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Objectives: For a long time, subchondral bone (SB) was considered to act as an impermeable barrier between articular cartilage (AC) and bone marrow. However, our high-resolution mapping of healthy human femoral heads revealed that SB is in fact perfused with an interconnected network of microchannels [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Objectives: Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized muscle disorder characterized by a decline in muscle mass and strength. If left untreated, it can lead to increased falls, fractures, reduced quality of life and increased mortality. In addition, the treatment of sarcopenic patients is expensive [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Fragestellung: Die pertrochantäre Femurfraktur ist die häufigste hüftgelenknahe Fraktur. Die operative Versorgung erfolgt durch eine geschlossene Reposition und Stabilisierung mittels Proximalen Femurnagels (PFN). Sowohl der Frakturverlauf, die Reposition, als auch das eingebrachte Osteosynthesematerial [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

Fragestellung: Die Bildung neuen Knochens aus mesenchymalen Stammzellen ist ein wesentlicher Schritt in der Knochenheilung und Regeneration. Eine wichtige Rolle in diesem Prozess spielt die Gefäßversorgung. Um diesen Prozess detailliert untersuchen zu können, wird bisher hauptsächlich [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

This report deals with advances in linguistic analysis and programing. The theoretical theses for this work were presented in the first annual report. This second report concentrates on progress in the descriptive analysis of German and English, and on computer programs which have been developed during the year. Linguistic work during the period was directed at expanding the dictionaries for both German and English. The number of lexical items coded was increased, as were the features associated with each item. The coding involved complex problems of linguistic description, such as treatment of adverbs and extended forms of verbs. Since adverbs had not been adequately classified in any existing grammars of German or English, a new classificatory schema is being developed. The extended forms of German verbs have been treated in a recent monograph, which has served as the basis for the lexical analysis of these constructions within the German-English MT System. These extended forms are particularly difficult in having a small group of verbs used primarily to depict the verbal component and nouns combined with them to carry the semantic portion of the expression. (Author/RL)

BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, conserved, noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Altered miRNA profiles have been implicated in many human diseases, and due to their circulating abilities, they have excited great interest in their use as clinical biomarkers. The development of innovative methods for miRNA detection has become of high scientific and clinical interest.MethodsWe developed a diffusion-driven microbead assay and combined it with an antibody-based miRNA detection. The diffusion process was carried out in two different approaches a) co-diffusion of miRNA and antibodies (termed diffusion approach I, DAI) and b) diffusion of miRNA in an antibody-saturated environment (DAII). In both approaches, neutravidin-coated microbeads were loaded with specific biotinylated DNA capture probes, which targets either miR-21-5p, miR-30a-3p or miR-93-5p. The miRNAs were time- and dose-dependently detected in a diffusion microchamber by primary anti-DNA:RNA hybrid and fluorescence-labeled secondary antibodies using our in-house developed inverse fluorescence microscope imaging platform VideoScan.ResultsOur assay offers the advantage that several target molecules can be detected simultaneously and in real-time in one reaction environment (multiplex), without any amplification steps. We recorded the diffusion process over a period of 24 h and found that the reaction was almost completed after 2 h. The specificity of the assay was 96.7 % for DAI and 92.3 % for DAII. The detection limits were in a concentration range of 0.03-0.43 nM for DAI and 0.14-1.09 nM for DAII, depending on the miRNA.ConclusionThe miRNAs are successively exposed to the capture probe-loaded randomly ordered microbeads (p value of CSR 0.23-0.96), which leads to microbeads that become saturated with the target molecules first in front rows. Non-bonded miRNAs continue to diffuse further and can therefore subsequently bind to the microbeads with free binding sites. Our detection principle differs from other microbead assays, in which all microbeads are simultaneously mixed with the sample solution, so that all target molecules bind equally distributed to the microbeads, resulting in an averaged signal intensity.