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Environmental damages have already been clearly linked to human rights- and particularly children's rights violations as climate change particularly affects the present (and future) generation of children, undermining the effective exercise of rights enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC), including the right to life, survival, and development, health, an adequate standard of living, education, and freedom from violence. With the almost universal ratification of the UN CRC, states have committed to the obligation to enforce children's rights at all levels of society. In the possible best implementation of the UN CRC, independent human/children's rights institutions (IH/CRIs) can play a vital role. However, many ICRIs still do not confront issues associated with environmental and climate change related to children's rights. My main question was why these institutions are not (or are only barely) addressing these issues. In this paper, I focus on mapping the implementation of children's right to a healthy environment by analyzing the ICRIs in the Visegrád countries: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia through descriptive and comparative techniques and a survey sent to dedicated institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining development in Cuba is of vital importance for the progress of the country, although it has generated environmental liabilities because of implementing the mine closure plan incorrectly. The lack of financing in order to face this process is one of the main causes. The purpose of this study was to develop an accounting policy for creating and using a provision for mine closure, which will guarantee, that companies have the necessary financing to execute the closure plan at the end of the life cycle of the mining project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article tackles the conceptual ambiguity regarding the interpretation of the Export Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Topics discussed include constitutionality of an excise charge on oil exports used to remediate environmental damage from oil spills in the case Trafigura Trading LLC v. United States, history of the Export Clause and precedent cases, user fees in the Export Clause context, and economic and common law approaches to evaluate whether a charge passes the use test.

This article examines eco-documentaries that employ the ethics of the face to engage with the notion of a universal human right to a healthy environment. Climate Refugees (Nash, dir 2010) and I Bought a Rainforest (Searle and Woodward, dir 2014) use close-ups of the human face to bear witness to environmental damage. They each emphasise a shared human right to resources and a safe environment, but in the process often enact colonial discourses that I Bought a Rainforest begins to critique. Terra (Arthus-Bertrand and Pitiot, dir 2015) uses the nonhuman animal face to emphasise an equivalency between human and nonhuman animals in their shared environmental vulnerabilities. Hija de la Laguna (Daughter of the Lake, Cabellos, dir 2015) initially withholds the face to depict the personhood of the environment itself from an Indigenous perspective. These different approaches to the face highlight anthropocentric tensions in the environmental human rights approach to ecological ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of environmental and legal problems caused by the war in Ukraine, which should be considered comprehensively, as environmental security issues can easily transform into social threats. The article proves that the pollution caused by the war has a significant negative transboundary impact, in particular, the Russian invasion has not only damaged the environment of Ukraine, but also threatened the achievement of climate goals and even the world's ability to adapt to climate change. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive study and analysis of national and international environmental, humanitarian and criminal law through the prism of modern environmental challenges and threats. In this regard, the methodological basis of the article is a set of general philosophical, general scientific, special scientific and legal methods. The paper also analyzes the impact of modern threats in the field of environmental security on the state of national security, as well as the state of implementation of measures in the field of environmental security. Based on their own conclusions and generalizations, the authors' proposals and recommendations for improving the current national legislation and greening the sectoral components of national policy are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist destinations activities in Bali, particularly in Tabanan, Badung and Gianyar increased the crowded traffic jam, and impacted to air chemical quality and noise level. This is an observational study in tourist destinations in Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar Regency, totaling 18 sample points. Sampling of air chemistry CO, O3, SO2 and NO2 are measured using an imfinger and analyzed by spectrophotometer, noise level using a sound level meter. The data obtained were analyzed using a free sample t test, both parametric and non-parametric. The results of air chemistry research for CO in Tabanan Regency is 23.33 gr/Nm3, Badung Regency 521, 67 gr/Nm3 and Gianyar Regency 1050.00 gr/Nm3. Meanwhile O3 parameter in Tabanan Regency is 0.17 gr/Nm3, Badung Regency 0, 20 gr/Nm3 and Gianyar Regency 0.12 gr/Nm3. SO2 parameter in Tabanan Regency is 100.00 gr/Nm3, Badung Regency 57.62 gr/Nm3 and Gianyar Regency 41.62 gr/Nm3. NO2 parameter in Tabanan Regency measured 1,83 gr/Nm3, Badung Regency 1.83 gr/Nm3 and Gianyar Regency 0.95 gr/Nm3. The concentration is still below the requirements of the Governor of Bali regulation number 16 of 2016 concerning Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Damage Standard Criteria. While the noise level in Tabanan Regency is 68.55 dB, Badung Regency 70.68 dB and Gianyar Regency 67.85 dB exceeding the maximum noise level for residential area activities of 55 dB. In conclusion, the air chemistry in regencies of Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar are below the standards of local government. Nevertheless, there is an exceeding noise level in those regencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reforming of the armed forces caused huge and continuous cuts to the manpower and to the finances. Which resulted of the decommission of numerous barracks throughout the country. The size and structure of these forces was not appropriate for the threats that the country faced, and country did not have the required resources to develop a new form for its armed forces. The aim of this article was to investigate opportunities in the case of decommissioned barracks, which point to the possibility of re-using abandoned buildings and sites and reducing the environmental damage that can still be found there. Due to changes in the economy and society of Hungary at the end of the 20th century, the number of barracks/garrisons and the structure of the Hungarian Defence Forces have changed substantially over the intervening years. Most of the garrisons in the countryside have been downsized by hasty decisions, leaving behind non-utilized and unsalvaged areas and in many cases a vast infrastructural heritage. Opportunities for the utilization of these abandoned facilities and the amelioration of environmental damage must be sought. Therefore, it was necessary to map and investigate the current conditions of these former garrisons. The author visited most of the closed barracks in all the counties of Hungary. The author also searched for information about Hungarian and Soviet barracks and examined the condition of decommissioned barracks at first only the possibility of their utilization was considered, later, an environmental point of view was added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with two liability issues that are highly relevant for value chain responsibility in the maritime sector, in particular for safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships: liability of shipowners and ship managers for unsafe downstream value chains for end‐of‐life ships and liability of classification societies in their role under the Ship Recycling Regulation. After an introduction to the current regime of ship recycling and its shortcomings, the article first elaborates on recent developments in value chain responsibility before it presents liability as an important regulatory tool. It then analyses relevant recent case law, including by the Court of Justice of the European Union and by national courts in France, Germany and the United Kingdom, showing that liability risks for shipowners and classification organizations have increased significantly, which may have a positive impact on environmentally sound and safe ship recycling. The article concludes, however, that a clear legislative framework for liability would be preferable to avoid uncertainty and national differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of iron ore has a fundamental role in the Brazilian economy. However, such activity generates considerable volumes of waste whose disposal, even if regulated and licensed, has a significant environmental impact. The worldwide concern for sustainable practices along with the urgency for measures to mitigate environmental damage, justifies research on its use in other activities. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the test results of laboratory versus field of mixtures composed of mining waste. The field studies were made on the execution of an experimental section on the BR 040 highway, in Minas Gerais - Brazil. According to the validation of the laboratory results, the mixtures composed of 35% Tailings + 15% Waste Rock + 50% Canga of Ore and 35% Tailings + 20% Gravel 1 + 45% Gravel 0 were used in the base and sub-base layers of the experimental section, respectively. The field technological control showed that the mixtures had an anomalous behavior from the one observed in the laboratory, mainly regarding strength and deformability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to further curb the damage to the ecological environment from the perspective of legal synergistic supervision, a synergistic analysis method between the ecological protection environmental law and the ecological Civil Code is proposed. Coordinated supervision, with the new Civil Code as the research background, from the perspective of interpretation, explores the solution to the problem of "ecological environmental damage" in the newly promulgated Civil Code for behavior that damages the ecological environment. The research results believe that, from the perspective of rights, environmental rights should be regarded as the concentrated expression of rights in the sense of private law in the ecological environment law. Article 1234 of the Tort Liability Section stipulates that "the state-specified agency or the law-specified organization" as the representative of environmental public interests proposes damage. The request resolves the legitimacy of relevant agencies and organizations as civil subjects to represent environmental public interests. Finally, it clearly stipulates the responsibility for ecological restoration, expands the way of undertaking tort liability caused by environmental damage, and solves the problem that it was limited to "restoration" in the past and could not be actually performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the viability of applying the punitive damages institute to brazilian environmental law. To this end, he discussed civil liability for environmental damage in Brazil; conceptualized the punitive damages and their functions; identified the forms of application of the institute by Brazilian Courts, evaluating the viability of applying the institute to Brazilian law; discussed the obstacles to be faced in order to internalize the institute to Brazilian Environmental Law. The compatibility of punitive damages with Brazilian environmental law emerges as a hypothesis. It is concluded by the legal viability of applying punitive damages to Brazilian environmental law, due to the legal nature of the environment and the need to discourage the practice of harmful conduct to the environment, evidencing criteria that must be observed for the applicability of that institute. The hypothetical-deductive methodology was applied, with a bibliographic research technique, using scientific articles referring to the problem-theme and judgments of the Brazilian Courts relevant to the development of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Prisma Jurídico Magazine has released its July/December 2022 edition, featuring thirteen articles that address various topics related to law. The magazine aims to be a channel for scientific-academic excellence, adopting the peer review method and text similarity verification to prevent fraud and plagiarism. The articles in this edition cover subjects such as the creation of new rights, the influence of new technologies on labor relations, the application of anti-corruption and state-owned companies laws, the legal viability of punitive damages in Brazilian environmental law, the risk of creative interpretation by courts in criminal law, racial and gender inequalities in Brazilian economic and cultural relations, among others. The magazine thanks the editorial team and wishes readers a good reading experience. [Extracted from the article]

The extraction of marble from the Rokáfrica mine has generated a mining environmental liability, which is the subject of a chemical and mineralogical characterization in order to determine possible uses of these wastes. For the analysis, five experimental samples were made from a 5,000 kg composite sample. Chemical tests were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry; mineralogical tests were performed by X-ray diffractometry, using the powder method. Significant contents of CaO, SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O and Na2O were found in these residues, with average CaO and NPK contents of 38.99 % and 4 %, respectively. Quartz, feldspar, micas and carbonates were detected as main mineralogical phases. These results suggest that this mining environmental liability has prospects for use as construction material and for agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining sector companies are closely related to pollution, waste, and strong interactions with the environment. If the pollution and waste are ignored, it will cause environmental damage that consequently impacts environmental sustainability and the community around the company. Therefore, companies are requested to address environmental and social issues through corporate social responsibility activities. Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure include company size, liquidity, leverage, and profitability. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure on corporate social responsibility in mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2016 to 2020. The number of sample companies studied was seven mining sector companies, and the number of data tested was 35 (for five years). The data used in this research were derived from financial and sustainability reports. The sampling technique used in this study was the saturated sample. Data were analyzed using regression analysis processed using the SPSS application. This study revealed that company size, liquidity, leverage, and profitability affect corporate social responsibility disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of young entrepreneurs in Indonesia is very low when compared to global data. Meanwhile, environmental issues in Indonesia are in a state of emergency. We are interested in conducting research on millennials as a productive generation and, according to several studies, a generation with high environmental awareness. The purpose of this study is to assess their desire to become environmentally conscious entrepreneurs. The variables used in this study are Green Awareness and Green Knowledge, which will be reflected in their Green Entrepreneurial Behavior via the mediation of Green Entrepreneurial Intention. This study differs from previous studies in that it investigates the millennial generation, not only their desire to become environmentally friendly entrepreneurs, but also their future behavior once they become entrepreneurs. Data was gathered through the use of an online questionnaire, specifically a Google form. Purposive sampling was used, yielding 217 responses from millennials living in and around Jakarta, a metropolitan city known for producing the most young entrepreneurs. The data was processed using PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling) with SmartPLS 3.2.8. According to the study's findings, improving Green Awareness and Green Knowledge could lead to an increase in environmentally conscious entrepreneurs. The government, educational institutions, and the companies can work together to carry out environmental awareness campaigns and provide environmental knowledge so that future entrepreneurs can become environmentally oriented entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marshes contain natural and human resources, and these resources represent the available capabilities that constitute the economic basis for the process of developing the marshes. The marshes derive their water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and rainwater. They are considered the main source for them, and the area of land covered with water expands at the time of the flood in the late winter and early spring. Its levels decrease in the summer during the dry days. The research problem crystallizes in the fluctuation of the quantity of water input into the marsh region, which results in the contraction and expansion of the areas of the land submerged therein. So, the goal of the study is to look at the reality of the marshes of the marshes and figure out how the submerged areas are changing and how they affect the area. The study relies on the descriptive analytical approach to statistical data and considers the Central Marshlands as a model. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that changing the ecosystem as a result of fluctuating water reaching it and shrinking submerged lands. In addition, the research proposes, is to use a basin and low marshes as a large water reservoir to preserve water in times of floods from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, rain, and torrents. Conclude water agreements with upstream countries to ensure continued inspection of water on a regular basis and the stability of Iraq's water resources is thus reflected positively on the marshes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses changes in environmental quality caused by the increase in the earth's temperature which is increasing every year. The impact of rising earth temperature includes environmental damage, economic losses, and social losses. Therefore, several countries have discussed renewable energy as a solution to withstand the increase in earth's temperature, one of which is through the concept of NZE (Net Zero Energy) which aims to reduce dependence on fossil energy sources. The implementation of NZE in Indonesia in 2060 is expected to support the national Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2060 program, which is a continuation of the follow-up to the Paris Agreement. In addition, the author also relates government support in order to maximize the potential of Renewable Energy in the Application of NZE can also support the defense of the Indonesian state. The research method used is a qualitative method in the form of an objective narrative literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties are playing an important role of regulating foreign investments in the host countries. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2361 bilateral investment treaties are in force and like other members of the World Trade Organization Bangladesh also signed bilateral investment treaties to facilitate trade. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate benefits of the home states. Bangladesh foreign investment laws and bilateral investment treaties mainly protects foreign investors, however, neither of them has any specific provision of protecting environment. The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act 2010 only requires foreign investors to obtain a clearance certificate before establishing any industry but significantly lacks any provision to impose liability for environmental damages. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh and Netherlands allow the host state to take measures to protect the environment? (b) should the environmental protection be considered during the entry of foreign direct investment in Bangladesh and Netherlands? Using doctrinal research method, the authors critically analyzed 27 bilateral investment treaties to explore whether there is any reference of protecting environment in both countries. The authors find that the existing Bangladesh and Netherlands bilateral investment treaties have provisions to promote and protect foreign investments but have no reference (except Bangladesh-Turkey BIT, Bangladesh-UAE BIT, Netherlands-U.A.E. BIT and Netherlands-India BIT) of protecting environment. Therefore, the authors recommend both governments to consider this important factor while signing any future bilateral investment treaties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs a multi-task principal-agent model to examine how a corporation's organizational structure and liability rules for environmental damages affect the incentive schemes offered to managers. We derive environmental liability rules for risk averse managers under two alternative organizational structures: a product-based organization (PBO) and functional-based organization (FBO). For a PBO, it is shown that efficiency is independent of whether the firm or managers are liable for environmental damages; in a FBO it is optimal either to hold the firm liable for environmental damages or, equivalently, to only hold the environmental managers liable for damages. It is also shown that the two organizational structures are equally efficient when there is no correlation between environmental damages from products and no spillover between managerial effort across products or functions. Numerical results further reveal that beneficial spillovers between functions for the same product favours a PBO over a FBO; beneficial spillovers across functions favours a FBO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of mining activities reduces the area covered by natural ecosystems and the value of ecosystem services (ES) provided by them. It is necessary to estimate the impacts of land-use changes on the ES value of the ecosystems located in the areas directly and indirectly influenced by mining activities as well as the cost of environmental damages inflicted on the ecosystems. Green mining makes it possible to develop a suitable and effective mechanism for the policymakers and planners to optimally and sustainably upgrade resources utilization. Estimating the cost of the environmental damage of mining activities would effectively preserve ES values and prevent the degradation of ecosystems. It is also an efficient approach in making effective decisions and plans for the restoration of mines. The recent study is the first research to investigate the relationship between mining activities and their impact on reducing/losing the value of ecosystem services by offering a comprehensive and specific framework. The total estimated cost of environmental damages inflicted on ecosystem services influenced by the mining activities in the Sungun Copper Mine was estimated at Int $ 7543232 (1734943 million IRR). This research aimed to develop a comprehensive framework for the stages involved in estimating the changes and losses inflicted on the values of ecosystem services provided by the ecosystems within the scope of direct and indirect effects of mining activities. This framework can help policymakers, stakeholders, and land use planners at regional and national levels preserve ecosystem services and make sustainability plans for the mining regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental liabilities generated in the mining regions have caused the fragmentation of ecosystems and the contamination of surface and groundwater. The objective of the research is to develop an environmental and cartographic assessment of the impacts of environmental liabilities (EL) on the ecosystems and the hydrographic network of the Santa Lucia region. The Geographic Information System (GIS) with support in ArcGIS and the geological method of irregular itineraries in three sectors are used as tools. Observation was used in the two cartographic survey campaigns as an empirical method. The environmental and cartographic evaluation is conducted for the 62 EL inventory. The cartographic representation of the EL allows their correlation with hydrogeology and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Chinese Communist Party's choice to use a unique public health model that combined mass mobilisation campaigns with the effort to eradicate harmful or evil creatures. Mass campaigns created an allencompassing environment that ensured participation and also functioned well in conditions of administrative and medical scarcity. Within mass campaigns, the Party turned evil animals and eventually evil people into surrogates for the invisible worlds of diseases. This decision allowed the government to conduct campaigns that empowered the people while validating Party efforts at national transformation and scientific uplift at the grassroots level. The choice to substitute the seen for the unseen, however, had definite repercussions, leading to exceptionally arduous and frequently misdirected public health work, environmental damage and devastation for human targets. Despite vast changes in Chinese society in the Reform era (1978 to now) that mainly phased out mass campaigns, the Party nonetheless revitalised them as part of fighting SARS and Covid-19. It appears that Maoist-era strategies have become ritualised as mass performances that act as a social and political panacea: mass effort enacting traditional health activities ensures victory; and the government's decision to conduct mass campaigns signals its serious commitment, which requires and thus legitimates paternalistic and authoritarian control measures to succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the world’s economy, the ocean has a higher carrying capacity, but the marine pollution is becoming more and more serious. Human activities, such as marine oil spill, coastal industrial pollutant discharge and domestic waste discharge, have seriously affected the marine ecological health. In order to determine the pollution scope of coastal factories’ wastewater discharge and to determine the coverage of environmental damage liability, this study constructed the genetic algorithm improved maximum inter class variance method (OTSU) to analyze the pollution range of wastewater. Firstly, the insurance coverage of offshore factory wastewater pollution is analyzed; secondly, the genetic algorithm is used to improve the two-dimensional maximum entropy algorithm, which is used to process the marine wastewater image transmitted by the monitoring station; finally, the query system of the environmental damage liability scope of the factory wastewater is constructed. Through the test of the improved algorithm and system, the results show that the centroid deviation distance of the algorithm is 0.30–1.60 m, which is better than other algorithms. After FCM clustering algorithm processing, the centroid deviation distance is further reduced. The algorithm established in this study is feasible and can help the insurer and the insured to determine the scope of contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper is to point out to the origin of the waste from the production of nickel at the landfill in Sereď and its physical and chemical properties that affect the environmental conditions of the site. The landfill of metallurgical technological waste in Sereď is the second largest landfill for non-ferrous metallurgy in Slovakia (Central Europe). It is located in the northern part of the Danubian Lowland, southwest of the industrial zone of town Sereď. We divided the research into two phases. The preparatory phase consisted in obtaining all available archival materials for the years 1956−1993, so from of the construction of the plant to the end of production. The production was lasting from 1963 to 1993. The second phase concerned field research and was associated with sludge sampling for laboratory analysis. The results of the analysis identified the physical and chemical properties of the sludge as well as the possibilities of its use in some sectors of the economy. The production process in the nickel smelter was stopped in 1993 due to economic (annual state production subsidy was CZK 250 million) and ecological reasons. The landfill at the city's industrial zone has remained to this day, but it was sold to a private company in 1994, thus relieving of the state's liability for environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triggered by the open letter from 24 scientists which calls on governments to draft a fifth Geneva Convention related toward a more explicit protection of the environment during an armed conflict between engaged states, this paper tends to analyze the legal potentiality of environmental damages being properly considered as war crimes. Simultaneously, this contemporary occurrence has certain influences upon international environmental law by critically reviewing the existing legislation concerning environmental damage and military activities, comparing the fundamental elements of both war crimes and crimes against humanity in order to determine potential conflicts of international norms, as well as objectively perceiving the legal benefits that could be obtained by the consideration of drafting newly developed principles, regulations and guidelines which should also include animals and non-human species to wildlife affected by war and military operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the development of theoretical and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for improving the ecological and economic foundations of land management and land management at the local level in the example of the European Union. In practice, regional, spatial, strategic, landscape, and integrated types of land use development planning are most often used in the European Union. With the development of the market economy of European society, environmental problems arose, which prompted the development of landscape planning, both landscape-ecological and socioeconomic aspects of territorial development. The experience of landscape planning was introduced in Germany, which later became used in almost all European countries. The study and direct comparison of existing landscape planning systems in different European countries, and their reduction to several basic features are not possible and impractical because these systems are very different. This is due to a number of reasons: history, features of political systems, cultural traditions, level of economic development, the nature of legal systems and property relations. Landscape planning in the European Union is going to be one of the tensest areas of activity in the future, and Ukraine must take an active part in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with the effects of civil liability for the damages of environmental pollution caused by oil and gas companies, which the world witnessed in light of the modern industrial revolution, and the need to update some traditional legal rules, to make their application in line with the nature of civil liability for environmental pollution damages caused by oil and gas companies. Some provisions relating to civil liability must be changed, as the Iraqi legislator indicated the necessity of adopting the theory of harm, as it is the only basis on which civil liability can be ascertained for environmental pollution damages caused by oil and gas companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]