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Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonists could inhibit inflammation in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanism underlying such effect and the potential role of P2 × 7 receptor (P2X7R) remains unclear. In the present study, we examined whether the effect of ERβ activation in IBD rats was related to P2X7R. Overexpression of ERβ using a recombinant lentivirus in IBD rats improved the IBD-like symptoms, including weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) scores, and inflammatory responses. ERβ agonists DPN and ERB-041 attenuated P2X7R expression in macrophages from colitis rats and in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) in response to either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). DPN and ERB-041 also blocked increased production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the rectocolon of colitis rats. The two ERβ agonists reversed LPS- and ATP-induced up-regulation of P2X7R and its downstream proteins, including NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and pro-IL-1β, in RAW264.7 cells. Also, in both the rectocolon of colitis rats and RAW264.7 cells, ERβ agonists reversed the up-regulation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but not up-regulation of serine threonine kinase or cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Blockade of JAK2 or STAT3 phosphorylation significantly reduced the ability of DPN to down-regulate P2X7R expression and the ability of ERB-041 and DPN to inhibit IL-1β release from RAW264.7 cells. We found that ERβ and P2X7R co-localized in the macrophages of rat rectocolon and in RAW264.7 cells. Deletion of macrophages from colitis rats with clodronate abolished the inhibitory effect of DPN. These results suggest that ERβ plays an important anti-inflammatory role in IBD rats by down-regulating P2X7R expression and inhibiting IL-1β release from macrophages through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the most common causes of deaths worldwide. Thiols have been reported to play a key role in physiological and pathological processes of MI. Comprehensive analysis of thiols would be conducive to fully elucidate the relation between thiols and MI. In the current study, we analyze the metabolomic differences of thiols in serum between MI patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 30) by stable isotope labeling-dispersive solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-full scan-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry analysis (IL-DSPE-LC-full scan-Orbitrap MS) method. We detected 300 potential thiols in serum of MI patients and HCs, among which, 67 thiols were positively or putatively identified. Furthermore, we found that the levels of 71 thiols in serum exhibited significant difference between MI patients and HCs. In the transsulfuration pathway, we observed that Cys and Hcys were upregulated, while GSH were downregulated. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of thiols metabolome in human serum between MI patients and HCs.

Background: To evaluate and compare the efficiency of a self-designed inspiratory impedance threshold device in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the porcine models of cardiac arrest established by three approaches. Methods: Twenty healthy pigs were randomly assigned into the control group (n=5), model 1 (n=5), model 2 (n=5) and model 3 (n=5) groups. Following anesthesia induction, endotracheal tube was inserted and connected to the anesthesia machine. In the three model groups, pigs received intravenous injection of ketamine (model 1), MgSO4 (model 2) and KCl (model 3), and subsequently pig models of cardiac arrest were established. Manual closed-chest CPR was performed at 80 bpm with the self-designed inspiratory impedance threshold device in the model groups and without this device in the control group. After 2-, 6- and 10-min CPR, the heart rate and hemodynamic parameters including arterial blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, end-diastolic volume and cardiac output were quantitatively measured. The Esophageal echocardiography and blood-gas analyses were performed. Results: After CPR, the mean arterial blood pressure, end-diastolic volume and cardiac output in three model groups were significantly higher compared with those in the control group (all P

Spinal cord injury is linked to the interruption of neural pathways, which results in irreversible neural dysfunction. Neural repair and neuroregeneration are critical goals and issues for rehabilitation in spinal cord injury, which require neural stem cell repair and multimodal neuromodulation techniques involving personalized rehabilitation strategies. Besides the involvement of endogenous stem cells in neurogenesis and neural repair, exogenous neural stem cell transplantation is an emerging effective method for repairing and replacing damaged tissues in central nervous system diseases. However, to ensure that endogenous or exogenous neural stem cells truly participate in neural repair following spinal cord injury, appropriate interventional measures (e.g., neuromodulation) should be adopted. Neuromodulation techniques, such as noninvasive magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation, have been safely applied in many neuropsychiatric diseases. There is increasing evidence to suggest that neuromagnetic/electrical modulation promotes neuroregeneration and neural repair by affecting signaling in the nervous system; namely, by exciting, inhibiting, or regulating neuronal and neural network activities to improve motor function and motor learning following spinal cord injury. Several studies have indicated that fine motor skill rehabilitation training makes use of residual nerve fibers for collateral growth, encourages the formation of new synaptic connections to promote neural plasticity, and improves motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury. With the development of biomaterial technology and biomechanical engineering, several emerging treatments have been developed, such as robots, brain-computer interfaces, and nanomaterials. These treatments have the potential to help millions of patients suffering from motor dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. However, large-scale clinical trials need to be conducted to validate their efficacy. This review evaluated the efficacy of neural stem cells and magnetic or electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitation training and intelligent therapies for spinal cord injury according to existing evidence, to build up a multimodal treatment strategy of spinal cord injury to enhance nerve repair and regeneration.

Traditional methods for detecting lactoperoxidase (LP) are complex and time-consuming, so a test strip was made based on the enzymatic reaction principle to enable quick and convenient detection of LP in raw milk. In this study 0.1 mol/L citric acid (CA)/0.2 mol/L disodium hydrogen phosphate (NaP) buffer solution (pH 5.0), 22 mmol/L 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), 0.6 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 0.5% Tween-20 or 0.3% cetyltri- methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were optimal for preparing a quick, sensitive, and accurate LP test strip. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the estimated LP concentrations ranged from 2.47% to 6.72% and the minimum LP concentration detected by the test strip was 1-2 mg/L. Estimates of active LP in sixteen raw milk samples obtained using the test strip or the TMB method showed a good correlation (r=0.9776). So the test strip provides a quick, convenient, and accurate method for detecting the LP concentration of raw milk.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)-induced transactivation of EGF-R depends on the activation of metalloproteinases and the subsequent release of HB-EGF in cancer cells. Methods: Exogenous 14,15-EET were added to four human-derived cancer cell lines Tca-8113, A549, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231, or these same cell lines were transfected with a mutant CYP epoxygenase (CYP102 F87V, an active 14,15-epoxygenase). The effects of elevated EET levels on the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the EGF receptor and on ERK1/2 activation were then assessed. Results: Both the addition of 14,15-EET and the transfection of cells with CYP102 F87V markedly increased the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues of EGF-R and ERK1/2, an effect that was blocked by a selective EGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrphostin AG1478), a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor (1,10-phenanthroline), and an inhibitor of HB-EGF release (CRM197) in Tca-8113 cells. In addition, AG1478, 1,10-phenanthroline, and CRM197 also inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF-R and ERK1/2 that was induced by 14,15-EET in the A549, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Conclusion: These results suggest that the EET-induced transactivation of EGF-R depends on activation of metalloproteinases and the subsequent release of HB-EGF in cancer cell lines.

The renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in the development and establishment of hypertension, and the pharmacological blockade of the system results in a reduction in blood pressure. In the present study, we investigated whether the effects of a novel, double-stranded, recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV)-mediated antisense angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R) gene efficiently prevents the development of hypertension induced by a high-salt diet in adult, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.A rAAV was prepared with a cassette containing a cytomegalovirus promoter and partial cDNA (660 base pairs) for the AT1R inserted in the antisense direction (rAAV-AT1-AS). A single tail vein injection of the rAAV-AT1-AS or rAAV-GFP (green fluorescent protein, a reporter gene) was performed in adult, male SD rats. Two weeks after injection, the animals were fed a diet containing 8% NaCl, and the systolic blood pressure was measured weekly using the tail-cuff method for 12 weeks.The high-salt diet induced a significant rise in systolic blood pressure in the rAAV-GFP-treated animals; however, the rAAV-AT1-AS treatment attenuated the rise in blood pressure (142.7+/-4.5 mmHg vs 117+/-3.8 mmHg, P0.01), and the hypotensive effect was maintained until the experiments ended at 12 weeks. In the rAAV-GFP-treated animals AT1 was overexpressed in various tissues, especially in the aorta and kidney at mRNA levels; in contrast, rAAV-AT1-AS treatment markedly attenuated AT1 expression. Furthermore, rAAV-AT1-AS treatment prevented target organ damages from hypertension, including cardiac dysfunction and renal injury compared to the rAAV-GFP group.These results suggest that rAAVmediated anti-AT1 delivery attenuates the development of hypertension and protects against renal injury and cardiac remodeling.

Reconstruction after resection of tumor about the acetabulum represents a considerable challenge in reconstructive surgery. Between 1999 and 2003, three patients with periacetabular tumors underwent tumor resections (Ennecking type B) and pelvic ring reconstruction with microsurgical fibular flaps. Histological diagnosis showed osteosarcoma, giant cell tumor, and aneurysmoid bone cyst. All patients survived surgery without complications. The follow-up for patients ranged from 14 to 42 months. The average time for bone healing and full weight bearing was 13.6 weeks after surgery. In evaluations of the functional outcome using Enneking scoring system, two reached the score of excellent (>or= 23 points), and one reached the score of good (15 to 22 points). This report shows our experience in use of microsurgical fibular flaps for arthrodesis of the hip after periacetabular tumor resection, which restores the continuity of the pelvic ring with minimal shortening of the limb.

To investigate the method of separation of culture of bone microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) of human femoral head in vitro.From October 2013 to January 2014,15 femoral heads without pathologic change from patients resected during hip replacement were selected involving 2 males and 13 females with a mean age of 71.2 years old ranging from 38 to 92. Cancellous bone in femoral head was bited into broken bone grain and transfered into medium in aseptic contidion. Cells were isolated by the methods of enzymic digestion and density gradient centrifugation,purified by differiential attachment. The characteristics of cells was observed by inverted microscope. vWF and CD31 immunofluorescence analysis was applied for identification of cells.The number of cells was positively correlated with patients' age after 24 hours in primary culture. The older patients had the less cells numbered. After 4 to 5 days' culture, primary cells appeared short spindle,polygon shaped and cobblestone-like morphology. After 7 to 10 days' culture, primary cells proliferated densely, became fusion, arranged in swirl, and contact inhibition appeared significantly. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the cells were 100% positive for vWF and CD31, and it showed that the cultured cells were BMECs.It was a simple, steady, effective method with good reproducibility, by which highly purified human BMECs can be obtained.

The present study was designed to evaluate the role of growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) and bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR-II) in the development of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). A total of 24 patients with lumbar IDD (experiment group) and 6 patients with lumbar vertebral fracture (control group) were enrolled in the study. Tissue samples of IVD from the experiment group and control group were obtained during lumbar fusion operation, respectively. Fixation and decalcification of IVD tissue were performed, and then HE staining was carried out to observe the morphological changes of the lumbar IVD tissues. The expression of GDF-5 and BMPRII in human lumbar IVD was detected by immunohistochemical staining. HE staining results showed that non- and minimal degeneration was found in 11 cases (score range, 0-3), moderate degeneration in 12 cases (score range, 4-8), and severe degeneration in 7 cases (score range, 9-12). According to the immunohistochemical results, the positive expression rates of GDF-5 and BMPRII in NP were higher than those in AF of the non- and minimal degeneration group, moderate degeneration group and severe degeneration group (all P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in GDF-5 or BMPRII positive expression was observed among the normal, non- and minimal, moderate and severe degeneration groups in neither NP area nor AF area (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that GDF-5 and BMPRII expressed both in normal and degenerated IVD tissues, and GDF-5 might have an inhibition effect on degenerated lumbar IVD, suggesting that gene therapy may be a useful approach in producing physiological effects during early- and late-phase of lumbar IDD.

To evaluate the efficacies of unilateral versus bilateral pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra plus short-segment pedicle instrumentation (SSPI) in the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures.Between June 2008 and September 2010, a total of 46 patients with fractures of thoracolumbar junction, whose scores of load sharing classification (LSC) ranging from 5 to 7, underwent the combined treatment of SSPI and fracture level pedicle screw at our department. They were divided into 2 groups. Group I included 25 patients undergoing SSPI plus unilateral pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra (5 screws) while Group II included 21 patients had SSPI plus bilateral pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra (6 screws). The data of anterior body height compression (AVHC), sagittal Cobb's angle, internal fixation failure, restoration of nervous function, visual analogue score (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were analyzed.The groups were similar with regards to age, gender, LSC, AVHC and sagittal Cobb's angle preoperatively. Blood loss volume and operative duration were less in the Group I (109.2 ± 30.68 vs 110.0 ± 32.06 min, t = -0.086, P0.05 and 376.0 ± 303.1 vs 409.5 ± 361.1 ml, t = -0.342, P0.05). They were followed up for a minimum period of 12 months. In follow-up period was 17.48 ± 4.14 months in Group I versus 18.33 ± 4.31 months in Group II (t = -0.683, P0.05). All patients with initial partial neurologic deficits improved at the final follow-up. Radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes were similar in both groups.Pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra plus SSPI is an excellent surgical therapeutic choice for patients with a LSC range of 5-7 thoraclumbar fractures. The efficacies of unilateral and bilateral pedicle screw fixation at fracture level are the same.

To explore whether a tissue-engineered construct composed of autogenous endothelial cells, osteoblasts and a new bioresorbable nano-hydroxyapatite/recombinant human-like collagen/polylactic acid (nHA/RHLC/PLA) would enhance bone regeneration and repair femoral head defects in canine models.The bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from bone marrow of canine ilium and cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium:nutrient mixture F-12 culture media for 1 week and the second-generation BMSCs were further induced by osteogenic medium (1×10(-8) mol/L dexamethasone, 10 mmol/L B-sodium glycerophosphate and 50 µg/ml vitamin C) and by endothelial cell grow medium (vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor) for 14 days in vitro. Thus BMSCs were induced into ECs and OBs. After the second passage, cells were digested and collected.And cell density was adjusted to 1.0×10(6)/ml.The cells and nHA/RHLC/PLA scaffold were co-cultured for 2-4 hours then nHA/RHLC/PLA scaffold composites prepared. Cavity defects of 8 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height were made in femoral heads.The nHA/RHLC/PLA scaffold composited with ECs and osteoblasts (OBs) (group A) and composited with OBs (group B) were inserted into different defects while cell-free nHA/RHLC/PLA scaffold served as controls (group C). New bone formation and defect repair were evaluated at 3 and 6 months by radiographic examination, histology and bone histomorphometry.New bone formation was evident as early as 3 months in groups A, B and C.At 6 months, abundant bone tissue within defects was observed in group A. The control animals with cell-free scaffold showed less bone formation at both timepoints.The scaffold of nHA/RHLC/PLA was degraded and absorbed gradually with the formation of new bone tissues.Histology and bone histomorphometry further revealed significantly increased trabecular bones in group A compared with groups B and C at 6 months postimplantation (P0.01).More abundant new bone tissue may be found in the bone defect areas implanted with osteoblast-endotheliocyte composite than osteoblasts composite and scaffold materials only.ECs and osteoblasts derived from BMSC are ideal seed cells for repairing femoral head defects.

Thoracolumbar burst fracture is a common clinical injury, and the fracture mechanism is still controversial. The aim of this research was to study the formation of intracanal fracture fragments in thoracolumbar burst fractures and to provide information for the prevention of thoracolumbar bursts fractures and reduction of damage to the nervous system.A nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model of T11-3 segments was established, and the injury processes of thoracolumbar bursts were simulated. The intact finite element model and the finite element model after the superior articular were impacted by 100 J of energy in different directions. The distribution and variation of stress in the superior posterior region of the L1 vertebral body were analyzed. Abaqus 6.9 explicit dynamic solver was used as finite element software in calculations.A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the thoracolumbar spine was created. In the intact model, stress was concentrated in the superior posterior region of the L1 vertebral body. The stress peak was a maximum for the extension impact load and a minimum for the flexion impact load. The stress peak and contact force in the facet joint had close correlation with time. The stress peak disappeared after excision of the superior articular process.The three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was suitable for dynamic analysis. The contact force in the facet joint, which can be transferred to the superior posterior vertebral body, may explain the spinal canal fragment in thoracolumbar burst fractures.

To examine the effects of bone tissue from osteonecrosis of femoral head on the proliferation and differentiation of canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro culture.A canine model of femoral head osteonecrosis was induced by liquid nitrogen freezing. BMSC were isolated from dog ilium bone marrow by a combination of gradient centrifugation and adherent wall culture. Different bone tissues and BMSC were cultivated indirectly in vitro by co-cultured in Transwell plate. According to the culture media, 3 groups were established: blank group (10%FBS/DMEM), control group (10%FBS/DMEM+ bone tissue from natural femoral head) and experimental group (10%FBS/DMEM+ bone tissue from osteonecrosis of femoral head). Cell proliferation was measured by methyl-thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) method. Cell differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and its concentration examined. Alizarin red staining method was used to study the calcification effects and Oil red O staining method was used to detect if there was fat emergence.As compared with the blank group, the proliferation in the control and experiment groups were significantly promoted after culturing for Days 1, 3 and 5 (P0.05). The proliferation of the experiment group was higher than the control group at Day 5 and 7 day (P0.05). After a 7-day co-culturing, ALP staining was positive in the control and experiment groups. At Day 7 and 9, the ALP activity in culture fluid was in this order: control groupexperiment groupblank group (P0.05). Alizarin red staining show control group had the most calcium nodules (12.17 ± 2.48, P0.05) and the number of calcium nodules in the experiment group was more than the blank group (P0.05). Oil red O staining show there was no fat emergence after 21 days in every group.Both natural and osteonecrotic bone tissue of femoral head could promoted the proliferation of canine BMSC and induces them osteogenic differentiation but not lipo differentiation, bone tissue from osteonecrosis of the femoral head had more competence in promoting proliferation but less capability in inducing osteogenic differentiation than natural bone tissue of the femoral head.

The purpose of this study is to explore the risk factors affecting the postoperative transfusion of allogeneic blood in patients undergoing orthopedics surgery with intraoperative blood salvage (IBS). A retrospective study of 279 patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries with IBS from May 2013 to May 2015 was enrolled. The binary logistic regression was used to find out the risk factors associated with postoperative transfusion of allogeneic blood in orthopedics patients with IBS, and then receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to determine the optimal threshold of the regression model.Single factor analysis showed that age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, preoperative hemoglobin, operation time, received autologous blood, the laying time of autologous blood, bleeding volume, and postoperative drainage volume had significant effects on postoperative allogeneic blood transfusion.In binary logistic regression analysis, the independent factors predicting orthopedic patients with IBS need to transfuse allogeneic blood after surgeries were age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.415, P = 0.006), ASA grade (OR = 2.393, P = 0.035), preoperative hemoglobin (OR = 0.532, P = 0.022), and postoperative drainage volume (OR = 4.279, P = 0.000). The area under ROC curve was 0.79 and the predicted accuracy rate of the model was 81.58%.After operation, the orthopedic patients with IBS still have a high allogeneic blood transfusion rate, and IBS is not a perfect blood protection method. The logistic regression model of our study provides a reliable prediction for postoperative transfusion of allogeneic blood in orthopedic patients with IBS, which have a certain reference value.

To evaluate the efficacy of unilateral pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra in combination with the short segment of pedicle screw in the treatment of thoracolumbar fracture of mild to moderate instability.Twenty-six patients with single segment thoracolumbar fracture received unilateral pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra in combination with the short segment of pedicle screw from January 2008 to December 2009. There were 16 patients were male and 10 were female with an average age of 47.3 years (range from 39 to 60 years). Fracture severity score was constructed by using the load-sharing classification (4 points for 2 cases, 5 points for 14 cases, 6 points for 10 cases). By Frankel assessment system, 2 cases were in grade C, 3 in grade D, 21 in grade E. The assessment included anterior vertebral body height, the sagittal Cobb angle, the restoration of nervous function, visual analogue score (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI).The follow-up after the surgery was 13 - 26 months, with an average of 18.6 months. There were no fixation failure, defined as implant failure or ≥ 10° correction loss. The neurological status of 4 patients, who had an associated neurologic deficit preoperatively, was completely recovered. The Frankel grade of another case was re-rated D from the original C. The mean anterior vertebral body height increased from 57.0% ± 6.3% before the surgery to 93.1% ± 1.7% at the last follow-up(F = 455.276, P0.05). The sagittal Cobb angle decreased from 15.6° ± 4.7° before the surgery to 2.6° ± 5.2° at the last follow-up (F = 34.623, P0.05). VAS and ODI were 1.0 ± 0.7 and 17.0 ± 5.9 at the last follow-up.Unilateral pedicle screw fixation through the pedicle of fractured vertebra combined with the short segment of pedicle screw is effective for thoracolumbar fracture with mild to moderate instability.

Identifying reliable biomarkers for predicting thyroid nodules diagnosis needs understanding of all aspects of cancer cell death and survival. The thyroid nodule tissue samples were recovered from 80 patients who had undergone surgery treatment. Bioinformatics technology was used to explore the identification and characterization of Galectin-3 based on the thyroid carcinama. RNA from the thyroid nodule tissue samples was extracted, reverse transcripted. The partial gene of Galectin-3 was amplified non-specifically with the adapter molecule as primers, then all the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that a number of exogenous DNA fragments were obtained using DNase-sequence-independent single primer amplification. All results indicated that the Gal-3 gene showed the shift mutation in the postion of 301, 480 and 601, from Gly to Leu, Asp to Gly, Glu to Tyr from the thyroid cancer, comparad to the thyroid nodules. The partial Gal-3 gene variation as a diagnostic marker for thyroid nodules represents a promising avenue for future study, and its clinical application could significantly reduce the number of diagnostic thyroid operations performed for cases of indeterminant fine needle aspiration.

To measure such operative parameters of unipedicular kyphoplasty as optimal entry point, angle and depth so as to provide rationales for its clinical management and formulate a standardized protocol for unipedicular vertebroplasty.Ten dry thoracolumbar specimens were prepared for measurement. The entry and target points were defined according to the Roy-Camille method. A 3mm Kirschner wire was used to puncture and view in the anteroposterior and lateral aspects of radiography until a satisfying position. The outside oblique and upward oblique angles were measured on the radiographic pictures. After extraction, the depth of Kirschner wire was measured. The positions of entry point were changed and the largest upward oblique angle and largest declination angle measured on the radiographic pictures.For safe puncturing, as the outside oblique and upward oblique angles enlarged from T(11) to L(3), the length enlarged from T(11) to T(12) and L(1) to L(3). The accepted error was that the largest upward oblique angle and largest declination angle enlarged from T(11) to L(3). The alteration range for outside oblique angle was extremely narrow.The experimental results provide the guiding data for the operative management of unipedicular thoracolumbar vertebroplasty. If the pedicle is too small or the angle too narrow, the operative sophistication of vertebroplasty will be highly demanding.

To build an effective nonlinear three-dimensional finite-element (FE) model of T(11)-L(3) segments for a further biomechanical study of thoracolumbar spine.The CT (computed tomography) scan images of healthy adult T(11)-L(3) segments were imported into software Simpleware 2.0 to generate a triangular mesh model. Using software Geomagic 8 for model repair and optimization, a solid model was generated into the finite element software Abaqus 6.9. The reasonable element C3D8 was selected for bone structures. Created between bony endplates, the intervertebral disc was subdivided into nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus (44% nucleus, 56% annulus). The nucleus was filled with 5 layers of 8-node solid elements and annulus reinforced by 8 crisscross collagenous fiber layers. The nucleus and annulus were meshed by C3D8RH while the collagen fibers meshed by two node-truss elements. The anterior (ALL) and posterior (PLL) longitudinal ligaments, flavum (FL), supraspinous (SSL), interspinous (ISL) and intertransverse (ITL) ligaments were modeled with S4R shell elements while capsular ligament (CL) was modeled with 3-node shell element. All surrounding ligaments were represented by envelope of 1 mm uniform thickness. The discs and bone structures were modeled with hyper-elastic and elasto-plastic material laws respectively while the ligaments governed by visco-elastic material law. The nonlinear three-dimensional finite-element model of T(11)-L(3) segments was generated and its efficacy verified through validating the geometric similarity and disc load-displacement and stress distribution under the impact of violence. Using ABAQUS/ EXPLICIT 6.9 the explicit dynamic finite element solver, the impact test was simulated in vitro.In this study, a 3-dimensional, nonlinear FE model including 5 vertebrae, 4 intervertebral discs and 7 ligaments consisted of 78 887 elements and 71 939 nodes. The model had good geometric similarity under the same conditions. The results of FEM intervertebral disc load-displacement curve were similar to those of in vitro test. The stress distribution results of vertebral cortical bone, posterior complex and cancellous bone were similar to those of other static experiments in a dynamic impact test under the observation of stress cloud.With the advantages of high geometric and mechanical similarity and complete thoracolumbar, hexahedral meshes, nonlinear finite element model may facilitate the impact loading test for a further dynamic analysis of injury mechanism for thoracolumbar burst fracture.

This study was conducted to investigate the molecular occurrence and dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing MBLs recovered from the different wards in the affiliated hospital, Jilin. Antibiotic susceptibility test was determined using standard agar diffusion in conjunction with MBL screening methods. Plasmid profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were used to study the relatedness of isolates. The total of 120 were isolated from three wards and 89 strains (74.8%) produced MBLs, the number of 31 strains (25.2%) didn't produce MBLs. All MBLs isolates showed identical antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Among P. aeruginosa producing MBLs, 79 strains (88.9%) were positive for bla VIM-2 gene, 12 strains (11.1%) contained bla IMP-3 gene, which were located on transferable plasmids with class 1 integron. All MBLs isolates were closely related by PFGE and plasmid analysis. This study confirmed the potential risk of dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inter-and intrahospital clonal transfer of patients.

To detect the cartilage changes of hip joint with osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) in stages II and III and provide evidence for understanding cartilage changes of femoral head of osteonecrosis before collapse.The cartilage changes of ONFH were determined by delayed gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC). According to ARCO classification of ONFH, the samples were divided into three groups: Group A, 11 hips, stageII; Group B, 13 hips, stage III; Group C, 10 hips, normal. All participates underwent the tests by dGEMRIC. And the data of T1Gd were collected and analyzed.The values of T1Gd were 420 ± 60 (Group A), 361 ± 54(Group B) and 538 ± 26 (Group C) respectively. There was a significant difference among three groups. The values of T1Gd in the ONFH patients were lower than their healthy counterparts. The values of TIGd of Group B was 14% lower than those of Group A. And the difference was significant statistically.Cartilage of the femoral head undergoes abnormal metabolic changes before collapse. There is a loss of GAG in the cartilage and it aggravates with the worsening of ONFH.

This study was carried out to investigate the antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs in some major hospitals in Jilin regions. K. pneumonaie isolates were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. ESBLs were detected by screening and confirming method, PCR, sequncing and conjuation assay. A total of 259 of K. pneumoniae were isolated from three affilated hospitals and one hundred and seventy-nine strains (69.2%) produced ESBLs, the number of eighty strains (30.8%) didn't produce ESBLs. Among K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs, 37 strains were positive for bla SHV-2 gene, 44 strains contained bla TEM-2 gene, and 22 strains had bla CTX-M-1 gene, 21 strains contained bla CTX-M-2 gene, 19 strains contained bla CTX-M-3 and bla CTX-M-8 gene respectively, 17 strains contained bla CTX-M-9 gene. Imipenem was found as an effectiveness antibiotic against K. pneumoniae isolates. The data indicated a high prevalance of ESBL among K. pneumoniae in this region and their enzyme types were diverse.

Objective: To establish a practical, accurate and convenient DNA molecular genetic marker technique for the identification of Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum. Methods: The mtDNA were extracted from Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum and its adulterants by salting-out method respectively. Bioinformatics technology was used to explore the identification and characterization of mitochondrial cytobchrome b gene from Chinemys revisii and other turtle species. A pair of allele-specific PCR primers were designed according to the cyt b gene, the PCR amplification were performed with mtDNA extracted from Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum and its adulterants. Results: The pure and intact mtDNA was extracted from Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum and its adulterants. The pair of allele-specific primers could only amplify the cyt b gene of Chinemys revisii with amplification of 319 bp. Conclusion: The primers are specific to Chinemys revisii mtDNA and could be used to discern Testudinis carapax et Plastrum from its adulterants

Objective: To explore the characterization of DNA fingerprints among Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don and other species, and to establish effective method to identify Fritillari cirrhosa D. Don from other species. Methods: Genomic DNAs were extracted from Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don and other species by the phenol method respectively. The specific primers for Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don were designed by Primer Primer 5.0 according to the 5srDNA sequence in GenBank (Acession No. AF 2303201.1), and PCR technique (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was carried out to amplify the amplicon from the Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don and others species. Results: The complete 19.3 kb DNA fragments were obtained from the Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, F. prezwalskii Maxim, F. unibracteata Hsiao et K.C. Hsia. Only fragment with 274 bp was amplified from the Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don. Conclusion: The DNA fingerprint of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don showed the specific characteristics, which could be used to identify Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don from others species. The method is an effective, simple, rapid and reliable in identifying the Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don from others species.

Objective: To establish an accurate, rapid and efficient method to identify the characterization of DNA fingerprint from Trionycis carapax by using molecular biology techniques. Methods: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)was extracted from Trionycis carapax by phenol extraction method and salting-out method respectively. The cytobchrome b (Cytb) partial gene from Trionycis carapax was amplified with PCR by designing specific primers and the PCR products were sequenced and blasted in Genbank. Results: Complete 17.3 kb mtDNA was extracted from Trionycis carapax. The Cyt b gene sequence revealed that the 362 bp segments were identical to that described in GenBank accession number AY687385. Conclusion: Molecular biology techniques can be applied to identify the characterization of DNA fingerprint from Trionycis carapax, with achieving the efforts that were rapid, efficient in addition to high specificity.

MPC lotion is a kind of colloid solution extracted from several materials of Chinese herb medicines. The anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) activity of MPC lotion on Condyloma Acuminatum (CA) patients was investigated. In treated group, the verrucae of the CA patients were wiped out with a sterile cotton tip applicator dipped with MPC lotion and were put in the vagina as suppository once a day, for 7 days. In the control group, CO 2 laser therapeutic equipment and 1, 000, 000 IU of α-interferon were used to remove the verruvae. Results showed that no relapse patient was found in the MPC treated group, but 19 cases (63.4%) was relapsed in the control group after 8 months. The relapse rate in MPC group was significantly lower (x2=17.926, P < 0.01) than that in the control group. MPC lotion was an effective, safe, feasible and economical anti-HPV natural health product for curing CA.

To set up a new evalution method in diagnosis of different carcinomas through positive index (PI), sum of direct positive index (SDPI) and sum of indirect positive index (SIPI). PI was defined as a ratio of resulting value (RV) to reference value (RF) in the article. Statistics was carried out to calculated test results of serum tumor markers. With its difference from sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, the three indexes represented different tumors and related diseases. For those diseases which could not be differentiated by positive rates, the SDPI and SIPI would be used to distinguish a varieties of diseases with similar symptoms and provide better references in diagnosis of different carcinomas clinically.

To explore the short and mid-term outcome and surgical technique of minimally invasive unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) for osteoarthritis affected with medial compartment predominantly of the knee.From January 2003 to April 2009, all operations were performed by a senior surgeon. All patients followed the following criteria: (1) More than 50 years old and symptoms concentrated on the medial side of knee; (2) Osteoarthritis characterized mainly by medial compartment on X-rays and staged I-III by Ahlback staging system. There was no symptom of patellofemoral joint. Varus deformity was less than 15 degrees and flexuous deformity less than 10 degrees; (3) Knee joint was stable with intact main ligaments.Forty-eight patients (48 knees) with osteoarthritis of the knee undergone UKA by minimally invasive surgery. The patients included 9 males and 39 females with an age range of 52 - 71 years old and a body mass index of 21.1 - 32.7. And 52 matched patients included 9 males and 39 females aged from 53 to 76 years old and with a body mass index of 21 - 32.4 undergone TKA. The pain and range of motion (ROM) of knees were evaluated by HSS score system before and after UKA and TKA.All patients were followed up for an average of 52.4 months (range: 12 - 82). In UKA group, all patients received pain relief and there was no continuous anterior knee pain. The range of motion of knee reached a median of 126 degrees and obtained a postoperative HSS score of 96 versus a preoperative score of 62. The rate of excellent and good outcome approached 97%. The results were similar in TKA group. However, in UKA group, the patients had a lesser blood loss, a faster recovery and a lower cost than those in TKA group.The short and mid-term outcome of UKA for osteoarthritis of knee affected with medial compartment is satisfactory. UKA is minimally invasive and has a faster recovery. Mild asymptomatic degeneration of patellofemoral joint and over-weight (BMI32) do not affect the short and mid-term outcome.

To analyze retrospectively the formation and histological changes of sclerosis rim in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), and to study the relationship between bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP4) and sclerosis rim, so as to acquire experimental and theoretical basis on individualized treatment for ONFH patients.From November 2005 to November 2007, 184 hips of steroid-induced ONFH inpatients were collected. The mean age was (47 ± 7) years, the patients were divided into high (more than 54 years old), middle (40 - 54 years old) and low (less than 40 years old) age groups. Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively according to gender and age. Parts of the femoral heads were selected for the study, including 18 hips in high age group, 11 hips in low age group and 20 hips in middle age group. Each 10 hips were selected with or without sclerosis rim. The femoral heads were cut along middle coronal plane, their weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing areas were used for the study. The specimens were processed by routine HE staining and picric acid-Sirius red staining and electron microscopy preparation and immunohistochemistry stain. The average optical density of BMP4 protein was calculated by image analysis software.The trabecular of sclerosis rim was thickening and disorder. But its osteocytes were normal and with high secretion. The ratio of sclerosis rim was 71.4% (105/147) in middle age ONFH patients, which was significantly higher than the low age group patients (45.5%, 5/11) and high age group patients (38.5%, 10/26) (P0.01). The optical density of BMP4 in middle age ONFH patients was 0.32 ± 0.14, which was significantly higher than the low age group 0.20 ± 0.17 and high age patients 0.19 ± 0.27 (P0.05). The optical density was 0.16 ± 0.11 in ONFH patients without sclerosis rim, which was significantly lower than with sclerosis rim (0.28 ± 0.13) (P0.01). The time from hip pain to joint replacement in patients with sclerosis rim was (49 ± 11) months, and (15 ± 2) months without sclerosis rim. There was significant difference between the two groups (P0.01).The formation of sclerosis rim is positively related to the expression of BMP4, and high expression of BMP maybe promote the formation of sclerosis rim.

From individual randomized studies, it is not clear whether a closed suction drainage should be used after total knee arthroplasty. Our meta-analysis compares the clinical outcomes of closed suction drainage with nondrainage after total knee arthroplasty in randomized controlled trials reported between January 1966 and May 2010. Fifteen eligible trials involving 1361 knee incisions (686 knees with closed suction drainage and 675 knees without drainage) satisfied the inclusion criteria for our meta-analysis. The result of the meta-analysis indicates that closed suction drainage reduces the incidence of soft tissue ecchymosis and requirement for dressing reinforcement, but increases the rate of homologous blood transfusion. No significant difference between drainage and nondrainage was observed in the incidence of infection, deep venous thrombosis, or postoperative range of motion.

Sodium borohydride regioselectively reduced various 3-sulfonyl glutarimides 1 to hydroxy piperidones 2, which were further dehydrated to 3,4-dihydro-5-sulfonylpyridin-2-ones 3 in the presence of boron trifluoride. Formal synthesis of 8a-epi-dendroprimine (4) possessing an indolizidine ring system has been accomplished via intramolecular radical cyclization of cyclic vinyl sulfone 5.

To understand the curve of thoracolumbar junction in patients with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation and analyze the relation between thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation and spinal sagittal curve.The radiographic films of thoracolumbar junction of spine from 27 patients with thoracic disc herniation and 37 healthy persons as control were taken at reclining position. The Cobb angles of sagittal plane of thoracolumbar junction of spine were measured and statistically compared by SPSS (statistics package for social science).The Cobb angles of T10-L2, T10-L12 and T12-L2 in patients with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation were greater than those in healthy controls respectively.The Cobb angles of sagittal plane of thoracolumbar junction of spine in patients with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation are greater than those in healthy controls. The abnormal spinal curve is possibly responsible for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation by abnormal biomechanical action.

To assess the efficacy of UKA versus HTO in the treatment of unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis.Comparative studies of UKA and HTO were retrieved from the domestic and foreign literatures and included for a meta-analysis.Seven eligible randomized controlled trials included 196 UKAs and 219 HTOs. The result of Meta-analysis indicated that the ratio for an excellent outcome was higher in UKA than HTO. The combined OR was 2.43, 95%CI (1.46, 4.05) (P = 0.0006). The risks of revision and complications were lower in UKA than HTO. The combined OR was 0.47 and 0.24 and 95%CI (0.23, 0.97), (0.10, 0.56).UKA reduces the risk of postoperative revision and complications and provides excellent outcomes.

To detect the blood perfusion of the necrotic area and the femoral head and neck junction in the patients diagnosed as osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) with laser doppler flowmetry (LDF).From 2007 to 2008, 50 patients with ONFH 82 hips were performed core decompression and autologous stem cells transplantation. Group A was for ARCO stage II 46 hips (IIA 6 hips, IIB 22 hips, IIC 18 hips), and Group B was for stage III 36 hips (IIIA 20 hips, IIIB 10 hips, IIIC 6 hips). Blood perfusion of necrotic area and femoral head and neck junction with LDP were detected during the operation. Statistical analysis was made.In Group A, the perfusion volume of necrotic area was (30.2 +/- 3.0) PU, and the perfusion volume of femoral head and neck junction was (103.4 +/- 4.4) PU. In Group B, the perfusion volume of necrotic area was (30.6 +/- 2.8) PU, and the perfusion volume of femoral head and neck junction was (103.4 +/- 3.9) PU. In Group A and Group B, the perfusion volume of necrotic area was lower than that of femoral head and neck junction, and the difference was significant (P0.01).LDF can effectively detect that the perfusion volume of ONFH decreased, which provides a theoretical basis in order to further study the pathogenesis of ONFH. Meanwhile, there is application value of LDF on the study of ONFH.

To investigate the changes of structure and metabolism of the cartilage of femoral head overlying the bone defect in animal model and analyse the possible effect of the necrotic area of the femoral head on the cartilage overlying there.18 adult hybrid dogs was applied for bone defect model of femoral head. Of the femoral heads, the left was applied for bone defect model, the right for shame-operation. 5, 5, and 8 animals were sacrificed respectively 4, 12 and 24 weeks after operation and the femoral heads were received for examinations. The X-rays films were taken just before the animals were sacrificed. After the cartilage specimens were decalcified, dehydrated and embedded, sections 6, u thick were made. They were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, sirius-red and toilude blue. The biochemical assay were performed.12 and 24 weeks after operation of bone defect, cartilage histology and biochemistry demonstrated the signs of articular cartilage pathological changes. The arrangement of chondrocytes were disorder. The number of chondrocytes decreased. The cartilage surface lost its smoothness, and these kinds of changes were more severe in the area next to the bone defect. Fibrosis and vasi formation were found. Tidemark had the changes of discontinuation and veil. Glycosaminoglycans decreased.The bone defect, whose damaged structure strength and decreased blood supply is similar, had effect on the structure and metabolism of the articular cartilage near the bone defect, and suggest osteonecrosis at the stage of pro-collapse may affect the cartilage overlying it.

To analyze the pelvic stability after type I resection of iliac tumor.Six adult cadaveric specimens were tested. The iliac subtotal resection models were established according to Ennecking's type I resection. Markers were affixed to the key region of the pelves. Axial loading from the proximal lumbar was applied by MTS load cell in the gradient of 0-500 N in the double feet standing state. Images in front view were obtained using CCD camera. Based on Image J software, displacements of the first sacral vertebrae (S1) of the resected pelves and the intact pelves were calculated using digital marker tracing method with center-of-mass algorithm.Serious instabilities were found in the resected pelves. S1 rotational movements around the normal side femoral head of the resected pelvis were found. The average vertical displacement of S1 of the resected pelvis was (7 +/- 3) mm under vertical load of 500 newtons, which were 8.3 times compared to the intact pelvis. The average angle of S1 rotation around the normal side femoral head of the resected pelvis was (4.0 +/- 1.8) degrees, which were 12.5 times compared to the intact pelvis.Biomechanical model of type I resection of iliac tumor are established. Essential pelvic reconstruction must be introduced because of the serious instability of the bone defection after tumor resection.

To develop a three-dimensional finite element model of normal total adult human pelvis and to establish a platform for biomechanical research of human pelvis.186 series of traverse CT images of the pelvis, from the third lumbar vertebra (L3) to the upper third of femur, obtained with spiral CT scanning on a healthy man, aged 42, without diseases of lumbar vertebrae and pelvis, were processed. A three-dimensional finite element model of pelvis was constructed directly by producing the units and nodes with the pixels of the original CT films, using ANSYS finite analytical system.A three-dimensional finite element model of normal human pelvis was constructed including lumbar and proximal femur, which could be divided into 207,248 nodes and 721,820 units.The established three-dimensional finite element model of normal adult is valid and reasonable, and can be used for biomechanical analysis.