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A review is carried out on the development of small- and micro-scale biomass-fuelled combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Discussions have been concentrated on the current application of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in small- and micro-scale biomass-fuelled CHP systems. Comparisons have been made between ORC and other technologies such as biomass gasification and micro-turbine based biomass-fuelled CHP systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology have been discussed. Recommendations have been made on the future development of small- and micro-scale biomass-fuelled CHP.

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) (used for intestinal protection) was added to formulate the Tongshu suppository to improve the pharmacokinetics of Aceclofenac, which were assessed in New Zealand rabbits using an orthogonal experimental design. The single-agent Aceclofenac was taken as the control formulation. The concentration-time and drug release curves were drawn, andTmax(min),Cmax(μg·mL−1),AUC0→∞, and MRT were compared using a pharmacokinetic systems program. The formulated Tongshu suppository had moderate hardness, a smooth surface with uniform color, and theoretical drug-loading rate of 8%. Its release rate was in accordance with the drug preparation requirements. The concentration-time curves and drug release curves revealed that the maximum concentrations (Cmax) were4.18±1.03 μg·mL−1and3.34±0.41 μg·mL−1for the Tongshu and Aceclofenac suppositories, respectively, showing statistically insignificant difference, while the peak times were34.87±4.69 min and34.76±6.34 min, respectively, also showing statistically insignificant difference. Compared with the Aceclofenac suppository, the relative bioavailability of the Tongshu suppository was 104.4%, and the difference between them was statistically insignificant. In this experiment, the Tongshu suppository was prepared using the hot-melt method. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies confirmed it had higher bioavailability than the Aceclofenac suppository.

Anthraquinone [1, 2-C] methylisoxazole is synthesized from 2-ethylanthraquinone through nitration and treating with oleum. The different methods of 2-ethylanthraquinone nitrated were discussed. The optimum conditions were determined. The structure of the product was confirmed by MS and 1H NMR.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that a simple stirred batch cell can be used to study the effects of surface shear stress (among other process parameters) on fouling from saturated calcium salt solutions. For otherwise identical operating conditions, the overall fouling rate on a smooth mild steel surface was found to be reduced either when fine wires were attached to it or when helical threads were incorporated into the surface, either in the form of a continuous helical groove or in the form of a raised helix. The raised helical surface was more effective in reducing fouling than the helical groove. The results confirm the general effect that fouling rates can be reduced by increasing the surface shear stress through surface enhancement. A simple mathematical model has been developed to take into account the dynamic change in bulk concentration as crystallization fouling occurs. In all cases, the overall fouling resistance increased asymptotically toward a constant value and could easily and accurately be described quantitatively by the new analytical model. The variations of shear stresses on the various surfaces were determined from computational fluid dynamics simulations using the commercial package Comsol 4.2.

The moving Kriging interpolation (MKI) is an accurate approximation method that has the interpolating property. However, it is rarely used in meshless methods because of its low efficiency. In this paper, we proposed an efficient MKI method, the complex variable moving Kriging interpolation (CVMKI) method, for “domain” type meshless method. Further, we proposed the CVMKI-based element-free Galerkin (CVMKIEFG) method for 2D potential problems. CVMKIEFG is an efficient meshless method and can impose the essential boundary conditions directly and easily. We proposed two formulations for CVMKIEFG: the conventional formulation and the cell-based formulation. The latter formulation is proposed for higher efficiency. Three 2D example problems are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of CVMKIEFG.

In this work, a liquid‐liquid exchange (LLE) process within nanoporous heterogeneous catalysts has been followed using NMR relaxometry. Under so‐called ‘metered’ supply conditions, when a high affinity liquid (water) displaced a low affinity liquid (cyclohexane) from a nanoporous sol‐gel silica, entrapment of the low affinity liquid was observed which was similar to that observed in mercury porosimetry. In a similar experiment, comparing LLE in fresh and coked samples of bimodal Pt‐alumina catalyst pellets, it was found that, while for the fresh sample water initially displaced cyclohexane from the smallest pores, as expected under metered conditions, this did not occur for coked catalysts.