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The efficiency of any organization work and its financial wellbeing depend mainly on policy of managing debt receivable and its results. It is explained by the fact that debtor liabilities form the current company assets by 30–40% on average. To provide liquidity and solvency organization top management shall not allow the excessive immobilization of own working capital and its freezing in the form of non-repaid counterpart liabilities. At the same time to minimize debt receivable in current condition of company functioning is not possible. The principle cause of debt receivable rise is high competition on food and service market, due to which companies offer to their clients different conditions of settlement by contracts. This practice results in cash deficiency and can have a negative impact on finance standing of the company, which requires using different tools that could provide the timely repay of liabilities by counterparts. The article substantiates that only complex and systematic application of different methods of debt receivable optimization can give an opportunity to reach the result and raise efficiency of organization work. The effective control over debt receivable is possible, if the system is built that allows to get operative information and encashment of indebtedness without exposing the company to risks, as its excessive amount and low quality threaten profitability and solvency of the organization.

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the concentration of capital on the insurance market in the Republic of Serbia and the identification of critical points in the analysis of insolvency of insurers. The necessity of economic and social protection of the interests of insured persons in conditions when the business of insurance companies is objectively exposed to a large number of risks can be achieved only if insurance companies meet extremely strict solvency requirements. In addition to the requirements for the adequacy of recognized liabilities and capital adequacy requirements, insurance companies are additionally faced with a number of special requirements, including requirements relating to the matching of assets, capital and liabilities. Although capital adequacy is the strongest type of guarantee, ie the ability of the insurance company to settle its future obligations based on claims, payments of insured amounts and other obligations, in essence compliance means that the insurer has additionally met the requirements regarding the amount and relative relations between assets, capital and liabilities, within assets or liabilities, as well as the relative relationship between certain categories of assets and capital and liabilities. The aim of this paper is to point out that for the insurer, in addition to capital adequacy and adequacy of technical reserves, the existence of financial balance is essential, ie the establishment of structural and maturity matching of assets, capital and liabilities. The structure of the paper provides insight into the analysis of capital concentration and fulfllment of capital requirements of insurers operating in the insurance market in Serbia, but also consideration of solvency assumptions and insight into the methodological apparatus used in the process of insolvency and security analysis of insurers.

The global financial crisis starting in 2007 was a central element of the new millennium and had a major impact on the global economy. This paper deals with the underlying causes and fundamental conditions as well as research and insights on the financial crisis in the area of liabilities and future lending, effects of regulations and bank resilience, as well as the changes in the banking industry in relation to the determinants of profitability. With three hypotheses developed on the basis of existing literature, that is critically evaluated and appraised, the paper aims to explore the global economic crisis from perspectives and origins beyond the often analysed triggers. The focus is on the pivotal point of the economic crisis: the banks and their international interconnectedness regarding lending, durability, and efficiency. Among other things, the findings revealed that the effect of the external funding shock on banks' domestic lending is significant, strong regulation, characterized as one-size-fits-all international best practice, is not always the blueprint for bank resilience and that efficiency has been a determining factor in bank profitability. Furthermore, no paradigm shift took place after the global economic crisis, and banks still seem to have to be rescued by the state in the event of bankruptcy due to their size.

The interpretation and assessment of the organization’s liabilities is important for determining the amount of equity capital, which characterizes the well'being of the owners of the organization. The author highlighted the shortcomings of the current legislation in regulating the formation of information about the obligations of the organization. The article substantiates the incorrect use of the term «obligations» in relation to accounts payable. The analysis of the characteristics of liabilities noted in IFRS for their compliance with certain financial and business transactions. Accounts payable have been identified, which are not reflected in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management. The basis of our research and results for this company was the economic-financial analysis through which we identified its strengths and weaknesses in relation to the means at its disposal, but also the opportunities and threats to it. The objectives of the research are the analysis of certain indicators in order to identify and solve the problems that this company faces in an aggressive competitive environment, to anticipate the movements of the competition and to self-evaluate the resources it has. These objectives were achieved and explained through the diagnostic analysis within the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the characteristics of liabilities and contingencies of 20 clubs participating in the First and Second Division of the Brazilian Championship of 2017 that presented all financial statements from 2010 to 2018. It was found that 79 of 160 balance sheets analyzed presented uncovered liabilities and denoting effective problems of economic and financial unviability akthough no clubs broke effectively. The findings demonstrate that clubs cannot support themselves and eventually need to raise third-party resources. The study differs from previous research because it identifies the characteristics of liabilities, and provisions as present and future obligations for Brazilian football clubs. Thus, this research contributes by providing an overview of the indebtedness of Brazilian football clubs.

The aim of the article is to analyze the characteristics of customers who fail to pay their loans on time and determine whether these features affect the lack of timely payment of their liabilities. The subject of the research is a group of 31 individual clients who fail to pay the installments of their cash liabilities on time. The inference was made using the chi square test of independence. For the adopted level of significance, there are no grounds to reject the null hypotheses for all the examined features. Therefore, other factors determining creditworthiness should be looked for.

In the "life" of a company it happens that periods less favorable appear so that, sometimes, the respective company dissolution may occur involving the patrimony liquidation. Such activity requires going through several stages which consist in turning the company assets into active capital and the payment of all the debts and, should something remain, such excess will be divided among the shareholders. But there is a fact which should not be omitted, i.e. turning the patrimonial goods into active capital is not an easy activity as it may happen that the capitalization of such assets may be done at the liquidation value and not at the market value, that is a decreased value which may be much lower than the market value. And then, the asset value could be less than the liabilities value which means that the shareholders, instead of receiving money subsequent to the patrimony liquidation, would have to complete the amounts necessary to the full liquidation of the respective company's liabilities. Preferably, one should not reach such a situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of globalization which is followed by the development of information technology that changes very quickly has affected business activities. This change will affect the company's policy in the field of asset and liability management. If there is no adjustment to the environment, the company concerned will lose in the current era of increasingly fierce competition. To be superior in the business world, resources are needed that are able to compete. With the superiority of its resources, a company will be able to formulate the function of collecting and distributing company funds through management (asset and liability management). The purpose of this research are to help users know the form of the statement of financial position and the components that make up the statement of financial position. In short, the statement of financial position can be interpreted as a summary of the condition of assets, liabilities, and equity of a business or company. Under certain conditions, statements of financial position are also often referred to as balance sheets. The accounting information provided by the American Accounting Association (AAA) is as follows: Accountingis the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgment and decision by user of the information. Financial accounting is a series of processes that will produce information, namely financial statements that will be used by interested parties. Through the literature study method, the author explains the statement of financial position and the components that make up the statement of financial position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article is dedicated to identifying the main directions of its improvement in the self-governing cities of Georgia, based on the analysis and evaluation of the current state of the budget process. In particular, it discusses the basic budgeting document (medium-term action plans) and the budget process; The difference between the revenues and payments of the budgets of the self-governing cities and the peculiarities of their planning are shown; The modern practice of implementing the program budget in the self-governing cities of Georgia is analyzed and evaluated, on the basis of which conclusions are made on the necessity of its improvement. Emphasis was placed on the following problematic issues in the budget process of self-governing cities: inadequate forecasting of tax revenues; Social orientation of the budget; Preparation of medium-term action plans; Development of expected final / intermediate results; Development of evaluation indicators; Improving the monitoring mechanism for the implementation of programs during the budget year; Strengthen the role of internal and external control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Today, payables are one of the fundamental elements necessary to assess the efficiency and profitability of any enterprise. The proposed study is concerned with the issues of accounting and analysis of accounts payable at domestic enterprises. The article substantiates the theoretical foundations and analyzes the practical experience of accounting for payables in Ukraine in accordance with the main goal. The differences and similarities in the interpretation of the concept of «accounts payable» by a large number of scholars and researchers are outlined. The conditions of shortcomings of increasing the level of accounts payable to a level higher than a normed one are analyzed. The procedure for analyzing accounts payable is examined. The model of payables management in the enterprise is distinguished. The methodological legal principles of management of this type of obligations in Ukraine are described. The article also demonstrates the positive prospects for conducting an efficient analysis of accounts payable. Statistical changes in the dynamics of current accounts payable at enterprises of various forms of ownership and size, including large, medium, small and micro businesses of Ukraine during 2013-2020, were computed. Based on the trend of increasing the level of payables and the available official information on this issue, assumptions have been made about the dynamics of current accounts payable during 2021- 2022. A list of proposals for improving the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with borrowers is also outlined. The direction of further research work is the search for new ways to constantly improve the process of payables management at domestic enterprises, which will contribute to the development of the economy in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to highlight the reality of the accounting measurement of budget items in the light of the implementation of the financial accounting system, in addition to illustrating the extent to which this measurement contributes to preparing and providing a clear picture of the institution's situation by offering credible and decision-making-capable information. A descriptive-analytical research method is used to achieve the research objectives. The results indicated that the Algerian telecom direction of Khenchela city depends mainly on the historical cost of measuring the budget elements, which makes the accounting value of this society differ from the market value of its parts, and consequently negatively affects the users of accounting information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, accounting theorists gave little thought to what makes a particular instance of an asset or liability a single object and the very object it is—what individuates assets and liabilities. This paper offers an analysis of this individuation in the IASB's Conceptual Framework. It can be read at two levels: as an exploration of the coherence of the framework in its own terms, or, at a deeper level, as a philosophical analysis, located within philosophical pragmatism. I argue that the IASB framework's individuation is radically incoherent. I set out the case for a pragmatist approach and offer pragmatist principles of individuation. Standard setters have recently given some attention to individuation via a new kind of accounting object, the unit of account, and this is taken further in the IASB framework. This thinking is a good deal more convincing than the attempt to individuate assets and liabilities and is consistent with pragmatist principles. I propose reconceptualizing assets and liabilities using the principles developed for the unit of account. The paper extends our understanding of the way assets and liabilities are conceptualized in financial accounting; my proposal would improve the coherence of the conceptual framework in its own terms, provide a philosophically sound underpinning for its individuations, and open up the possibility of reconnecting the framework to the pragmatist epistemology encountered in classical accounting theory, extending the underpinning to the framework as a whole and, perhaps, reviving scholarly interest in the accounting theory of the framework project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irregularities that may occur during the preparation and conduct of the inventory of assets and liabilities may have serious and multiple implications for the entity's financial statements and its results of operations. This is conditioned by the fact that the inventory as a part of the pre-closing postings represents the basis for reducing the bookkeeping to the actual situation. The census can determine the existence of undocumented economic changes, for which at the time of their occurrence there was no adequate document to confirm their existence and their value impact on the operations of the entities. Improper conduct of the census can be sampled by intentional actions aimed at presenting incorrect facts in an attempt to present a better business result in the financial statements than it really is, which would benefit one stakeholder to the detriment of other stakeholders. For these reasons, it is important to understand the irregularities that occur during the census in order to prevent and disable their occurrence in practice.

Purpose. To classify the models of assets and liabilities of the Visegrad Group and compare them with similar indicators of Ukraines international investment position. Methodology. The separation of models is carried out by three criteria: the formation of the structure, the degree of risk and the activity of the state. The asset model of Ukraines international investment position is defined as dynamic, with low risk and moderate government intervention. The liability model is also dynamic, but with high risk and increased government activity. Ukrainian economic models are not similar to any of the studied European models and are irrational by most criteria. Finding. Based on the comparison of the models of assets and liabilities formed in Ukraine with similar indicators of the Visegrad Group countries, a number of hypotheses about the strategy of improving the international investment position of Ukraine have been expressed. The basis for solving these problems should be activities aimed primarily at solving the internal problems of Ukraine, which can improve the mechanisms of direct and portfolio investment. Originality. An original methodology for classifying the models of assets and liabilities of the countrys international investment position has been developed. Its approbation by the example of Visegrad countries and Ukraine allowed finding the strengths and threats of different models and predict future scenarios of changes in the international investment position. Practical value. The developed methods for assessing the models of international investment position of the country can be used in other studies, which will allow developing countries to choose a certain international model to develop their own strategy for managing international financial flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the impact of inventory level on the financial ratios, namely Return on assets and Debt to assets ratio. This study is designed to help managers to establish an efficient inventory level to obtain a high ROA and a low D/A, which indicates that the company is doing well in managing its resources, can attract more investors and can meet financial obligations with its resources. Determining the inventory level that generates a high ROA and a low D/A is possible using the Primal or Dual Simplex Algorithm. Primal Simplex Algorithm has some limits in determining the inventory level, so the Dual is preferable. Using Dual, the company can simulate more production plans until the optimal stock level is obtained. Also, the Dual Algorithm can help managers to identify the initial optimal solution in the shortest time possible and to re-optimize this solution until the ROA and D/A have the expected value. This possibility of re-optimization is important nowadays due to the impact of the coronavirus crisis on the sales: the company can model the production plan whenever the demand is changing and can simulate the production process which generates the best ROA and D/A that can be obtained even if the revenues decrease or the liabilities increase. This paper presents the initial production plan created by the managers, a worst-case scenario (most common in crisis), where the turnover decreases, the ROA is low and D/A is high, and a best-case scenario (the ideal one), where the turnover increases and ROA and D/A have optimal values. Forecasting inventory level, and therefore ROA and D/A has also the advantage that it could avoid a potential conflict of interest between shareholders and managers. Despite these advantages, there are some limits: firstly, using Dual Simplex Algorithm on determining the inventory level that generates a high ROA or a low D/A makes managers simulate several times until the optimal solution is obtained and secondly there are some short them debts that are not considered. The first limit would be removed in further research, by using fuzzy numbers.

Introduction and Objective The scope of problems concerning income possibilities and constraints in the image of the state of health of society is important and interesting from the social, economic, legal, health, and psychological perspectives. The article deals with the contemporary macro-economic conditioning of the socio-economic status of households and problem of their liabilities, and presents statistical data reflecting the economic condition of average Polish families. A part of the considerations deal with relationships between income and health, including the availability of health sector services, as well as the effect of health status on income. The issue of unemployment is also indicated as generating health problems. The considerations pertaining to the situation in Poland are a starting point for comparing them with the data from international studies. The aim of the study is the presentation of income possibilities and constraints in the context of the state of health of society. Current state of knowledge The phenomenon of poverty exerts an empirically confirmed effect on the deterioration of the state of health, quality of life, susceptibility to diseases, and a decrease in the average life span. This regularity is observed in many countries worldwide. Simultaneously, the financial means of persons with a worse health status are seriously limited due to, among others, absenteeism at work, reduced performance, and the necessity to bear the costs of treatment. Conclusions Income possibilities are placed at the forefront of factors which condition the state of health, effectiveness of treatment and prophylaxis. In the case of diseases, and disease-associated reduction in the activity on the labour market, a decreased psychological and physical wellbeing, limitation or lack of access to treatment and prophylaxis are enhanced.

This study aims to examine the understanding of Accounting Students related to the basic concept of accounting, namely the understanding of assets, liabilities and capital based on the background of secondary schools (Vocational Accounting, Social Sciences and Natural Sciences Senior High School). Sampling through a purposive sampling technique that is a number of 90 accounting students from Mataram University and Mataram University of Technology who filled out the research questionnaire. This study uses SPSS 18 data processing, with a different test, testing the hypothesis shows the result that H3 is accepted, which is a significance level of 0.044 where the value is less than 0.05; and concluded that there are significant differences regarding the understanding of capital between students from SMK Accounting, SMA IPS and IPA SMA, while H1 and H2 are not accepted, the significance level is 0.724 and 0.874, respectively, where the value is greater than 0.05. This happens due to several factors including: lack of practice, lack of practice, short study portions, etc., causing a lack of understanding of students towards assets and liabilities which are important indicators of other financial statements.

In the ever-accelerating world of our time, competition is getting larger and stronger, where it is important for managers to make fast and high-quality decisions. Economic analysis helps management to identify and evaluate the factors that affect its operations and effectiveness, thereby ensuring that management is properly informed. In the course of the economic analysis, information is obtained about the actual situation of the company, which helps in making management decisions as well as the activities of the management. However, in addition to understanding the internal processes, it is important to examine the operation of companies with the same activities within the industry, to which results can be compared and, if necessary, strategies can be changed. In the scope of the present study, the aim was to compare the leading vehicle manufacturing companies in Hungary and Romania based on their financial position.

Managers of a company are able to make the right decisions in order to improve the business activities of the company concerning the future, if they have the necessary and appropriate information to judge and evaluate the operation of the company. Thus, they require information that provides a reliable and realistic picture about the company. Creating an accurate picture of the company is of great importance not only for the managers but also for those who are related to the company (for example: investors, creditors, etc.). The accounting statement of the company helps obtain sufficient in-depth information to become familiar with the situation. However, the data acquired from it must be interpreted and analysed in order to obtain relevant information about the wealth, financial and income situation of the company. In the present study, the objective is to present the financial situation of three alcoholic beverage manufacturer companies.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the main factors influencing the structure of the credit portfolio, and define measures aimed at optimizing and restoring the credit activity of Ukrainian banks. The main problems standing in the way of an intensification of bank crediting are determined: high proportion of troubled credit indebtedness; unsatisfactory structure of bank liabilities, which is the main source of credit resources; slow rates of banks capitalization recovery; low demand for credit from borrowers due to high interest rates; variable dynamics of the development of basic economic sectors; weighty share of the shadow sector of the economy, which cuts off the credit service for a part of clients; presence of other instruments of the low-risk placement of credit resources. A number of measures for the recovery of the credit portfolio (reduction of crediting risks, creation of the State-controlled agency for hopeless credits) are proposed within the terms of solving these problems; structure of assets and liabilities (decrease of dollarization of assets and liabilities, differentiation of the norms of reservation of attracted funds, restoration of trust in banks, more equitable distribution of credits between regions); restoration of bank capitalization (restoration of the requirements on the buffer of reserve of capital, harmonization of capital ratios in accordance with Basel III, development of the Conception of growth of capitalization of banks by attracting foreign investment); reduction of the value of credit resources (additional decrease in bank rate, amendments to the State program «Accessible credits 5–7–9%»); stimulation of development of basic branches of economy (finalization of negotiations with the EU on increasing of quotas size, creation of regional support centers for exporters); de-shadowing of the economy (growth in financial inclusion, development of the Conception of transferring transactions into non-cash form, transferring recipients of social payments to a cashless form of payment, increasing the transparency of transactions); reorientation of bank crediting the budget deficit towards bank crediting legal entities and individuals (minimizing the budget deficit, introducing a new standard that will regulate the share of the bank’s assets in OVDPs.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of key financial obligation factors on total factor productivity (TFP) for 34 Indian industries for the period 2008 2018 using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Financial obligations are measured by short- and long-term loans, operating expenses and liabilities. The outcome of qualitative techniques does not appear to support the hypothesis that short term and long-term loans, liabilities and operating expenses influence TFP. On the contrary, the evidences arise from quantitative technique appear to suggest that short term loan and operating expenses promote TFP. The study also suggests that complimentaries exist between operating expenses and short-term loan and they together appear to boost productivity.

Economic-financial analysis is the means by which a company can identify its own strengths and weaknesses, in relationship to the means at its disposal, as well as the opportunities and threats that it is facing. The economic-financial analysis represents a managerial tool meant to proceed to the examination of an economic entity, in order to identify and solve the problems that arise. The process of managing and administering the company, regardless of the field of activity and the proposed purpose is complex. The appreciation of the differences in performance and financial position depends on the nature of the company as well as on the system of instruments used in wealth management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing use of software in biomedicine has enlarged the capacities of researchers and clinicians. This, one might expect, would enhance the precision and safety of biomedicine. However, it has been recognized that software can bring about new risks to the field of medicine and medical devices, requiring at least some degree of caution from the different players responsible for technology governance and risk management. This phenomenon is focused on in this paper, from the viewpoint of 3D bioprinting. Bioprinting is the production of bioactive structures in a layer-by-layer deposition of cells, with the use of devices called bioprinters. The latter can only function by receiving instructions from software. This paper focuses on some software-supported techniques that are key for bioprinting. It shows that a growing range of software packages has been used in bioprinting, a trend that is greatly fostered by open source software. In this evolution, the clinical potentialities of bioprinting come closer to their realization. At the same time, however, uncertainties emerge, related to issues such as data protection, use of biological samples, and others. The growing use of open source software complexifies the scenario, because it leads to a multiplication of actors directly or indirectly involved in the technology's development, making it difficult to trace liabilities and damages. As no national regulation has been produced to tackle such uncertainties, they have been (provisionally and precariously) addressed in the licenses of software packages. In the years to come, as clinical products eventually spring from bioprinting research, more robust governance schemes will have to emerge in which risks and liabilities are dealt with more carefully by different players. Moreover, regulations will have to address the practice of combining different software packages in the same bioprinting process, as well as the growing globalization of bioprinting research and commercial exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment activity in the Republic of Moldova is the most important factor that determines the socio-economic development of the country. Attracting foreign direct investments remains a current task, the effective solution of which depends on the progress, pace and results of the reforms carried out. Under the market economy conditions, a colossal number of foreign investments are required, but the volumes of foreign direct investments attracted, for the moment, do not meet the real needs of Moldova for foreign investments. The authors present a study of the indicators related to the international investment position of the Republic of Moldova vis-à-vis the real investment potential. The article is of interest both for establishing the action plan for the development of foreign direct investments and for informational support for potential foreign investors. The paper concludes with relevant proposals for the development of the investment potential of the Republic of Moldova.

The complexity and versatility of the managing for bank's activity requires a balance of assets and liabilities, which are interrelated, and necessitates the formation of the financial mechanism for their management. The purpose of the article is to expansion definitional characteristics of the concepts “asset and liability management of banking institutions” and “financial mechanism for managing the assets and liabilities of commercial banks”, to form a structure of the financial mechanism for the balanced management of assets and liabilities of banking institutions based on determination of methods and tools for managing assets and liabilities. The basis of the study is a systematic approach to the process of asset and liability management, used in determining the content and construction of the financial mechanism of asset and liability management of the bank. The essence of the concepts “financial mechanism” and “management of assets and liabilities of the bank” was considered. This made it possible to methodize the main tasks of the banks in the process of asset and liability management. According to the authors, the process of asset and liability management of the bank is a general concept of the banks development, which consists in the integrated management of financial flows of the bank to coordinate management decisions and ensure certain proportions between active and passive operations in order to achieve the next goals: increasing profits; reducing risks; liquidity control; spread management. It was proved that the financial mechanism of assets and liabilities management of a banks, as a component of the mechanism of banking financial management, is a system of objects, subjects, strategies, approaches, tools, means, levers, methods and models of assets and liabilities management of banks, taking into account the principles of strategy and levels of the bank management. The reasons and necessity of the formation of the financial mechanism through the imbalance of assets and liabilities, as well as the financial policy of the bank were investigated. The structure of financial mechanism of bank assets and liabilities management with allocation of strategic, tactical and operational components was formed.

The article has a comprehensive approach to the theoretical basis of the subject-content area and formation of accounting informatics as a new direction of improvement of accounting in the digital transformation of the national economy of the Republic of Belarus. The article also reveals the mechanism of formation of information streams of the enterprise on the basis of methodology use of accounting and financial reporting as the basis of the practical implementation of the opportunities offered by the use of modern digital technologies in the information support when making management decisions. The theoretical and methodological foundations of a new direction in the development of the science of accounting and accounting analysis, their interdisciplinary synthesis with computer science, digital and IT technologies are considered. The substantiation of the subject of accounting informatics is given in the context of the formation of the fair value of assets, liabilities, capital, income and expenses of business entities in order to implement and increase the effectiveness of the analytical management function in a market economy, as well as the classification and the main properties of accounting and analytical information are formulated.

The article is aimed at substantiating the organizational-methodical bases of auditing of the enterprise’s liabilities and collaterals. The parameters of the above mentioned bases should comprehensively substantiate the ways in which the objective of an auditing be met, clearly identify audit procedures at each stage of an audit inspection, allow the formation of an acceptable and sufficiently evidence-based framework that will be reflected in the documentary data, the important elements of which will be summarized in the Auditor's Report and presented to the relevant authorities. It is argued that against the background of the unstable financial situation of Ukraine’s enterprises, the increased dependence of business entities on the external sources of financing, the issue of assessing the impact of the actual size of liabilities and collaterals on the continuity of functioning of business entity becomes relevant. A contextual consideration of the continuity assumption implies the mandatory use of the audit procedures, which necessitate the calculation and assessment of indicators, which characterize solvency and financial stability.

A family business is the basis of the middle class being formed in Russia. The imperfection of the legal regulation of this legal phenomenon makes the research on this subject relevant. The legal regulation of property and obligations of spouses- individual entrepreneurs is of particular scientific interest. The legal positions formed by the courts, in the opinion of the author, generate legal uncertainty in law enforcement practice.

The 2008 crisis prolonged and deepened divergences in fair value measurement as the most reliable and other measurement systems. The introduction of IFRS 13 contributed to improved results at the level 3 asset prices observed in companies operating on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The literature has shown that in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 7, different levels of fair value are relevant to value. This research analyzes market prices of the different levels of fair value hierarchy reported under IFRS 7. It is noted that fair value assets measured at different levels of hierarchy are relevant for value, while liabilities are valued differently.

Using Agency theory, this research aims to examine the factors that potentially influence the level of disclosure within financial statements in Indonesian provincial governments including Human Development Index (HDI), Liabilities, General Allocated Fund (GAF), and Provincial Original Revenue (POR). This research is very important because Indonesia has recently undergone major governmental financial reform and is seeking to greatly enforce its financial accounting transparency. The objects of this research are 99 financial statements from 33 Indonesian provinces in the period of 2014 to 2016. The level of disclosure is measured using a 34 item index derived from Indonesian Government Accounting Standards. Regression analysis shows that Human Development Index (HDI) and General Allocated Fund (GAF) are positive and significant predictors of the level of disclosure within financial statements of Indonesian provincial govern- ments. These results can be used by Indonesian government as a potential information in making government policy related to financial transparency at provincial level.

In 2020, the coronavirus crisis caused the global economy to slump on a scale not seen since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Thus, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates the contraction in global gross domestic product of 3.5%. Europe's economy too was hit strongly by the pandemic crisis, the eurozone contracted by 7.6% compared to the previous year. Significant losses were recorded in Germany (-5.0%), France (-8.3%), Italy (-9.0%), Spain (-11.0%). Several sectors of the economy were completely paralised at times due to lockdowns lasting long periods of time; within this difficult context automotive industry was not spared by the problems generated by the pandemic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]