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This study aims to determine how the distribution of Carpinus betulus L. (Linnaeus 1763) has changed from LGM to the present and the future. For this purpose, the species fossil pollen data, occurrence data, and bioclimatic variables obtained from WorldClim were used in this study. Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios and Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) model were used for future projection. The PCA method was applied to these variables, and nine variables were determined for species distribution models (SDMs). Models were produced with MaxEnt 3.4.1, and ArcGIS 10.5. Among the nine bioclimatic variables, the BIO18 parameter had the highest contribution to the resulting prediction pattern. The accuracy of the models was measured as 0.83 with the AUC test and 0.80 with the TSS test. According to the obtained results, the most suitable distribution areas of Carpinus betulus in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were the Black Sea region and Western Anatolia. In the future, distribution patterns of Carpinus betulus may shift to the north by decreasing the available present distribution areas in Anatolia and its surroundings. When the models produced according to different climate scenarios for the future are examined, it is predicted that the species will preserve most of the distribution areas in Anatolia according to the RCP 2.6, and will lose most of its distribution areas based on the RCP 4.5. The suitable distribution area will almost disappear according to the RCP 8.5. Hence, these results should be taken into account to improve conservation and management plans for Carpinus betulus and considering biodiversity, and model results will make an important contribution to the future distribution of hornbeams habitat in Anatolia and its surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During glacial times, the North Atlantic region was affected by serious climate changes corresponding to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles that were linked to dramatic shifts in sea temperature and moisture transfer to the continents. However, considerable efforts are still needed to understand the effects of these shifts on terrestrial environments. In this context, the Iberian Peninsula is particularly interesting because of its close proximity to the North Atlantic, although the Iberian interior lacks paleoenvironmental information so far because suitable archives are rare. Here we provide an accurate impression of the last glacial environmental developments in central Iberia based on comprehensive investigations using the upper Tagus loess record. A multi-proxy approach revealed that phases of loess formation during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 (and upper MIS 3) were linked to utmost aridity, coldness, and highest wind strengths in line with the most intense Greenland stadials also including Heinrich Events 3–1. Lack of loess deposition during the global last glacial maximum (LGM) suggests milder conditions, which agrees with less-cold sea surface temperatures (SST) off the Iberian margin. Our results demonstrate that geomorphological system behavior in central Iberia is highly sensitive to North Atlantic SST fluctuations, thus enabling us to reconstruct a detailed hydrological model in relation to marine–atmospheric circulation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the study of mitochondrial variability in ancient humans has allowed the definition of population dynamics that characterised Europe in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Despite the abundance of sites and skeletal remains few data are available for Italy. We reconstructed the mitochondrial genomes of three Upper Palaeolithic individuals for some of the most important Italian archaeological contexts: Paglicci (South-Eastern Italy), San Teodoro (South-Western Italy) and Arene Candide (North-Western Italy) caves. We explored the phylogenetic relationships of the three mitogenomes in the context of Western Eurasian ancient and modern variability. Paglicci 12 belongs to sub-haplogroup U8c, described in only two other Gravettian individuals; San Teodoro 2 harbours a U2'3'4'7'8'9 sequence, the only lineage found in Sicily during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene; Arene Candide 16 displays an ancestral U5b1 haplotype already detected in other Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers from Central Europe. Regional genetic continuity is highlighted in the Gravettian groups that succeeded in Paglicci. Data from one of the oldest human remains from Sicily reinforce the hypothesis that Epigravettian groups carrying U2'3'4'7'8'9 could be the first inhabitants of the island. The first pre-Neolithic mitogenome from North-Western Italy, sequenced here, shows more affinity with continental Europe than with the Italian peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the still standing paradigm of local evolution in Upper Paleolithic (UP) research in Eastern European Paleolithic archaeology, this article proposes a view that sees the Late UP record as a punctuated presence of different UP industries in the southern part of Eastern Europe, i.e. the Great North Black Sea region. This punctuated presence seems to be predominantly connected to the influence of palaeoenvironmental conditions around the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Basic UP features can be summarized as follows: the exclusive occurrence of Epi-Aurignacian sites during Heinrich Event 2; the permanent presence of a regional variant of Epigravettian sites in the Great North Black Sea region since the LGM sensu stricto despite lacking evidence of the preceding Gravettian; the absence of any "generic industrial links" between the Gravettian and Epigravettian in the central part of Eastern Europe; an Early Epigravettian "hiatus" in the central part of Eastern Europe that might explain the presence of some assemblages of "Magdalenian character" before the appearance of Late Epigravettian sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific Late Upper Paleolithic Byki site complex is located in the Seim River basin, in the center of Eastern Europe. It consists of four sites with preserved cultural layers. They are designated as Byki 1, Peny (Byki 4), Byki 5, Byki 7. Materials from other four sites (Byki 2, Byki 3, Byki 6 and Byki 8) are represented only by surface finds. Radiocarbon uncalibrated dates for major Byki sites are in between 18 and 16000 BP. Late Upper Paleolithic human occupations at Byki sites have been of a short-termed character. Byki site fauna collections are characterized by a dominance of ungulate and fur game species, while the most known LGM sites in the center of Eastern Europe and in the Seim river basin show a clear prevalence of mammoth. The Byki sites can be divided into 2 groups in accordance with the features of stone inventory. The sites of Byki-5, 6, 7 (cultural layer II) and Byki-8 are represent lamellar flint industries with a dominance of burins and backed bladelets among tools. This is also characteristic of other LGM sites in the center of Eastern Europe. At the same time, the materials of the sites of Peny, Byki 1, 2, 3 and Byki 7 (cultural layers I, Ib, Ia and Ic) sites are related to Byki archaeological culture. There were already identified the following two tool categories serving as cultural indicators for the discussing archaeological culture: flint triangles of Byki type and bone/antler elongated points of Byki type with a one-sided natural groove. Byki bone/antler points and flint triangles do not correspond to the already known other tool types serving as "cultural-chronological markers" for various known European Late Upper Paleolithic industries. It is suggested that the discussing originality of Byki site artifacts is associated with local characteristics of natural environment and hunting pattern leading to development of some specific and optimal projectile weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In unglaciated terrain, the imprint of past glacial periods is difficult to discern. The topographic signature of periglacial processes, such as solifluction lobes, may be erased or hidden by time and vegetation, and thus their import diminished. Belowground, periglacial weathering, particularly frost cracking, may have imparted a profound influence on weathering and erosion rates during past climate regimes. By combining a mechanical frost‐weathering model with the full suite of Last Glacial Maximum climate simulations, we elucidate the meters‐deep magnitude and continent‐spanning expanse of frost weathering across unglaciated North America at ∼21 ka. The surprising extent of modeled frost weathering suggests, by proxy, the broad legacy of diverse periglacial processes. Complementing previous studies that championed the role of precipitation‐driven changes in Critical Zone evolution, our results imply an additional strong temperature control on surficial process efficacy across much of modern North America, both during glacial periods and modern climes. Plain Language Summary: Hillslopes and rivers are shaped by both modern and past climates. Climate and ecosystems drive how fast bedrock weathers, soil is produced, sediment moves downslope and rivers respond. We know that during glacial periods, unglaciated regions beyond the reach of ice sheets were much colder than today. By applying a frost‐weathering model (which predicts changes in porosity, and thus rock damage, due to growth of ice lenses) to Last Glacial Maximum paleoclimatic simulations, we demonstrate the surprising extent and magnitude of periglacial processes 21,000 years ago across much of North America. No matter which paleoclimate simulation one chooses, the results point to just how extensive frost weathering processes were during the last glacial period, and by extension, multiple glacial periods of earth's history. Based on the widespread occurrence of glacial‐period frost weathering over meter‐scale depths, we suggest that past cold climates have had a significant impact on modern landscapes, both through lingering impact on subsurface pathways for water and thus chemical weathering, and the rock damage that contributes to the rate at which rock disaggregates into sediment and potential instability due to nonsteady rates of hillslope and river processes. Key Points: Frost weathering was extensive in unglaciated North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)LGM frost weathering and by association other periglacial processes occupied an area at least 3x greater than the mapped permafrost extentInherited impacts from frost‐driven weathering during glacial periods has potential to influence modern Critical Zone function and form [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eastern Carpathians the legacy of glaciation is preserved in several isolated mountain massifs. This paper presents new mapping results of glaciated valley land systems in the Rodna Mountains, the highest part of the eastern Carpathians (2303 m above seal level). In most of the glacial valleys, the maximal Pleistocene extent is marked by freshly shaped moraines, which are referred in this study as the Pietroasa glacial stage and regarded as the last glacial maximum (LGM) advance. Only in three valleys do older Şesura glacial stage moraines (pre-LGM, likely Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6) occur. On the basis of the geomorphological record, we reconstruct the extent, surface geometry, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of Pietroasa-stage glaciers. The local ELA pattern of north-exposed glaciers in the Rodna Mountains shows a rising trend towards the southeast, which suggests dominant snow-bearing winds and orographically induced precipitation from the west. This finding fits well with the dominant palaeo-wind direction inferred from other Carpathian proxies and confirms the dominance of zonal circulation pattern during the global LGM in central eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holocene temperature proxy records are commonly used in quantitative synthesis and model‐data comparisons. However, comparing correlations between time series from records collected in proximity to one another with the expected correlations based on climate model simulations indicates either regional or noisy climate signals in Holocene temperature proxy records. In this study, we evaluate the consistency of spatial correlations present in Holocene proxy records with those found in data from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Specifically, we predict correlations expected in LGM proxy records if the only difference to Holocene correlations would be due to more time uncertainty and more climate variability in the LGM. We compare this simple prediction to the actual correlation structure in the LGM proxy records. We found that time series data of ice‐core stable isotope records and planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca ratios were consistent between the Holocene and LGM periods, while time series of Uk'37 proxy records were not as we found no correlation between nearby LGM records. Our results support the finding of highly regional or noisy marine proxy records in the compilation analysed here and suggest the need for further studies on the role of climate proxies and the processes of climate signal recording and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Faustina faustina is a conchologically highly diverse forest gastropod with several morphological forms. It is a Carpathian species, but it also occurs in northern isolated localities, where it was probably introduced. We performed the first phylogeographic analysis of 22 populations, based on three molecular markers: COI, ITS-2, and 28S rRNA. Genetic data were complemented by paleo-distribution models of spatial occupancy during the Last Glacial Maximum to strengthen inferences of refugial areas. We discovered high genetic variability of COI sequences with p-distances between haplotypes ranged from 0.2 to 18.1% (6.3–16.6% between clades). For nuclear markers, a haplotype distribution pattern was revealed. Species distribution models indicated a few potential refugia in the Carpathians, with the most climatically stable and largest areas in the Southern Carpathians. In some climate scenarios, putative microrefugia were also predicted in the Western and Eastern Carpathians, and in the Apuseni Mts. Our results suggest the glacial in situ survival of F. faustina and its Holocene expansion in the Sudetes. Although our genetic data as well as shell phenotypes showed considerable variation within and between studied populations, the molecular species delimitation approaches still imply only one single species. Our study contributes to the understanding of the impact of processes on shaping contemporary population genetic structure and diversity in low-dispersal, forest species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes a disease called trichomoniasis in humans. It affects the urogenital tract and is one of the most important causes of non-viral genitourinary sexually transmitted infection (STI). The host's immune response plays a very important role in the onset of pathological symptoms and their differences between infected people. During the period from July to December 2019, 30 samples were collected, 20 of infected women with T. vaginalis and 10 samples as a control group from reviews of external women's clinics in Kirkuk city, whose ages ranged between 18-56 years so this study was designed to know the effect of infection with T. vaginalis parasite on some immunological parameters such as the role of humoral immune response based on the production of immunoglobulins IgM, IgG, IgA against the parasite and there estimation in serum by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique as well as estimating the C-Reactive protein concentration as an indication of systemic inflammation and of serum iron level . The results of the current study showed a "significant" increase in the level of immunoglobulins IgM, IgG in serum of women infected with T. vaginalis compared to the control group, as the level of IgM (8. 2 ± 2.9 ng/dl), (6.3 ± 0.5 ng/dl) Consequently, at the level (p <0.05), the level of IgG was (8.16 ± 2.20 ng/dl), (6.53 ± 1.69 ng/dl) for the infected women and the control group, respectively. As for the level of IgA, the results showed non-significant increase in the affected women compared with control group (8.22 ± 3.1 ng/dl), (7.82 ± 2.8 ng/dl), respectively. The results of estimating the CRP concentration showed a significant increase in the infected women compared to the control group (5.76± 1.56 mg/dl), (4.61± 0.66 mg/dl), respectively. While the results of measuring the level of iron showed a significant decrease among infected women and the control group (38.79 ±8.23 mg/dl), (93.83± 34.76 mg/dl), respectively. We conclude from the above that infection with T.vaginals stimulates the humoral immune response and affects on immunoglobulins levels, CRP concentration and Iron serum level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are highly sensitive to environmental and climatic changes. Palaeoecological reconstructions utilising tropical African fungal spores, however, are rare and patchy. Here, we show that fossil fungal spores preserved in core KAP‐01 from the Cherangani Hills in Kenya tracks critical environmental changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), largely synchronous with observations in the pollen record from the same site. Consistent with the pollen record, the presence of fungal taxa in the record, albeit meagre, during the LGM point to an intermittent wetter Cherangani that allowed for the presence of the observed taxa and the prevalence of cool, dry conditions during the last deglaciation. The elevated fungal spore activity during the Late Holocene is evidence for warm, moist environmental conditions and broadly consistent with the pollen record. These different fungal spore taxa, which can be employed to track distinct environmental conditions and processes, provide a dimension that can be overlooked if the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment were to rely solely on pollen. Thus the fungal spore record enables us to affirm the interpretation of the prevalence of warm, moist conditions evident from such as the Holocene pollen record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: During the Plio‐Pleistocene, glacial cycles shaped Northern Hemisphere species' distributions causing range contractions followed by interglacial expansions. In migratory bird species, climatic changes could result in a rapid reshaping of their ranges and/or migratory behaviour, given their dispersal capacity. In this context, it has been suggested that long‐distance North American migratory species could have lost their migratory condition during cold glacial periods, regaining it later in warmer periods. Here, we explored this hypothesis for extant Eurasian‐African migratory bird species. Location: Eurasia and Africa. Taxon: Migratory birds. Methods: We used Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to infer the present and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) potential distribution of 81 Trans‐Saharan migratory bird species, and reviewed the available bird fossil record for the Plio‐Pleistocene covering Eurasia and Africa. Results: SDMs predicted a reduction of the northern edges of the breeding ranges during the LGM compared to the present. However, the current wintering ranges were somewhat similar in the Pleistocene, with the Saharan desert belt gap being always present through time, not overlapping with their breeding ranges. The fossil record also supports the persistence of migration during the Pleistocene. Main conclusions: The palaeo‐distributions and absence of medullary bone in Pleistocene fossils from wintering Euro‐African migratory species confirm that they were migratory, providing independent support for our models. The hypothesis of the loss of migratory behaviour in these species during the Pleistocene is not supported. Furthermore, the differences in migratory species from Eurasia‐Africa and the Americas can be influenced by geographical differences, the persistence of the Mediterranean basin as climatically suitable area during glaciations and the existence of the Saharan belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronologically well-constrained loess-palaeosols (recorded glacial and inter-glacial climate) revealed pedogenesis induced ionic substitutions, caused end-member compositional deviations in illite and chlorite, linked to widespread climatic changes occurred during Late Pleistocene. Further, micro-level climatic resolution is yet to be resolved. Thus, layer-wise X-ray diffraction analyses of clay separates, followed by Rietveld refinement revealed varied cell parameters and interatomic distances. Obtained values for detrital and pedogenic illite and chlorite when plotted against stratigraphic succession show notable changes in the crystallographic axes. The illite lattices associated with inadequately pedogenized palaeosols have been altered into illite/smectite mixed layers, but, the chlorite lattices represent expansion of a-, b- and contraction of c-axes with much greater amount of distortions, suggestive of warm-humid and acidic environment. The detrital 48, 44 and 83, 74 bonded illite and chlorite with 2 sub-types each, when pedogenized retained 48, 44 and 34; and 83 and 74 bonds (in their neo-formed 3 and 2 sub-types), respectively. The Al–O bond shows expansion, but, unchanged Si–O and decreased Si–K and K–O bonds show loss of Al and retention of Si and K ions in the illite lattices. The illite with 32 atoms and 48 bonds represent contraction of K–O, Si–K, Al–O and Si–O bonds caused bond reinforcement; however, loss of Al3+ reflects all-out illite alteration. Owing to Al–O and K–O bond expansion, major K+ and Al3+ ionic loss occurred during the LGM, however, further ionic loss depends upon the magnitude of the loess-palaeosol weathering that they have suffered. The climate sensitive Fe, Mg and Al ionic losses for Fe–O, Mg–O and Al 11 –O 9 bond length expansions were recognized in the chlorite lattices. Such ionic losses are common, but, complete distortion is attributed to Al, Si, Fe and Mg ionic losses, followed by weakening of Al–O, Si–O, Fe–O and Mg–O bonds. Though, Si–O 4 and Fe 1 –O 4 bonds, and Si and Fe 1st ions remain intact. Thus, three major glacial episodes of ~5 ka each occurred under alkaline environment, but, intervened by two successive cycles of 55 ka each, encompassing three alternate warm and cold climatic sub-cycles of 12–15 ka. But, the coldness increases with each warm-cold sub-cycle that attained the glacial maxima. Further, these events correlate well with the deep-sea records of the North Atlantic (MIS-1 to MIS-5e) and CLP loess-palaeosols (~127 ka). Image 1 • Owing to illite Al–O and K–O weakening, major K+ and Al3+ loss occurred in LGM. • Climate sensitive chlorite lattices mark ionic losses from Fe–O, Mg–O and Al 11 –O 9. • Chlorite lattice distortions reflect warm-humid and acidic environment. • 3 glacial of ~5 ka bracketed 2 interglacial of ~55 ka each cover 3 warm/cold cycles. • These events correlate to MIS-1 to MIS-5e and CLP loess-palaeosols, cover ~127 ka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) has enjoyed widespread use as a palaeotracer, principally because it behaves quasi-conservatively in the modern ocean. However, recent bottom water εNd reconstructions from the eastern North Atlantic are difficult to interpret under assumptions of conservative behaviour. The observation that this apparent departure from conservative behaviour increases with enhanced ice-rafted debris (IRD) fluxes has resulted in the suggestion that IRD leads to the overprinting of bottom water εNd through reversible scavenging. In this study, a simple water column model successfully reproduces εNd reconstructions from the eastern North Atlantic at the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1, and demonstrates that the changes in scavenging intensity required for good model-data fit is in good agreement with changes in the observed IRD flux. Although uncertainties in model parameters preclude a more definitive conclusion, the results indicate that the suggestion of IRD as a source of non-conservative behaviour in the εNd tracer is reasonable and that further research into the fundamental chemistry underlying the marine neodymium cycle is necessary to increase confidence in assumptions of conservative εNd behaviour in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outwash rivers of the Venetian-Friulian plain promoted a high-rate aggradation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with large sedimentary bodies fed by major glaciers along the south-eastern side of the Alps. Glaciers were temperate-type, hold up by high precipitation rates and characterized by large amount of water trapped in subglacial lakes or funneled in speedy streams. The stratigraphic analysis of these sedimentary bodies showed sharp changes from coarse gravels to well-sorted sandy gravels few kilometers downstream. Large boulders, 1–2 m in size, are present in many sites, especially in the Tagliamento outwash plain, from the end-moraine system to about 13 km far to the south. Most of the boulders are located on the eastern area of the sandur and lie stratigraphically above a paleosol, radiocarbon dated to 31,114 ± 643 cal a BP, thus belonging to the LGM sandur of the Tagliamento glacier. In some locations these boulders are associated to large bars, showing a rough cross-bedding. Similar sedimentary structures are observed 2 km downstream of the LGM frontal moraines in the Astico outwash system, a 25-km-long transfluence tongue of the Adige-Brenta glacial complex. In this case the occurrence gravel dunes containing many boulders marks the evidence of a high-energy deposition. The occurrence of cross-bedded bars, embedding large boulders up to 2 m of diameter, in the piedmont plain of the south-eastern Alps is peculiar. Breaks of natural dams, such as the frontal moraines or the glacier itself, may have triggered glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that determined the formation of such gravel bars with meter-size clasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

230Th normalization is a valuable paleoceanographic tool for reconstructing high‐resolution sediment fluxes during the late Pleistocene (last ~500,000 years). As its application has expanded to ever more diverse marine environments, the nuances of 230Th systematics, with regard to particle type, particle size, lateral advective/diffusive redistribution, and other processes, have emerged. We synthesized over 1000 sedimentary records of 230Th from across the global ocean at two time slices, the late Holocene (0–5,000 years ago, or 0–5 ka) and the Last Glacial Maximum (18.5–23.5 ka), and investigated the spatial structure of 230Th‐normalized mass fluxes. On a global scale, sedimentary mass fluxes were significantly higher during the Last Glacial Maximum (1.79–2.17 g/cm2kyr, 95% confidence) relative to the Holocene (1.48–1.68 g/cm2kyr, 95% confidence). We then examined the potential confounding influences of boundary scavenging, nepheloid layers, hydrothermal scavenging, size‐dependent sediment fractionation, and carbonate dissolution on the efficacy of 230Th as a constant flux proxy. Anomalous 230Th behavior is sometimes observed proximal to hydrothermal ridges and in continental margins where high particle fluxes and steep continental slopes can lead to the combined effects of boundary scavenging and nepheloid interference. Notwithstanding these limitations, we found that 230Th normalization is a robust tool for determining sediment mass accumulation rates in the majority of pelagic marine settings (>1,000 m water depth). Key Points: 230Th normalization is a robust tool for calculating sedimentary mass fluxes230Th may be affected by hydrothermal and boundary scavenging in certain discrete regionsGenerally, 230Th mass fluxes are preferable over age model‐based mass accumulation rates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human presence in Poland during the Late Pleniglacial is evidenced by Gravettian sites, mostly from Małopolska. Such settlement almost disappears from the archaeological record during the period between 24 and 19 ky cal. BP. Only a few sites from that period have been discovered - two workshops without absolute chronology, and some meagre records of settlement with uncertain dating to the LGM. The Polish territory was resettled in the 19th and 16th millennium cal. BP onward, the settlers being associated with the Epi-Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climatic changes during the last glacial and deglacial have been related to variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Here, we present new and refined 231Pa/230Th down‐core profiles extending back to 30 ka BP from the northwestern Atlantic along the Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current, which is the main component of the southward deep backflow of the AMOC. Besides the well‐known Bermuda Rise records, available high‐resolution 231Pa/230Th data in the northwestern Atlantic are still sparse. Our new records along with reconstructions of deep water provenance from Nd isotopes constrain the timing and magnitude of past changes in AMOC from an additional northwestern Atlantic region forming a depth transect between 3,000‐ and 4,760‐m water depth. Our extended and improved data set confirms the weakening of the AMOC during deglacial cold spells such as Heinrich Event 1 and the Younger Dryas interrupted by a reinvigoration during the Bølling‐Allerød interstadial as seen in the prominent 231Pa/230Th records from the Bermuda Rise. However, in contrast to the Bermuda Rise records, we find a clearly reduced circulation strength during the Last Glacial Maximum in the deep Atlantic. Key Points: Four new 231Pa/230Th records form a depth transect in the northwestern Atlantic in millennial‐scale resolution back to 30 kaCombined records resolve millennial‐scale deep water variabilities like YD, B/A, HS1, LGM, and HS2Timing and magnitude of record variations are in line with the well‐known Bermuda Rise record with exception of the LGM [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic oscillations during the last glacial maximum (LGM) significantly affected the distribution patterns and genetic structure of extant plants. Northeast China (NEC) is a major biodiversity center in East Asia, and the influence of historical climate change on NEC populations is critical for understanding species responses to future climate change. However, only a few phylogeographic studies of cool temperate deciduous tree species have been conducted in the area, and results are inconsistent for species with different niches or distribution areas. We employed multiple chloroplast and nuclear markers to investigate the genetic structure of two ecologically contrasting species, Betula platyphylla and B. ermanii, in NEC. Rare haplotypes were identified in the chloroplast genome of these species, and both exhibited high levels of nucleotide diversity based on a fragment of the nuclear gene G3PDH and microsatellites. Moreover, significant phylogeographic structure was detected for B. platyphylla, suggesting that these populations had recolonized from independent glacial refuges, whereas no genetic structure was found for B. ermanii. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: The nSSR datasets used in the current study and the table of pairwise FST (below diagonal) and its standardized F'ST (above diagonal) among 25 populations based on seven SSRs are available from the Dryad (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.230d176). Sequences generated from this study were deposited in GenBank under Accession nos. KY199568–KY200162 and MK819541–MK819970. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM2) to determine the extent to which the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) temperature and precipitation climatologies from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 3 (PMIP3) simulations support the large North American ice sheets that were prescribed as a boundary condition. We force CISM2 with eight PMIP3 general circulation models (GCMs), and an additional model, GENMOM. Seven GCMs simulate LGM climatologies that support positive surface mass balances of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets (LIS, CIS) consistent with where ice was prescribed in the GCMs. Two GCMs simulate July temperatures that are too warm to support the ice sheets. Four of the nine CISM2 simulations support ice sheets in Beringia, in absence of prescribed ice in the driving GCMs and in disagreement with geologic evidence that indicates the area remained ice-free during the LGM. We test the sensitivity of our results to a range of snow and ice positive degree-day factors, daily, monthly, and climatological temperature and precipitation inputs, and we evaluate the role of albedo and snow in the simulations. Areas with perennial snow in the GCM simulations correspond well to the presence of ice in the CISM2 simulation. GCMs with unrealistically low surface albedos over the LIS yield simulations that fail to simulate realistic ice sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a robust and reliable framework based on L0 gradient minimization (LGM) and the fuzzy c-means (FCM) method to detect various fabric defects with diverse textures. In our framework, the L0 gradient minimization is applied to process the fabric images to eliminate the influence of background texture and preserve sharpened significant edges on fabric defects. Then, the processed fabric images are clustered by using the fuzzy c-means. Through continuous iterative calculation, the clustering centers of fabric defects and non-defects are updated to realize the defect regions segmentation. We evaluate the proposed method on various samples, which include plain fabric, twill fabric, star-patterned fabric, dot-patterned fabric, box-patterned fabric, striped fabric and statistical-texture fabric with different defect types and shapes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has a good detection performance compared with other state-of-the-art methods in terms of both subjective and objective tests. In addition, the proposed method is applicable to industrial machine vision detection with limited computational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, tides supply approximately half (1 TW) of the energy necessary to sustain the global deep meridional overturning circulation (MOC) through diapycnal mixing. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 19,000–26,500 years BP), tidal dissipation in the open ocean may have strongly increased due to the 120‐ to 130‐m global mean sea level drop and changes in ocean basin shape. However, few investigations into LGM climate and ocean circulation consider LGM tidal mixing changes. Here, using an intermediate complexity climate model, we present a detailed investigation on how changes in tidal dissipation would affect the global MOC. Present‐day and LGM tidal constituents M2, S2, K1, and O1 are simulated using a tide model and accounting for LGM bathymetric changes. The tide model results suggest that the LGM energy supply to the internal wave field was 1.8–3 times larger than at present and highly sensitive to Antarctic and Laurentide ice sheet extent. Including realistic LGM tide forcing in the LGM climate simulations leads to large increases in Atlantic diapycnal diffusivities and strengthens (by 14–64% at 32°S) and deepens the Atlantic MOC. Increased input of tidal energy leads to a greater drawdown of North Atlantic Deep Water and mixing with Antarctic Bottom Water altering Atlantic temperature and salinity distributions. Our results imply that changes in tidal dissipation need be accounted for in paleoclimate simulation setup as they can lead to large differences in ocean mixing, the global MOC, and presumably also ocean carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Key Points: Modeled deep ocean tidal dissipation approximately doubled during the LGM, but the magnitude is dependent on LGM ice sheet extentIncrease in LGM tidal mixing enhances diffusivities in the LGM ocean, especially in the AtlanticIncluding LGM tidal mixing in climate model simulations strengthens the LGM MOC and alters ocean temperature and salinity distributions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European brown bear (Ursus arctos) shows a particular phylogeography that has been used to illustrate the model for contraction-expansion dynamics related to glacial refugia in Southern European peninsulas. Recent studies, however, have nuanced the once generally accepted paradigm, indicating the existence of cryptic refugia for some species further north. In this paper we collected available data on chronology and mitochondrial haplotypes from Western European brown bears, adding new sequences from present day individuals from the Cantabrian (North Iberia) area, in order to reconstruct the dynamics of the species in the region. Both genetics and chronology show that the Iberian Pleistocene lineages were not the direct ancestors of the Holocene ones, the latter entering the Peninsula belatedly (around 10,000 years BP) with respect to other areas such as the British Isles. We therefore propose the existence of a cryptic refugium in continental Atlantic Europe, from where the bears would expand as the ice receded. The delay in the recolonization of the Iberian Peninsula could be due to the orographic characteristics of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian region and to the abundant presence of humans in the natural entrance to the Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proglacial lakes can affect the stability of mountain glaciers and can partly disengage glacier behaviour from climatic perturbations. However, their role in controlling the onset and progression of deglaciation from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) remains poorly understood. This lack of understanding is partly because the evidence required to consistently and robustly identify the location and evolution of ice-contact lakes is not standardised. In this paper we therefore firstly present a new set of criteria for identifying the landform and sedimentary evidence that defines and characterises ice-marginal lakes. Secondly, we then apply these key criteria with the aid of high-resolution topographic mapping to produce the first holistic definition and assessment of major proglacial lake landforms and sediments pertaining to the end of the LGM across South Island, New Zealand. The major findings of this assessment can be grouped to include that: (i) The localised constraints to proglacial lake extent were topography, glacier size and meltwater/sediment fluxes, (ii) Lake damming was initiated by outwash fan-heads that interrupted water and sediment flows down-valley, and (iii) New Zealand LGM lakes were unequivocally in contact with a calving ice margin. These findings will be useful for reconstructing ice dynamics and landscape evolution in this region. • Key criteria to identify, characterise and interpret landforms and sediments associated with ice-contact proglacial lakes. • Exploitation of high-resolution LiDAR topographic data for proglacial lakes across South Island, New Zealand. • Synthesis analysis of the 3D geometry, landforms and sediments, and interpretation of the evolution of New Zealand LGM lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current phylogeographic pattern of European brown bears (Ursus arctos) has commonly been explained by postglacial recolonization out of geographically distinct refugia in southern Europe, a pattern well in accordance with the expansion/contraction model. Studies of ancient DNA from brown bear remains have questioned this pattern, but have failed to explain the glacial distribution of mitochondrial brown bear clades and their subsequent expansion across the European continent. We here present 136 new mitochondrial sequences generated from 346 remains from Europe, ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and historical times. The genetic data show a high Late Pleistocene diversity across the continent and challenge the strict confinement of bears to traditional southern refugia during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The mitochondrial data further suggest a genetic turnover just before this time, as well as a steep demographic decline starting in the mid‐Holocene. Levels of stable nitrogen isotopes from the remains confirm a previously proposed shift toward increasing herbivory around the LGM in Europe. Overall, these results suggest that in addition to climate, anthropogenic impact and inter‐specific competition may have had more important effects on the brown bear's ecology, demography, and genetic structure than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A temporal-spatial vegetation variation since the LGM in China was mapped. • Relative to today, forest expanded northwards by 2–5° by warm early and mid-Holocene. • Inverse vegetation model was used to study the dominant factors for paleovegetation. • The dominant factors differ between Holocene and the last glacial periods. Abstract The need to reduce the uncertainty of predictions of vegetation change under global warming highlights the importance of understanding the vegetation patterns and possible mechanisms of vegetation response during past warming intervals. Here, we present quantitative regional vegetation reconstructions for China during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 18 ± 2 14C kyr B.P.), early Holocene (EH, 8.5 ± 0.5 14C kyr B.P.), and mid-Holocene (MH, 6 ± 0.5 14C kyr B.P.), using the biomization method and based on 249 pollen records. In addition, we used an inverse vegetation modeling approach to investigate the effect of climate change and CO 2 concentration on the observed vegetation changes. The results demonstrate that during the LGM, steppe expanded southeastwards, reaching the present-day temperate deciduous forest (TEDE) zone; in contrast, the forest in eastern China underwent a substantial southward retreat and its percentage reached a minimum. The warm mixed forest (WAMF) and TEDE shifted southwards of ∼10° N relative to today, and tropical seasonal rain forest (TSFO) was almost absent. In addition, the forest-steppe boundary shifted southwards to near the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. During the EH and MH, the TSFO, WAMF, and TEDE exhibited respective northward shifts of 2°, 4° and 5° relative to today. In MH, the percentage of forest sites increased and reached a maximum, and the forest-steppe boundary had shifted northwestwards to near the present-day 300 mm isohyet. Our palaeovegetation reconstructions and model sensitivity experiments suggest that temperature was the dominant factor controlling the vegetation distribution during the LGM, while precipitation became increasingly more important during the Holocene throughout China. We further show that precipitation was the primary factor controlling palaeovegetation distribution in northern China, while temperature became increasingly more important in southern China. Our findings are potentially important for understanding the evolution of vegetation in China in response to ongoing global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The VAMPERS (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Permafrost Snow Model) has been coupled within iLOVECLIM, an earth system model. This advancement allows the thermal coupling between permafrost and climate to be examined from a millennial timescale using equilibrium experiments during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ka) and transient experiments for the subsequent deglaciation period (21–11 ka). It appears that the role of permafrost during both stable and transitional (glacial–interglacial) climate periods is seasonal, resulting in cooler summers and warmer winters by approximately ±2 °C maximum. This conclusion reinforces the importance of including the active layer within climate models. In addition, the coupling of VAMPERS also yields a simulation of transient permafrost conditions, not only for estimating areal changes in extent but also total permafrost gain/loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research has shown substantial heritability for depressive symptoms, yet, there are few genetically-informed studies which focused on developmental changes. The current study sought to model prototypical developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood and to elucidate genetic and environmental contributions to these changes.Methods: The Add Health data set, a nationally representative sample of adolescents, was used. For the genetically-informed analyses, a subsample of N = 531 same-sex monozygotic and dizygotic male and female twin pairs was selected. Longitudinal development was modeled separately for two waves in early adolescence and for four waves from middle adolescence to young adulthood using a latent growth model (LGM). Both models were extended to twin models to estimate the effects of heritability and the environment.Results: The rates of depressive symptoms peaked in mid-adolescence and then sharply declined as individuals moved from adolescence to young adulthood, leveling off in the twenties. The effects of the shared environment were substantial among early adolescents, but negligible for middle-to-late adolescents. An opposite pattern was found for heritability. The largest proportion of developmental changes was driven by nonshared environmental effects.Limitations: The study only used same-sex twins as there exist mixed findings regarding the possibility of qualitative or quantitative genetic effects.Conclusions: The salience of unique experiences and, to a lesser extent, heritable factors in affecting developmental changes in depressive symptoms underscore the need for targeting environments that place individuals with genetic predisposition at double the risk for the development of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The legacy of specialists in Upper Paleolithic art shows a common point: a more or less clear separation between Magdalenian art and earlier symbolic manifestations. One of principal difficulty is due to little data firmly dated in the chronology for the "ancient" periods, even if recent studies precise chronological framework. There is a variability of the symbolic traditions from the advent of monumental art in Europe, and there are graphic elements crossing regional limits and asking the question of real symbolic territories existence. The different thematic choices also allows to raise territorial kinships between various caves and various regions. The object of this paper is to define where these rich and varied symbolic records appear, and how graphic traditions are distributed in the Western European Paleolithic area, throughout these 15 000 years. To provide some elements of response to this question, we will draw on the one hand, on the formal approaches in the figures, and on the other - on the thematic range used by Paleolithics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fluvial terraces in the upper Hunter catchment, southeastern Australia provide a long-term record of river activity in response to climate change in the late Quaternary. Single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz was applied in this study to investigate the timing of the formation of three fluvial terraces in the upper Hunter catchment. A detailed examination of luminescence properties of individual quartz grains revealed some correlation between their OSL decay rates, intrinsic brightness and dose saturation characteristics. Some quartz grains containing a higher proportion of non-fast components exhibit low brightness in OSL signals and high dose saturation levels. Some grains with slow OSL decays pass the standard rejection criteria, but are likely to yield underestimated equivalent doses (D e s) because of a higher contribution of non-fast components, which are shown to have low thermal stability. Different rejection criteria, including the fast ratio, the dose saturation level and the OSL sensitivity criteria, were tested on the single-grain D e results. Application of a fast ratio rejection criterion is able to successfully identify thermally unstable grains. A new rejection criterion based on dose saturation property was also applied to improve the age of one sample with a large D e. Our dating results identify multiple phases of river valley aggradation in the upper Hunter catchment since late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6; at ∼ 138 ka, ∼90–94 ka, ∼65 ka, ∼26 ka and ∼18 ka. The aggradational episodes of the terraces in the upper Hunter catchment are correlated with glacial or stadial periods since MIS 6. These phases of valley-floor aggradation are inferred to be a function of increased sediment supply during the cold periods resulting from strong periglacial activities in the adjacent Australian highlands. Highlights • We optically dated three fluvial terraces in the upper Hunter catchment, SE Australia. • We found a linkage between multiple luminescence properties for single quartz grains. • Application of additional SG rejection criteria can improve the SG OSL dating results. • Terraces in the upper Hunter catchment aggraded in glacial or stadial episodes. • Terrace aggradation may result from strong periglacial activities during cold periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southern Ocean is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Atmospheric CO 2 fluctuations have been highly correlated with climate on million years time scales or caused or at least amplified, the climatic change. Here we used two simulations with the UVic ESCM 2.9 model for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Marine Isotope Stage 11c (MIS11c) climate using orbital forcing and CO 2 prescribed for the ages. We have clearly identified the differences between the decrease and increase inf CO 2 concentration in the Southern Ocean. The LGM simulation produces a colder, saltier, and more alkaline Southern Ocean than MIS11c. The MIS11c simulations show a reduction in O 2 content with respect to LGM, which may be related to less primary productivity and more CaCO 3 dissolution. According to the MIS11c simulation, the surface ocean carbonate factory is expected to be more sensitive to carbon oscillations due to an increase in CO 2 dissolved in sea water. As expected, it will decrease the pH due to decreased alkalinity and ion carbonate concentrations. In this scenario, the aragonite concentration in the deep sediments would be more vulnerable to dissolution as a response of shoaling of the depth of aragonite saturation. The increase in CO 2 dissolved in sea water in MIS11c, decreases the pH and saturation depth of CaCO 3 becomes more than 1000 m shallower than found in the LGM simulation. This implies in a negative feedback of CO 2 absorption with the saturation horizon becoming shallower, less Southern Ocean capacity has to uptake atmospheric CO 2. Since the CaCO 3 formation in the surface ocean and the dissolution in the deeper both affect TCO 2 and TA as also the pCO 2. Our results indicated that, under high CO 2 conditions, the surface of the Southern Ocean appears to be more sensitive to a carbon perturbation, generally due to a decrease in ion carbonate concentration that leads to changes in the carbonate buffer system that will result in a deepening more than 1000 m the aragonite depth saturation in relation to MIS11c results. • We used two simulations with the UVic ESCM 2.9 model for the LGM and MIS11c climates using orbital forcing and CO 2 prescribed for the ages. • The response of the biogeochemical cycle to the simulated LGM and MIS11c on SO has shown a large increase of surface oxygen southward of 55 °S and a decrease in the west Antarctic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the application of latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to identify different working life trajectories (WLT) using employed working time by year as a repeated measure. METHODS: Trajectories are estimated using LCGA, which considers all individuals within a trajectory to be homogeneous. The methodology was applied to a subsample of the Spanish WORKing life Social Security (WORKss) cohort, limited to persons born 1956–1965 (N=247 475). The number of days worked per year is used as a repeated measure across 32 time points (1981–2013). RESULTS: According to the model-fit results and further guided by expert knowledge, a four WTL model was selected as the optimal approach: WLT1 or “high labor force participation” (N=99 591; 40.2%); WLT2 or “decreased labor force participation” (N= 22 846; 9.2%); WLT3 or “increased labor force participation” (N=59 213; 23.9%); and WLT4 or “low labor force participation” (N=65 827; 26.6%). WLT1 consisted mainly of men with more years of work experience (>19 years) while WLT4 was mainly composed by women with

In this paper results of climate simulation in East-European Plain (EEP) by coupled climate models (which take part in project PMIP II (Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project)) are tested for different climatic periods (pre-industrial, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)). The main parameters for comparison were: temperature, precipitations, evaporation and the Volga runoff. As a result, the model CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Meteorologie, France) was chosen as the best for this territory for pre-industrial climate. Its results were used to calculate runoff of the Volga river during the LGM and modern climate. «Climatic» component of the Volga runoff was calculated as the difference between precipitation and evaporation in the watershed. The «climatic» part of the Volga runoff 21 kyr decreased by 30% compared with the modern (according to model CNRM). The main reason for the low values of «climatic» runoff was a reduction of precipitation on the territory of Volga watershed. The decrease of evaporation could not compensate for the deficit of precipitation. However, according to paleoreconstructions and the results of PMIP II simulation, a significant change to the hydrological regime of the Volga River (21 kyr BP) could be due to the contribution of melt water (about 384 km³/year). This means that to «climatic» component of runoff (about 78 km³/year), one has to add volume of the melt water of the Scandinavian ice sheet, which within the territory of Volga watershed. The results were used to assess the level of the Caspian Sea during this period (changes in the Caspian sea level compared with modern was about 48 meters.

Abstract Over the last four decades of palaeoclimate research, significant emphasis has been placed on the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) spanning 26.5–19 thousand years ago (ka), a period that saw significant (∼125 m) sea-level reductions and major ice caps adorning large parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we present evidence for another major glacial period spanning 71–59 ka (Marine Isotope Stage 4: MIS4) from a well-dated marine sequence offshore South Australia. The astronomically-tuned chronology of this deep-sea core is confirmed using single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL), providing confidence in our high-resolution age model. Our approach to the study of our MD03-2607 core has been to employ many different proxies. These are: δ18O of both planktic and benthic foraminifera for stratigraphic purposes, faunal counts of planktonic foraminifera to reconstruct the position of oceanic fronts and currents, alkenone palaeothermometry, XRF core scanning to determine the presence of aeolian dust, and εNd isotope to identify fluvial discharge over the core site. We compare our new proxy findings with other archives for mainland Australia and Tasmania. Our multi-proxy palaeoclimate reconstructions are consistent with other marine, terrestrial and cryosphere archives across the Southern Hemisphere and suggest, for the first time, that MIS 4 was almost as dramatic as the LGM. During MIS4, global sea-level was reduced by ∼100 m, glaciers across Australasia were more significant compared to the LGM, and sea-surface temperatures were much reduced. These glacial conditions uniformly peaked around 65 ka. Global comparisons show major glacial conditions and vegetation shifts elsewhere during MIS4, but many are poorly dated. The significant environmental changes taking place during this glacial period were paralleled by waves of human dispersal across Eurasia and the earliest evidence of human occupation in northern Australia at 65 ka. Highlights • MIS4 was a major glacial period between 71 and 59 ka in the Southern Hemisphere. • Glacial conditions peaked at 65 ka, sea level dropped ∼100 m and SST dropped ∼5 °C. • Glaciers In New Zealand, Australia and Papua New Guinea were more pronounced at MIS4. • Multiproxy data confirm significant oceanic frontal changes offshore South Australia. • The deuterium excess change implies higher moisture reaching Antarctica during MIS4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiproxy study involving sedimentology, palynology, radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes, and geochemistry was carried out on the Parsons Valley Lake deposit, Nilgiris, India, to determine palaeoclimatic fluctuations and their possible impact on vegetation since the late Pleistocene. The 72-cm-deep sediment core that was retrieved reveals five distinct palaeoclimatic phases: (1) Warm and humid conditions with a high lake stand before the last glacial maximum (LGM; ~29,800 cal yr BP), subsequently changing to a relatively cool and dry phase during the LGM. (2) Considerable dry conditions and lower precipitation occurred between ~16,300 and 9500 cal yr BP. During this period, the vegetation shrank and perhaps was confined to moister pockets or was a riparian forest cover. (3) An outbreak in the shift of monsoonal precipitation was witnessed in the beginning of the mid-Holocene, around 8400 cal yr BP, implying alteration in the shift toward warm and humid conditions, resulting in relatively high pollen abundance for evergreen taxa. (4) This phase exhibits a shift to heavier δ13C values around ~1850 cal yr BP, with an emergence of moist deciduous plants pointing to drier conditions. (5) Human activities contributed to the exceedingly high percentage of Acacia and Pinus pollen during the Little Ice Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A gravity core retrieved from the southern Bay of Bengal (BoB) was studied to determine the sources of sediments and factors controlling their distributions during the Late Quaternary. The parameters used for this study was sediment grain size, organic carbon, clay mineralogy and environmental magnetic properties. Radiocarbon ages of sediments indicate that the 3.06 m long sediment core covers a period since ~45 cal kyr B.P. The sediments deposited before ~14 cal kyr B.P. were clayey silt with higher magnetic susceptibility (MS) values (av: 26 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and those deposited after ~14 cal kyr B.P. were sandy silt with lower MS values (avg: 13 × 10−8 m3 kg−1). The latter period (after ~14 cal kyr B.P.) indicated high energy turbidites from the Himalayan Rivers into the BoB due to the strengthening of summer monsoon and ice-melt in the Himalayas. Higher smectite and lower illite contents during the last glacial maximum (LGM) reflected low sediment supply from the Ganges-Brahmaputra River System (GBRS) and higher illite and lower smectite during ~14 cal kyr B.P. indicated increased sediment supply from GBRS during this interglacial period. The magnetic grain size of sediments deposited from ~15 cal kyr B.P. was more fine-grained at the start of the Bølling-Ållerød (B-A) event and coarse-grained during ~13 cal kyr B.P. (Younger Dryas event). Fine-grained magnetic minerals also showed a peak at ~11 cal kyr B.P. along with higher summer solar insolation. The down-core variations in sediment grain size, magnetic properties and clay minerals were interpreted in relation to the significant changes in sources of sediments in the BoB during different climatic events. The changing sediment supply in the BoB was due to the combined influence of ice-melt by increased solar insolation and intensification of summer monsoon over Himalaya. Increase of fine-grained magnetic minerals at ~15 cal kyr B.P. and coarser sediment fraction at ~14 cal kyr B.P. indicated time gap between intensification of summer monsoon and ice-melt over Himalaya, respectively. The trend of the magnetic grain size record seems to be modulated by orbital-scale variations in June insolation, which coincides with the summer monsoon variations also. These observed climatic variations are correlating well with the climate changes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Quaternary. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Sediment grain size, clay mineralogy and rock magnetic properties distributions in a sediment core from the Bay of Bengal. • The sediments deposited before ~14 cal kyr B.P. are distinct from those deposited after ~14 cal kyr B.P. • The changing sediment supply was due to the strengthening of summer monsoon and ice melt in the Himalaya. • The smaller magnetic grain sizes during periods of strong summer monsoon are products of increased chemical weathering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Patagonian sprat, Sprattus fuegensis, is a small pelagic marine fish that inhabits the continental shelf along the coasts of Chilean Patagonian and Argentina, a distribution that was highly impacted during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In order to identify how the LGM played a role on the current observed genetic diversity and population structure of S. fuegensis, we analyzed 1438 nucleotide positions from the control region of 335 individuals collected at 12 sites across its distribution. Genetic diversity and differentiation indices were calculated to identify population structure, and a Bayesian skyride plot (BSRP) reconstruction was carried out to infer the historic population dynamics. Extremely high genetic diversity was found at all locations analyzed, non-population structure was found across its distribution, and the BSRP showed two increases in effective population size over time. Our outcomes suggest that the current genetic diversity, population structure and population expansion may have occurred during the medium and late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]