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Genus Paracercopis Schmidt Paracercopis Schmidt, 1925: 4; Lallemand, 1949: 80; Metcalf, 1961: 550; Nast, 1972: 157. Type species: Cercopis (Callitettix) seminigra Melichar, 1902: 105, pl. v, fig. 11, by original designation. Esakius Ôuchi, 1943: 498. Type species: Esakius sinensis Ôuchi, 1943: 498, by original designation. [Synonymized by Liang, 1993 (1992): 444.] Generic diagnosis. Members of Paracercopis can be distinguished from other cercopid genera by the combination of the following characters: body medium-sized, relatively robust, oval (Figs 1A–D, 5A, 5D); postclypeus centrally longitudinally sulcate (Fig. 5C); hindwing with 4 closed apical cells, Cu 1a and Cu 1b on short stalk, cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b, basal half of Cu 1b strongly arched against Cu 2, fourth apical cell very long and large (Fig. 4A); hind tibiae with one lateral stout spine, and the male genitalia with the subgenital plates with basal body large and elongate, apex constricted into spinous process, basal plate present, parameres elongate with apex furcated, aedeagal shaft relatively short, broad and robust, apex without spinous processes; gonopore subapical on dorsal edge. The unique hindwing venation pattern (Cu 1a and Cu 1b on short stalk, cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b), oval body shape, genital styles with stout apical processes, and short and broad aedeagal shaft [see Liang 1993 (1992)] appear to be good autapomorphies of Paracercopis that support the monophyly of the genus. Paracercopis has close affinity to the Oriental Paracercopoides Liang, 1994 in head morphology, hindwing venation, and structure of the male genitalia, but can be distinguished by the broadly sulcate postclypeus (very narrowly sulcate in Paracercopoides); hindwing with cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b (Fig. 4A) [m-cu meeting Cu 1a just before furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b in the males or well before furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b in the females in Paracercopoides (Fig. 4B)] and the basal half of Cu 1b strongly arched against Cu 2 (Fig. 4A) [nearly straight and more remote from Cu 2 in Paracercopoides (Fig. 4B)]; and the minutiae of the male genitalia. This genus is also closely related to several other Oriental genera, including Eoscarta Breddin, with the sulcate postclypeus and the hind tibiae with one lateral spur, but can be separated reliably by hindwing venation and the structure of the male genitalia. Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of Paracercopis seminigra. Antennae with scape cylindrical and short (Figs 2A, 2B); pedicel cylindrical and relatively elongate, with surface transversely imbricated (Figs 2A, 2B); flagellar base expanded and hidden in apical cavity of pedicel and visible in ventrolateral view, with surface sparsely transversely imbricated (Figs 2A, 2B). Three types of sensilla, namely basiconic sensillum, coeloconic sensillum and trichoid sensillum were found in the antennae. The basiconic and coeloconic sensilla are found on the expanded flagellar base and the trichoid sensilla are seen in the pedicel. The expanded flagellar base bears a large and distinct basiconic sensillum and 8–10 coeloconic sensilla (Figs 2A– D). The basiconic sensillum is large, peg-like and is located in a large, broad, shallow pit at the apex of the expanded flagellar base (Figs 2A–D). It is broad basally and is tapered to a blunt apex pointing along the flagellar extension, with the outer cuticular surface pitted (Figs 2C, 2D). It is about 62 μm long and 17.5 μm in width subbasally. The coeloconic sensilla are porous structures located at the upper ventrolateral area of the expanded flagelar base (Figs 2A, 2C, 2D). They are concentrated on left side of the basiconic sensillum with a diameter of 4.12–6.90 μm (Figs 2A, 2C, 2D). Six hair-like trichoid sensilla are present in a cluster near the base of the pedicel laterally (Fig. 2A). They are 56–67 μm long and are curved toward the antennal shaft (Fig. 2A). The hair bases are inserted tightly into a small cuticular socket and protrude between 30–40° from the antenna. Very similar trichoid sensilla were seen on the antenna of some other cercopid spittlebug species, for example, Euryaulax carnifex (Fabricius) from Australia, Tomaspis inca (Guérin-Méneville) from Central America and Cercopis sanguinolenta (Scopoli) from Europe (Liang & Fletcher 2002; Liang unpublished data). The ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla in P. seminigra is similar to that found in species from the Oriental and Australian cercopid genera Sounama Distant, Aufidus Stål, Euryaulax Kirkaldy, Petyllis Kirkaldy and Tonnoiria Lallemand (Liang & Webb 2022; Liang & Fletcher 2002). Rostral sensilla of Paracercopis seminigra. The rostral tip of P. seminigra consists of 2 lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe possessing two terminal fields of 8 basiconic sensilla (Fig. 2E–H): both inner and outer terminal fields each having two types of 4 basiconic sensilla, type I sensillum (b 1 in Figs 2F and 2G) being 3 in number, relatively long (ca. 20 μm in length, 4.3 μm in width basally and 0.9 μm in width apically), gradually tapered from base to apex and having longitudinally grooved surface; type II sensillum (b 2 in Figs 2F–G) being 1 in number, distinctly short (ca. 15 μm in length), relative broad and blunt (ca. 5.8 μm in width basally and 1.2 μm in width apically) and having smooth surface and several very fine pits on surface. The type I sensilla are possibly mechanosensory organs and the type II sensilla are possibly chemical sense organs. Biology. In common with most spittlebug groups, currently few biological data are available for species of Paracercopis. Here some host plant associations of several Paracercopis species are reported for the first time. P. seminigra (Melichar, 1902) was found in a species of the family Criceferae in Chongqiang, southwestern China. An unidentified Paracercopis species in Yunnan, southwestern China was found in a species of Pteridophyta. The nymphs of P. chekiangensis Ôuchi, 1943 produce conspicuous masses of cuckoo-spit on shrubs of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb (Fig. 1E). Some Paracercopis species can be attracted at light (Liang unpublished data). Distribution. Paracercopis occurs in southern and central China, from Zhejiang Province in the east through to Xizang (Tibet) in the west, in the northeastern India and northern Burma, Vietnam and Thailand (new country record)., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping, Zhang, Pei-Yi, Zhu, Xiao-Qing, Wang, Ye-Qing & Xiao, Neng-Wen, 2023, The Oriental spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) revisited, with description of one new species from Hubei, China, pp. 232-242 in Zootaxa 5306 (2) on pages 237-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8058774, {"references":["Schmidt, E. (1925) Paracercopis, eine neue Cercopidengattung. Societas Entomologica, 40, 4 - 5.","Lallemand, V. (1949) Revision des Cercopinae (Hemiptera Homoptera). Premiere partie. Memoires du Musee royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 32 (2), 1 - 193, pls. i - iv.","Metcalf, Z. P. (1961) General catalogue of the Homoptera. Fasc. VII, Cercopoidea. Part 2. Cercopidae. Waverly, Baltimore, Maryland, 607 pp.","Nast, J. (1972) Palaearctic Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera): an Annotated Check List. Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, 550 pp.","Melichar, L. (1902) Homopteren aus West-China, Persien und dem Sud-Ussuri-Gebiete gesammelt von Potanin, Berezovski, Zarudny und Jankovski. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Acaemie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 7, 76 - 146.","Ouchi, Y. (1943) Contributiones ad Congnitionem Insectorum Asiae Orientalis 12. Notes on some cercopid insects from east China. Shanghai Sizenkagaku Kenkyusyo Ibo, 13 (6), 496 - 504. [in Japanese with English summary]","Liang, A. - P. [1993 (1992)] A revision of the spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Homoptera: Cercopidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 23 (4), 443 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631292 x 00236","Liang, A. - P. (1994) Paracercopoides, a new Oriental spittlebug genus related to Paracercopis Schmidt (Insecta: Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae). Reichenbachia Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 30, 123 - 127.","Haupt, H. (1924) Die Homoptera der Tibetreise W. St ˆ tzners. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 295 - 306.","Liang, A. - P. & Fletcher, M. J. (2002) Morphology of the antennal sensilla in four Australian spittlebug species (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) with implications for phylogeny. Australian Journal of Entomology, 41 (1), 39 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 6055.2002.00266. x"]}

Liang, Ai-Ping, Zhang, Pei-Yi, Zhu, Xiao-Qing, Wang, Ye-Qing, Xiao, Neng-Wen (2023): The Oriental spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) revisited, with description of one new species from Hubei, China. Zootaxa 5306 (2): 232-242, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4

Paracercopis unicolor Liang, Zhang & Xiao, new species (Figures 5A–C) Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from other known species in Paracercopis by its largest body size (the largest currently known species in Paracercopis); shining black head, pronotum and scutellum; and uniformly reddish brown forewings (Figs 5A, 5B). This new species is externally similar to P. fuscipennis (Haupt, 1924) (Fig. 5D) from China, but can be distinguished from the latter by the body distinctly much larger and more broad and the forewings reddish brown (Figs 5A, 5B). Description. Female. Body large, length (from apex of vertex to tip of forewing) 9.8–10.8 mm; oval in shape, shortly pilose, legs more strongly pilose. Coloration. Head (including face), pronotum and scutellum uniformly shining black. Compound eyes grey. Ocelli bright and pale yellowish. Antennae black, with flagellar aristae grey. Forewings reddish brown. Thorax beneath blackish. Legs fuscous to black. Abdomen black, with posterior abdominal segmental margin dark rose. Structure. Head short and broad, much narrower than pronotum, forwardly reclined; vertex transversely depressed in front of eyes, posterior disk convex; ocelli closer to each other than to eyes; postclypeus strongly inflated, moderately laterally compressed, upper three-fourths centrally, longitudinally, broadly sulcated (Fig. 5C); lateral areas with 10 transverse striae. Antennae with expanded flagellar base visible. Pronotum relatively large and broad, coarsely punctate, and faintly centrally longitudinally carinate, with basal and apical parts of central carina invisible; anterior lateral areas depressed, foveate on each side near anterior margin; anterior lateral margins arched and reflexed, anterior field strongly sloping to depressed vertex; posterior lateral margins longer than anterior lateral margins. Scutellum centrally foveate and impressed at apex (Fig. 5A). Forewings relatively broad, densely and finely punctate. Hindwings with Cu 1a and Cu 1b on short stalk, cross vein m-cu meeting Cu 1a well after furcation Cu 1a /Cu 1b, Cu 1b with basal half strongly arched against Cu2, fourth apical cell long and large. Posterior femora with one stout black-tipped spine on outer edge beyond middle and 12 black-tipped spines in two rows at apex. Male. Unknown. Host plants. Unknown. Type material examined. Holotype ♀, China: Hubei Province, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Xiaosuidao, 950 m, 15.v.2018 (E. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, Q. Chen, D.M. Huang) (IZCAS). Paratypes. CHINA: Hubei Province: 2♀♀, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Jietou, 1163 m, 14.v.2018 (E. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, R. H. Gong, Q. Chen, D.M. Huang); 3♀♀, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Yaowan, 1180 m, 12.v.2018 (X.Q. Zhu, R. H. Gong, D.M. Huang, Q. Chen); 2♀♀, Yichang, Wufeng County, Houhe National Nature Reserve, Shuikuwan, 1193 m, 10, 13.v.2018 (E. Zhang, Y.Q. Wang, R. H. Gong, P.Y. Zhang) (IZCAS, TNU). Other material examined (not syntypes). CHINA: 1♀, Hubei Province, Hefeng, 800–1200 m, 30.v.1989 (Wenzhen Ma) (IZCAS). Etymology. This new species is named for its uniformly reddish brown forewings (Figs 5A, 5B). Distribution. China (Hubei). Remarks. The male specimens and examination of male genitalic structures of this new species are needed., Published as part of Liang, Ai-Ping, Zhang, Pei-Yi, Zhu, Xiao-Qing, Wang, Ye-Qing & Xiao, Neng-Wen, 2023, The Oriental spittlebug genus Paracercopis Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) revisited, with description of one new species from Hubei, China, pp. 232-242 in Zootaxa 5306 (2) on page 240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8058774, {"references":["Haupt, H. (1924) Die Homoptera der Tibetreise W. St ˆ tzners. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1923, 295 - 306."]}

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Philagra straminea sp. nov. (Figs 1C, 3D, 3E, 7) Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other Philagra species by its small size; pale stramineous colouration; presence of a central longitudinal fuscous fascia on the dorsum of the cephalic process (excluding extreme apex), pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of the forewing with the fascia on the pronotum and scutellum containing a central longitudinal pale stramineous line (Figs 1C, 7A); forewings very sparsely covered by some longitudinal, short, fine, brownish fasciae (Fig. 1C); and by the structure of the male genitalia (Figs 7C–G). Description. Small sized, body length ♂ 8.8–9.1 mm, ♀ 10.5–10.7 mm, length of cephalic process: ♂ 1.6 mm, ♀ 2.1–2.3 mm (Fig. 1C). Generally pale stramineous, sometimes pale brown, with a central longitudinal fuscous fascia (relatively wider in male and narrower in female) on dorsum of cephalic process (excluding extreme apex), pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of forewings, with the fascia on pronotum and scutellum containing a central, longitudinal, pale stramineous line (Fig. 1C). Head brown ventrally; anteclypeus fuscous; postclypeus fuscous, darker towards apex in male, pale stramineous and suffused with brown in female. Rostrum with basal segment pale stramineous and apical segment fuscous. Forewing pale stramineous, with some fine, short, longitudinal brownish fasciae along veins. Legs brown, with claws darker, apical half of tarsomere III brown, tibiae and tarsomeres of posterior legs pale stramineous, and tips of spines on lateral outer edge of hind tibiae and tips of spines at end of hind tibiae and metatarsomeres I and II, black. Abdomen pale stramineous, with sterna sometimes fuscous or suffused with fuscous. Cephalic process short and somewhat stout, shorter than pronotum in dorsal view; relatively flat, subapically slightly restricted in dorsal view; without dorsal and ventral carina (Figs 1C, 7A, 7B). Antenna with flagellum segmented by scar-shaped rings (Figs 3D, 3E), with two peg-like basiconic sensilla (12.86–14.29 µm long, 5.41– 6.49 µm in diameter basally) and more than ten coeloconic sensilla on surface of expanded flagellar base (Figs 3D, 3E). Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 7C) relatively short and small, with posterior margin relatively narrowly extending posteriorly in lateral view. Subgenital plates (Fig. 7D) in ventral view relatively narrow and elongate, with basal half distinctly broad, gradually tapered from base to apex, extreme apex bluntly short, recurving anterodorsally in lateral view. Genital style (Figs 7C, 7E) relatively broad in lateroventral view, with ventral margin widely excavated subapically in lateral view. Aedeagal shaft (Figs 7C, 7F, 7G) relatively broad, curved slightly anterad, with apical spines distinctly broad and stout. Remarks. This species is similar to P. dissimilis Distant 1908 from southern China but can be distinguished from the latter by its pale stramineous body colour; the presence of a central longitudinal fuscous fascia on the dorsum of the cephalic process (excluding extreme apex), pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of forewings with the fascia on the pronotum and scutellum containing a central longitudinal pale stramineous line (Fig. 1C); the colour pattern on frons (Fig. 7B); and the details of the male genitalia (Fig. 7C–G). It is known only from the type locality. Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin word, “ stramineus ”, referring to its general stramineous body colour. Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Sichuan Province: Mt. Emei, Chudian, 1780 m, 26.vi.1957 (TJNU). Paratypes. CHINA: Sichuan Province: 1♂, Mt. Emei, 18.vi.1955 (K. R. Huang & G. T. Jin); 1♂, same locality, but 1800–2100 m, 24.vi.1955 (Z.L. Ge) (both in IZCAS); 1♀, same locality, but 25.viii.1961 (R. H. Jin) (CAU); 1♂, 3♀♀, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 10, 11.viii.1957 (K. R. Huang); 3♂♂, 2♀♀, same data except 17, 19, 21.viii & 25.ix.1957 (Y.C. Lu); 2♂♂, 3♀♀, same data except 8.vii & 10, 11, 25.viii.1957 (Z.Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS); 1♀, same data except 20.viii.1961 (R. H. Jin) (CAU); 1♂, Mt. Emei, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 14.vi.1957 (Z.Y. Wang); 8♂♂, 9♀♀, Mt. Emei, Xixiangchi, 1800–2000 m, 14–21.viii & 8.ix.1957 (K. R. Huang); 12♂♂, 14♀♀, same data, except 25.vi & 9–28.viii.1957 (F.X. Zhu); 2♀♀, same data, except 18.viii & 7.ix.1957 (Z.Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS); 1♀, [Mt. Emei], Leidongping, 13.ix.1943 (TJNU).

Philagra bimaculata sp. nov. (Figs 1A, 2, 3A–C, 3F–H, 4) Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other Philagra species by the presence of one distinct, relatively large, nearly ovoid, yellowish orange marking crossing the claval suture before the middle of the forewing (Figs 1A, 2); presence of an inverse V-shaped, yellowish fascia on the upper two thirds of the postclypeus (Fig. 4B); and by the shape of the male genitalia (Figs 4D–H). This species is similar to P. cheni Liang 1988 in general external appearance but can be very easily distinguished from the latter by the distinctive large, round, yellowish orange marking on the forewing (Figs 1A, 2). Description. Relatively small to medium sized, slender species, body length: ♂ 9.7–11.4 mm, ♀ 10.9–12.6 mm, length of cephalic process: ♂ 2.0– 2.15 mm, ♀ 2.28–2.45 mm (Figs 1A, 2). Body brown, finely silverishly pilose; vertex and cephalic process fuscous. Eyes grey. Ocelli bright yellowish. Callosities between eye and ocellus grey. Postclypeus dark brown, with an indistinct inverse V-shaped yellowish fascia on upper two thirds of postclypeus (Fig. 4B). Antennae with basal segments and antennal ledges yellowish brown. Rostrum with basal segment yellowish brown, apical segment fuscous, with extreme apex yellowish brown. Prothorax and mesothorax with pleurum and sternum fuscous; metathorax with pleurum and sternum yellowish brown. Forewing with one distinct, relatively large, nearly ovoid, yellowish orange marking crossing claval suture before middle (Figs 1A, 2). Legs yellowish brown, femora of anterior and middle legs much darker, sometimes fuscous; claws and tarsomere III of posterior legs fuscous or blackish; tips of spines on lateral outer edge of hind tibiae and tips of spines at end of hind tibiae and metatarsomeres I and II, black. Abdomen yellowish brown or sometimes orange yellow. Cephalic process relatively slender and elongate, longer than pronotum, gradually tapered from base to apex, without dorsal and ventral median carina (Figs 1A, 4A–C). Antenna with scape short; pedicel cylindrical and relatively elongate; flagellum segmented by scar-shaped rings (Fig. 3C), flagellar base expanded, bulbous and hidden in apical cavity of pedicel and invisible in ventrolateral view, with two peg-like basiconic sensilla (ba in Fig. 3A) (12.63–15.26 µm long, 5.0–5.53 µm in diameter basally) and more than ten coeloconic sensilla (co in Fig. 3A) on surface (Figs 3A–C). Rostral tip consisting of 2 lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe possessing 10 basiconic sensilla with two types of sensilla (Figs 3G, 3H): 9 type I sensilla (possibly mechanosensory) (b 1 in Fig. 3G) distinctly slender and long (18.72–26.81 µm in length), gradually tapered from base to apex and having longitudinally grooved surfaces; 1 type II sensillum (possibly chemical sense organ) (b 2 in Fig. 3G) distinctly short (16.60 µm in length), relatively broad and blunt (4.04 µm in diameter basally and 3.30 µm in diameter subapically) and smooth with one very fine pit on surface subapically. Male genitalia with pygofer short and high, with posterior margin relatively broadly extending posteriorly in lateral view. Subgenital plates (Figs 4D, 4E) large, fully covering genital styles and aedeagus ventrally, with base broad, gradually narrowing toward apex over distal three fifths (Fig. 4E); arched subbasally and directed posterodorsally in lateral view, with extreme apex hooked and curved anterodorsally in lateral view (Fig. 4D). Genital styles as in Fig. 4F. Aedeagal shaft (Figs 4G, 4H) relatively slender, tubular, moderately elongate, directed dorsally, slightly curved anterad medially (Fig. 4G); apex with two relatively slender and acute, posteroventrally directed spines arising from apical lateral side in lateral view (Figs 4G, 4H); gonopore dorsal (Fig. 4H). Remarks. This species forms a relatively primitive Philagra species group together with P. albinotata Uhler 1896, P. quadrimaculata Schmdit 1920, P. graham Metcalf & Horton 1934 and P. cheni Liang 1988 from China and Japan since they possess many plesiomophic characters including the relatively slender and narrow cephalic process, absence of the median dorsal and ventral carina on the cephalic process and the presence of a yellowish inverse V-shaped fascia on the lateral margin of the cephalic process and propleurae. Distribution. Sothwestern China (Tibet, Yunnan), Bangladesh. Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin, prefix “ bis- (two)” and word “ macula (marking)”, referring to the presence of two distinct, yellowish orange markings on the forewings (Figs 1A, 2). Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Tibet: Mêdog County, Hanmi, light trap, 2120 m, 11.viii.2006 (Z.S. Song) (TJNU). Paratypes. China, Tibet: 1♀, Mêdog County, 2400 m, 18.viii.1982 (Y.H. Han); 3♂♂, 1♀, Mêdog County, Gelin village, 1550–1900 m, 24.v.1983 (Z. Lin); 1♀, same data, except 25.v.1983 (Z. Lin); 2♂♂, Mêdog County, Hanmi, light trap, 2120 m, 11.viii.2006 (Z.S. Song); 1♀, Bomê County, Yi’ong, 2300 m, 26.viii.1983 (Y.H. Han) (all in IZCAS); 5♂♂, 3♀♀, Yi’ong, 2300 m, 15.vi.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♂, 2♀♀, same data, except 16.vi.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♂, same data, except vi.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♀, same data except 29.vii.1978 (F.S. Li); 1♂, same data except 30.vii.1978 (F.S. Li); 2♀♀, same data except 31.vii.1978 (F.S. Li) (all in CAU); 1♂, Cona County, Le Town, Xian Village, 2800 m, N°27.8430, E°91.7589, collected in the daytime, 3.vi.2016 (H.B. Liang); 1♂, Cona County, Le Town, 4.5km of BianFangLiuLian road, 2670 m, N°27.8202, E°91.7576, collected in the day time, 7.vi.2016 (H.B. Liang) (all in IZCAS). Yunnan Province: 1♂, 1♀, Yunlong, Mt. Zhibenshan, 2550 m, 22.vi.1981 (S.B. Liao) (IZCAS). Other specimens examined. BANGLADESH: 1♂, 1♀, Enayet, Rajshahi, 14.viii.2016 (M.E.A. Pramanik) (TJNU).

Philagra fuscofasciata s p. nov. (Figs 1B, 5–6) Diagnosis. This new species can be easily distinguished from other Philagra species by its relatively large size and robust body; elongate, broad and flat cephalic process without dorsal and ventral median carinae; presence of a central, longitudinal, fuscous fascia on the dorsum of the cephalic process, pronotum, scutellum and inner margin of forewings; forewings speckled with short and fine fuscous stripes, and corium with one distinct, nearly rectangular, fuscous marking before the middle (Figs 1B, 5); and the structure of the male genitalia (Fig. 6). Description. Relatively large, robust species, body length: ♂ 17.6 mm, ♀ 19.8–19.9 mm, length of cephalic process: ♂ 4.3 mm, ♀ 4.8 mm (Figs 1B, 5). Body dark brown, strongly silverishly piolose, with a central, continuous, longitudinal, fuscous fascia on dorsum of cephalic process, pronotum, scutellum and inner margins of forewings (Figs 1B, 5). Body beneath dark brown, lateral margin of cephalic process, frons and propleurae lacking yellowish V-shaped vitta in lateroventral view (Fig. 5C). Antennae brown, pedicel with apex suffused with fuscous; antennal ledges centrally yellowish in lateral view. Rostrum brown, with apical segment (excluding extreme base) fuscous. Pronotum with a very short and fine yellowish stripe on base, anterior lateral margin yellowish in lateral view. Thorax beneath brown. Scutellum with apex centrally yellowish. Forewing speckled with short and fine fuscous stripes; corium with one distinct, nearly rectangular, fuscous marking before middle (Fig. 5C). Legs brown, with tarsomere III much darker, claws blackish, tips of spines on lateral outer edge of hind tibia and tips of spines at end of hind tibia and metatarsomeres I and II, black. Abdomen with dorsum yellowish brown and sternum dark brown. Male genital capsule yellowish brown, subgenital plates suffused with brownish; anal segments and anal tube dark brown. Cephalic process elongate, distinctly longer than pronotum, with extreme apex slightly expanded laterally and compressed dorsoventrally; relatively broad, flat and robust in dorsal view, relatively straight and gently extending anterodorsally in lateral view (Figs 1B, 5), without dorsal and ventral median carina (Fig. 5). Antenna with flagellum segmented by scar-shaped rings, with two peg-like basiconic sensilla and more than ten coeloconic sensilla on surface of expanded flagellar base. Legs relatively short and stout, apical tibial spines stout; metatarsomere II bilobed apically with outer lobe distinctly long, longer than inner lobe. Forewing strongly silverishly piolose. Male genitalia with pygofer short and high, with posterior margin angularly extending posteriorly mesially in lateral view (Fig. 6A); anal tube slender in lateral view (Figs 6A, 6B). Subgenital plates elongate (Figs 6A–D), with outer margin sinuate in ventral view (Fig. 6B) and strongly excavated over apical one fourth leaving apical part of the plate rod-like; extreme apex bidentate (Figs 6C, 6D), curving dorsoanteriorly in ventrolateral view (Fig. 6D). Genital style (Figs 6A, 6E, 6F, 6G) relatively broad with extreme basal part slender and laminate; upper margin greatly excavated over apical one fourth leaving apical one fourth narrow and slender in lateral view, with extreme apex of apical slender part forked, with inner edge of apical part of style with a dorsally directed, laminate process in lateral view (Figs 6E, 6F). Aedeagal shaft (Figs 6A, 6E–G) tubular, slender, nearly straight, base expanded posteroventrally and nearly knob-like, with apical spines distinctly narrow, slender and acute; gonopore subapical dorsally. Remarks. This new species is similar to P. subrecta Jacobi 1921 from China but can be distinguished from the latter by the much larger body, the presence of a central longitudinal fuscous fascia starting from apex of cephalic process, running along with median line of pronotum and scutellum, and ending at tip of inner margin of forewings (Fig. 5); and the details of the male genitalia (Fig. 6). The unique female specimen collected from Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province, China, and tentatively included in this species, lacks the fuscous marking on the corium before the middle (Fig. 1B). Distribution. Sothwestern China (Guizhou, Sichuan). Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin words “ fuscus (dark brown)” and “ fascia (band)”, referring to the presence of a longitudinal fuscous fascia runnin from apex of the cephalic process to tip of the inner margin of forewings (Figs 1B, 5). Type specimens examined. Holotype ♂, CHINA: Guizhou Province: Jiangkou County, Taiping Town, Kaima village, 540 m, spreading, 27.8427º N, 108.7749º E, 2.viii.2014 (X.J. Peng et al.) (TJNU). Paratypes. CHINA: Guizhou Province: 2♀♀, same data as holotype (TJNU). Other specimen examined. CHINA: Sichuan Province: 1♀, Mt. Emei, Jiulaodong, 1800–1900 m, 6.vii.1957 (F.X. Zhu) (IZCAS).

Genus Philagra Stål, 1863 Chalepus Walker, 1851: 731. Type species: Chalepus hastatus Walker, 1851, by subsequent designation of Distant, 1908: 107. Preoccupied by Chalepus Thunberg, 1805. Philagra Stål, 1863: 593; Distant, 1908: 107; Metcalf & Horton, 1934: 399; Metcalf, 1962: 571. Type species: Philagra douglasi Stål, 1863, designated by Metcalf and Horton, 1934: 399. Diagnosis. Species of Philagra Stål can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: body relatively slender and elongate, medium to large-sized, covered with fine, short, silvery setae (Figs 1, 2, 5); head relatively narrow, conically produced in front of eyes into a cephalic process as long as or longer than pronotum and scutellum combined, usually curving dorsad (Figs 1, 2, 4A–C, 5, 7A,B); pronotum wider than head; scutellum relatively large, usually about half as long as pronotum; antennae with expanded flagellar base (Figs 3A–E) hidden in apical cavity of pedicel and not visible in lateral aspect, bearing two peg-like basiconic sensilla and a few coeloconic sensilla on surface (Figs 3A–E); rostrum short, not passing trochanters of middle legs; forewings usually large, coriaceous, with venation indistinct, costal margin usually strong convex, widest about level of apex of scutellum, with apical angle acuminate; venation inconspicuous, M and Cu fused basally, with 3 preapical cells of similar width; legs relatively robust and short, posterior tibia short and stout, with two stout spines on lateral edge, the distal larger than the proximal, second segment of hind tarsus bilobed with median lobe usually longer than lateral lobe; male pygofer in lateral view short, cylindrical (Figs 4D, 6A–D, 7C); anal segments and anal style elongate (Figs 4D, 6A–D, 7C); subgenital plates relatively large, narrow, acuminate, and elongate, base fully fused with pygofer, tapering from base to dorsally recurved apex, fully covering genital styles and aedeagus in ventral view, with a strong recurved process at apical margin (Figs 4D,E, 6A–D, 7C,D); genital style elongate, usually forked or excavated apically, with upper edge subapically strongly excavated in lateral view (Figs 4D,F, 6A,E–G, 7C,E); aedeagal shaft slender, tubular, moderately long, nearly perpendicular, apex usually with two spinose processes directed postero-ventrad; gonopore subapical dorsally (Figs 4G,H, 6E–G, 7F,G) (Metcalf & Horton 1934; Liang & Fletcher 2003). Biology. In common with most spittlebug groups, currently no biological data are available for Philagra species. The nymphs of Philagra species produce conspicuous masses of cuckoo-spit on shrubs and small trees (Liang & Fletcher 2003). Distribution. India, China, Japan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (Batjan, Halmahera), and Australia (Metcalf 1962; Liang & Fletcher 2003). Notes on the type species of the genus. Metcalf and Horton (1934) discussed the question of a type species for Philagra. They regarded Stål's (1863: 593) description of Philagra as the creation of a new genus rather than a replacement name for Chalepus Walker, which was preoccupied. Stål (1863) appeared to have been unaware of Walker's genus Chalepus and described Philagra as a new genus with two new species, P. douglasi and P. scotti, neither of which was designated as type species. Metcalf and Horton (1934) rightly pointed out that a type species for such a new genus needed to be designated from those species placed in the genus by the original author. As Stål (1863) had failed to designate a type species, Metcalf and Horton (1934) selected the first of the two species included in the genus by Stål (1863) as the type. Other authors have followed Distant (1908) who selected Chalepus hastatus Walker as the type on the assumption that Stål's name simply replaced Walker's preoccupied name but, as pointed out by Metcalf and Horton, this was not the case and C. hastata cannot be considered available for designation as type species of Philagra (Liang & Fletcher 2003). Schmidt (1920) established the tribe Philagrini to accommodate Philagra. Three genera, Philagra, Interocrea Walker, 1870 and Grellaphia Schmidt, 1920 were included in the world catalogue of the family Aphrophoridae (Metcalf, 1962). Philagrini is obviously not a monophyletic group and the phylogenetic position of the tribe needs to be investigated cladistically.

A large number of studies have shown that microRNA (miRNA) has an important relationship with the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), but its specific molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study is to explore the influence of miR-506-3p on the malignant behavior of CRC and its underlying molecular mechanism. Our results show that miR-506-3p was lowly expressed and enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) was highly expressed in CRC. Overexpressing miR-506-3p or silencing EZH2 inhibited CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis. Inhibiting miR-506-3p promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion but inhibited apoptosis. These impacts were reversed after co-transfecting si-EZH2. Further mechanism studies have shown that miR-506-3p can reduce EZH2 expression in CRC cells by binding to the 3ʹUTR end of EZH2. In summary, the results of this study show that miR-506-3p inhibited CRC progression through targeting EZH2 expression. This provides a new molecular target for the clinical treatment of CRC in the future., Graphical Abtstract

Background Nowadays, the development of diagnosis and treatment technology is constantly changing the pedigree and classification of nervous system diseases. The analysis of the changes of previous disease pedigrees is helpful to understand the changes brought by accurate diagnosis of diseases from the macro direction, and predict the changes of subsequent disease pedigrees and the direction of diagnosis and treatment. Methods The in-patients in neurology department from January 2012 to December 2020 in Hunan Children's Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 36777 patients were enrolled in this study. The subsequent analysis was based on variables such as Age, Gender, Length of Stay (LoS), Monthly and Annual Number of Patients (MNoP and ANoP, respectively), and Average Daily Hospitalization Expense (ADHE). To assess the characteristics of neurology diseases, we applied a series of statistical tools such as numerical characteristics, boxplot, density chart, one way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, time-series plots and seasonally adjusted indices. Results The following conclusions were drawn from the statistical analysis of neurological disease. Firstly, neurological disease in children mainly appear between the ages of 4 and 8 years. Among various neurological diseases, benign intracranial hypertension had the lowest average onset age, and most patients with bacterial intracranial infection were infants. Some diseases have similar mean onset age, such as convulsion and febrile convulsion. Secondly, most patients with central nervous system autoimmune disease were women. Hereditary metabolic encephalopathy is highly similar in terms of treatment options, while viral intracranial infection and epilepsy is in contrast, with obvious heterogeneity in treatment. It was noted that some neurological diseases showed seasonality, for example, central nervous system infectious disease was more frequent in high temperature season, while autoimmune disease mainly appeared in autumn and winter. In addition, the number of patients hospitalized for intracranial infection and encephalopathy has decreased significantly in recent years, while that for central nervous system autoimmune disease and hereditary metabolic encephalopathy has been increasing year by year. Finally, we found obvious polycentric distributions in the density distributions of some diseases. Conclusion The study provided an epidemiological basis for common nervous system diseases, such as age of onset, number of cases and so on. The spectrum of nervous system diseases took place great changes. The number of patients with infection related diseases and uncertain diagnosis is decreasing, and the proportion of neuroimmune diseases and genetic metabolic diseases is increasing; The existence of disease multimodal model suggests that there is still a lack of understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, which needs to be further improved, since accurate diagnosis helps to formulate individualized treatment plans and reasonably allocate medical resources; Moreover, it still lacks effective treatment for most genetic diseases; The seasonal characteristics of nervous system diseases suggest the need for the improvement of sanitation, living conditions and the awareness of daily health care.

To improve the fault ride-through capability of the VSC-HVDC system and ensure the safe operation of the equipment, it is necessary to design the temporary blocking scheme of the converter valve of VSC-HVDC. Taking the Chongqing Hubei Back to Back VSC-HVDC Project as the research object, this paper first analyzes the fault types of the VSC-HVDC system, obtains the fault types of the AC fault ride-through; and then, according to the requirements of system fault ride-through, three-valve controlled temporary blocking schemes are designed: global blocking, phase splitting blocking and bridge arm separated blocking. Finally, based on the RTDS real-time simulation platform, the actual valve control and control protection systems are connected. Comparative simulation tests are carried out to verify the three temporary blocking schemes. The simulation results show that the bridge arm separated blocking can ensure the fault-passing ability of the converter valve and has good electrical characteristics. In practical projects, the bridge arm separated blocking scheme is recommended for valve-controlled bridge arm overcurrent protection.