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ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors associated with hypoglycemia in community patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）.MethodsA case-control study was performed among 914 patients with T2DM and no medical history of hypoglycemia were selected in the Diabetes Unit of Tongji University School of Medicine Affiliated Anting Community Health Center in 2018. A total of 196 patients with T2DM who had ≥1 hypoglycemia event in the past 12 months were presented as the case group， and 718 patients who did not have any hypoglycemia event during the same period were included as the control group. Medical history， medication， life style， and related factors were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors associated with hypoglycemia.ResultsHistory of coronary heart disease ［adjusted odds ratio（aOR）=2.077， 95% CI： 1.293-3.337］， renal disease （aOR=4.775， 95% CI： 1.537-14.830）， and previous insulin use （aOR =1.765， 95%CI： 1.147-2.716） significantly increased the risk of hypoglycemia， while angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors（ACEI）（aOR =0.127， 95%CI： 0.044-0.366） and β-receptor blockers （aOR =0.271， 95%CI： 0.119-0.616） decreased the risk of hypoglycemia among diabetic patients.ConclusionIncidence of hypoglycemia in community patients with diabetes is high. History of coronary heart disease and kidney disease， and previous insulin use may increase the risk of hypoglycemia， which warrants further attention by community general practitioners.

AbstractInsufficient adhesion between ultrathin wearing courses (UTWCs) and substrate layers can result in pavement distress. Epoxy asphalt exhibits potential as a tack coat due to its high bonding strength and thermal stability. However, its rapid curing may pose challenges to construction schedules. This study aimed to optimize the formulations of epoxy asphalt tack coats (EATCs) to enhance the interfacial adhesion and working performance of UTWCs. The adhesion of EATCs was evaluated through rotational viscosity and tensile tests. Design parameters were optimized using analysis of variance and microscopic tests. Road performance was assessed via interlayer shear and tensile testing on three pavement structures. The results indicated that the curing agent strongly influenced the properties and curing kinetics of EATCs. Formulations containing complex polysebacic polyanhydride (CPSPA-EA) exhibited superior bonding while meeting construction schedules. Microscopic analysis of CPSPA-EA revealed a stable crosslinked network formed at 30% binder dosage. The amount of spraying significantly impacted the adhesion in UTWC structures. The optimal spraying amounts were 0.60 kg/m2 for asphalt concrete (AC-13), 0.55 kg/m2 for stone matrix asphalt (SMA-13), and 0.40 kg/m2 for cement concrete substrate layers. These findings presented an optimization framework for designing EATCs to enhance UTWCs working and long-term performance through balanced tack formulations and application parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much effort in the past few years has been made in tunnelling, however, no work has been reported so far on how to maintain the maximum tunnelling of complex optical fields in waveguides, due to the limitations of existing physical mechanisms. Here, a new paradigm is presented for realizing anomalous wave tunnelling through a general effective double‐barrier model constructed by dispersion engineering, while preserving mode information. The observed tunnelling mechanism is corroborated well by experimental results in the microwave realm. Specifically, evanescent waves bridge the gap between external space and potential well, allowing us to modulate the leaky modes within the potential well and thus achieve multiple resonant tunnelling. Due to the constant phase difference between adjacent maximum tunnelling, such mechanism broadens the potential of binary integrated devices. For example, assembling the tunnelling unit into arrays straightforwardly alleviates the trade‐off dilemma between diffraction law and cut‐off frequency. In addition, this approach provides an ideal toolbox for achieving multifunctional tunnelling across waveguide modes of various orders or polarizations, which can boost various applications in optical filters, tunneling lasers, optical switching, and sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk tin‐based monochalcogenides are composed of earth‐abundant, low‐cost, and non‐toxic chemical elements, which possess high thermoelectric properties making them candidate for waste heat recovery applications. Bandgap engineering offers opportunity to customize the characteristics of semiconductors as desired applications in microelectronic, thermoelectric, and so on. The bandgap of tin‐based monochalcogenides is systematically regulated by the solid‐solution method. The thermal and optical properties of SnSe(1–x)Sx (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) single crystals, synthesized successfully by a home‐modified Bridgman method, have been systematically investigated. A variety of characterizations, including x‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, absorbance spectroscopy, and thermal analyzer, are employed to confirm the precise tuning of the component. As the S compositions increased from 0 to 1, the unit cell parameter, interplanar spacing, and optical phonon frequency exhibited a linear change, aligning with the expected bandgap shifts and calculated results. Our work will promote the advancement of the SnSe and SnS materials in areas including thermoelectricity and photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a book that showcases the latest advancements in research on long-life road infrastructures. The book covers a wide range of topics, including materials and structures, performance evaluation, and modeling. The articles in the book discuss various innovative approaches and techniques for maintaining and managing rural road networks, evaluating pavement performance, and enhancing the durability and sustainability of road structures. The research presented in the book contributes to the development of more efficient and durable road systems that can withstand the demands of modern transportation networks. [Extracted from the article]

To achieve the efficient resource utilization of municipal sludge and promote the sustainability of pavement materials, this study employed liquefaction technology to process municipal sludge. The resulting liquefied-sludge-derived heavy oil was blended with 50# asphalt to prepare a bio-asphalt that can replace petroleum asphalt. Firstly, orthogonal experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of the solid–liquid ratio (dried sludge:anhydrous ethanol), liquefaction temperature, and reaction time on the yield of the sludge-derived heavy oil. Then, the basic characteristics of the sludge-derived heavy oil were studied using an elemental analyzer, gel permeation chromatography, thermal analysis, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the differences between the sludge-derived heavy oil and petroleum asphalt were compared. Finally, to determine the appropriate content range of sludge-derived heavy oil in bio-asphalt, a comprehensive evaluation of the three major indicators, aging resistance, storage stability, low-temperature performance, and high-temperature performance was carried out for the prepared bio-asphalts. The results indicated that the optimal preparation process for liquefied sludge oil involves a liquefaction temperature of 275 °C, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:15, and a reaction time of 1 h, resulting in an oil production rate of 22.36%. The sludge-derived heavy oil demonstrated good thermal stability, with its primary components being aliphatic compounds (carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, alkanes, esters, etc.), with esters being the most abundant. Furthermore, the sludge-derived heavy oil was highly compatible with 50# asphalt, but no chemical reaction occurred between them. When the sludge-derived heavy oil content ranged from 5% to 20%, bio-asphalt showed favorable aging resistance and storage stability. As the content of the sludge-derived heavy oil increased, its low-temperature performance improved, but there was a slight decrease in high-temperature performance. Additionally, correlation analysis highlighted that the influence of sludge-derived heavy oil content on the high-temperature performance of bio-asphalt was notably greater than on other properties. Therefore, the recommended dosage of sludge-derived heavy oil should be between 5% and 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a community-based cohort study to predict the 3-year occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among population aged ≥60 years. Participants were selected from two communities through randomized cluster sampling in Jiading District of Shanghai, China. The two communities were randomly divided into a development cohort (n = 12012) and a validation cohort (n = 6248) with a 3-year follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors. A nomogram was established to predict the occurrence of CKD within 3 years. The area under the curve (AUC), the calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) curve were used to evaluate the model. At baseline, participants in development cohort and validation cohort were with the mean age of 68.24 ± 5.87 and 67.68 ± 5.26 years old, respectively. During 3 years, 1516 (12.6%) and 544 (8.9%) new cases developed CKD in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Nine variables (age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, exercise, previous hypertension, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin and serum creatinine) were included in the prediction model. The AUC value was 0.742 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.728–0.756] in the development cohort and 0.881(95%CI, 0.867–0.895) in the validation cohort, respectively. The calibration curves and DCA curves demonstrate an effective predictive model. Our nomogram model is a simple, reasonable and reliable tool for predicting the risk of 3-year CKD in community-dwelling elderly people, which is helpful for timely intervention and reducing the incidence of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Capillary glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) may enhance screening for childhood prediabetes and diabetes, but variations in this parameter remain unclear. We aimed to develop percentiles of HbA1c and explore the influence of various variables on HbA1c level among Chinese children. Study Design and Methods. The data were derived from the Shanghai Children's Health and Nutrition Community‐based Epidemiologic Survey (CHANCE). A total of 4,615 children aged 3–12 years were included. The capillary HbA1c level was measured using point‐of‐care (POC) testing analyzers. Abnormal HbA1c level was identified as HbA1c (%) value equal to or above the 95th percentile of the nomograms. Results. The mean HbA1c value was 5.30% (SD = 0.50%). The age‐specific 95th percentile thresholds of HbA1c (%) ranged from 5.9 to 6.2 among all children. In the whole participants, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), outdoor activity frequency, and daily sleep duration were positively associated with high HbA1c. Among preschool‐aged children, TC and sleep duration ≥10 hr per day were associated with increased risk of being in the higher HbA1c (both P < 0.05). Among the school‐aged group, positive associations with HbA1c levels were identified for TC, living with grandparents, frequency of outdoor activity, and sleep duration (all P < 0.05). Conclusions. The present study established capillary HbA1c percentiles based on a large sample of Chinese children among aged 3–12 years. Daily sleep duration and frequency of outdoor activity, BMI, and TC were found to be associated with high HbA1c. Actions of successful public strategies that focus on promoting a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical exercise to reduce weight among children, are needed. Key Points. We used POC testing for capillary HbA1c with a finger‐stick sample which may offer an opportunity to enhance screening and early diagnosis for childhood and adolescent diabetes, which was suggested as an essential premise to determine the subject's glycemic status by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Capillary HbA1c levels fluctuate during childhood, while there has been no population‐based study on HbA1c reference values in Chinese youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]