZFHD4. Several stress- or hormone-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements (T-Box, BoxI. and ARF) and binding sites of transcription factors (MYC, DRE and W-box) were found in the core promoter region (789 bp) of LlZFHD4. Also, the GUS gene driven by LlZFHD4 promoter was up-regulated by cold, NaCl, water stresses, and ABA in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of LlZFHD4 improved cold and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis; higher survival rate and better osmotic adjustment capacity were observed in LlZFHD4 transgenic plants compared to wild type (WT) plants under 4 °C and PEG conditions. However, LlZFHD4 transgenic plants were less tolerant to salinity and more hypersensitive to ABA compared to WT plants. The transcript levels of stress- and ABA-responsive genes were much more up-regulated in LlZFHD4 transgenic Arabidopsis than WT. These results indicate LlZFHD4 is involved in ABA signaling pathway and plays a crucial role in regulating the response of tiger lily to cold, salt and water stresses.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The stylized motif Fleur-de-Lis which means the Lily and derived from it, was accepted as a royal symbol in the 12th century in France by Louis VII. This motif which was a well-known royal symbol especially in Western Art in Medieval Europe, has been applied continuously since the early periods of Byzantine art and has been used extensively in different types of works. But this motif was generally introduced with different plant names in Byzantine studies and no comprehensive studies have made about this subject. Thus, the motif was identified along with elements revealing the character of Fleur-de-Lis and examined in detail especially in Byzantine stone works. The lily motifs showed three different main types according to the condition of the side leaves and these types were divided into two sub-groups. It was determined that the stems of the motifs also varied according to their shapes and these were also evaluated under different groups. Thus, the Lily (Fleur-de-Lis) motifs were tried to be enlightened together with their periodical differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In bulb crops, bulbing is a key progress in micropropagation and is the feature that most distinguishes bulbous crops from other plants. Generally, bulbing involves a shoot-to-bulblet transition; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We explored this process by tracking the shoot-to-bulblet transition under different culture conditions. Rapid starch accumulation occurred at 15 days after transplanting (DAT) in the bulblet-inducing treatments as confirmed via histological observations and the significant elevation of starch synthesis related-gene transcription, including LohAGPS, LohAGPL, LohGBSS, LohSS, and LohSBE. However, for shoots that did not transition to bulblets and maintained the shoot status, much higher soluble sugars were detected. Interestingly, we observed a clear shift from invertase-catalyzed to sucrose synthase-catalyzed sucrose cleavage pattern based on the differential expression of LohCWIN and LohSuSy during the key transition stage (prior to and after bulbing at 0–15 DAT). Shoots that transitioned into bulblets showed significantly higher LohSuSy expression, especially LohSuSy4 expression, than shoots that did not transition. A symplastic phloem unloading pathway at the bulblet emergence stage (15 DAT) was verified via the 6(5)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate fluorescent tracer. We propose that starch is the fundamental compound in the shoot-to-bulblet transition and that starch synthesis is likely triggered by the switch from apoplastic to symplastic sucrose unloading, which may be related to sucrose depletion. Furthermore, this study is the first to provide a complete inventory of the genes involved in starch metabolism based on our transcriptome data. Two of these genes, LohAGPS1.2b and LohSSIIId, were verified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends cloning, and these data will provide additional support for Lilium research since whole genome is currently lacking.

La Torà (il Pentateuco) è ambientato nel deserto: fiori e frutta sono oggetti rari, poco presenti nella vita quotidiana, ma ricchi di bellezza, di profumo, di seduzione. Nella narrazione essi non compaiono quasi mai come semplici oggetti, ma sono sempre investiti di valori connotativi. Così il frutto dell'Eden, descritto come "buono da mangiare, piacevole a vedersi e desiderabile". Così il fiore disputato fra le due spose di Giacobbe in cambio di una notte d'amore col marito. Così il progetto floreale del candelabro nel Tabernacolo, destinato ad ardere davanti al Sancta Sanctorum. Così infine la ricca metaforica di fiori e frutta nel "Cantico dei cantici", usata per rappresentare bellezza e fascino degli amanti, e ulteriormente metaforizzata nella lettura allegorica della vicenda. Il Talmud, soprattutto nel Trattato "Berakhot" si sforza di sistematizzare la materia, interrogandosi su che cosa siano alberi e che cosa erbe, quali siano i profumi e come ci si debba rapportare ad essi.

In the present paper we analyze two early Marian litanies and a number of laudas dating back to the period of the Origini. We will focus on texts dated between the 13th and the early 14th century. At this initial stage, the spiritual poetry written in the vernacular languages of northern and central Italy presents a strong link with certain Marian prayers, such as both Letaniae Beatae Mariae Virginis and Litany of Loreto. We will analyze then a group of laudas: Rayna possentissima and two texts by Bonvesin da la Riva, to complete with a close reading of a group of Marian laudas from the Laudario di Cortona. Flowers as Marian symbols are enriched in details between the first litanies and the laudas. As the lauda is primarily an oral genre, Marian antonomasias have a prosodic function - they constitute metric units that are easy to be memorized. This helped the spreading of that poetry as a form of vernacular prayer in a period in which the official language of the Church was Latin, known by few and unfamiliar to the masses of the faithful.

Abstract Background The lily is a perennial flowering plant belonging to the genus Lilium in the family Liliaceae. Most cultivated lily plants are propagated by bulbs. Therefore, numerous lily bulbs are frequently infected by diverse viruses causing viral diseases. To date, no study has examined the viromes of plants of one type with identical genetic backgrounds collected from different geographical regions. Results Here, we examined different viromes of the lily cultivar “Sorbonne” using 172 gigabytes of transcriptome data composed of 23 libraries from four different projects for the cultivar “Sorbonne.” We identified 396 virus-associated contigs from all but one library. We identified six different viruses, including Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Lily symptomless virus (LSV), Tulip virus X (TVX), Lily mottle virus (LMoV), and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Of them, PlAMV was the most common virus infecting the lily. Scale and flower samples possessed a high number of virus-associated reads. We assembled 32 nearly complete genomes for the six identified viruses possessing the polyadenylate tails. Genomes of all six viruses were highly conserved in the lily cultivar “Sorbonne” based on mutation analysis. We identified defective RNAs from LSV, TVX, and PlAMV localized in the triple gene block region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that virus genomes are highly correlated with geographical regions and host plants. Conclusions We conducted comprehensive virome analyses of a single lily cultivar, “Sorbonne,” using transcriptome data. Our results shed light on an array of lily virome-associated topics, including virus identification, the dominant virus, virus accumulation in different plant tissues, virus genome assembly, virus mutation, identification of defective RNAs, and phylogenetic relationships of identified viruses. Taken together, we provide very useful methods and valuable results that can be applied in other virome-associated studies.