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Gradual or abrupt transitions from a coherent mode to quasi-coherent mode (QCM, a type of trapped electron mode turbulence) are observed in the core region of low-density plasmas in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research. The coherent mode is initiated in the vicinity of the q = 1 surface by off-axis electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECH), and gradually or abruptly evolves into the QCM as the collisionality is slowly or rapidly increased through electron density control. When the collisionality further increases above a critical level, the QCM is changed into broadband turbulence, which has been preferentially observed in tokamak plasmas. The observed evolution of the QCMs suggests that (1) QCMs can originate from a coherent mode in ECH applied low-collisionality plasmas and (2) quasi-coherent spectra of QCMs are closely related with the collisionality in a finite range ('collisional broadening of the wavenumber and frequency'). The coherent mode appears to be a metastable electrostatic mode at the rational surface excited by off-axis ECH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) language model chatbot, Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), is renowned for its ability to provide data quickly and efficiently. This study aimed to assess the medical responses of ChatGPT regarding anesthetic procedures., Methods: Two anesthesiologist authors selected 30 questions representing inquiries patients might have about surgery and anesthesia. These questions were inputted into two versions of ChatGPT in English. A total of 31 anesthesiologists then evaluated each response for quality, quantity, and overall assessment, using 5-point Likert scales. Descriptive statistics summarized the scores, and a paired sample t -test compared ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0., Results: Regarding quality, "appropriate" was the most common rating for both ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.0 (40 and 48%, respectively). For quantity, responses were deemed "insufficient" in 59% of cases for 3.5, and "adequate" in 69% for 4.0. In overall assessment, 3 points were most common for 3.5 (36%), while 4 points were predominant for 4.0 (42%). Mean quality scores were 3.40 and 3.73, and mean quantity scores were - 0.31 (between insufficient and adequate) and 0.03 (between adequate and excessive), respectively. The mean overall score was 3.21 for 3.5 and 3.67 for 4.0. Responses from 4.0 showed statistically significant improvement in three areas., Conclusion: ChatGPT generated responses mostly ranging from appropriate to slightly insufficient, providing an overall average amount of information. Version 4.0 outperformed 3.5, and further research is warranted to investigate the potential utility of AI chatbots in assisting patients with medical information., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Choi, Oh, Park, Kang, Yoo, Lee and Yang.)

Rust fungi are the largest group of obligate plant pathogens and cause severe damage to global forests and agricultural security. Meliosma myriantha , a tree species native to East Asia (China, Japan, and Korea), is vulnerable to three rust species: Neophysopella meliosmae , N. meliosmae-myrianthae , and N. vitis . The early symptoms of infection are indistinguishable between these species, making an accurate and rapid diagnosis challenging. The urediniospores of N. meliosmae-myrianthae and N. vitis are also known to infect economically relevant grapevines ( Vitis spp.) and ivies ( Parthenocissus spp.), respectively, rendering early detection and identification even more important. To address this issue, we developed a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay equipped with TaqMan probes targeting the internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequences specific to the three rust pathogens. This assay successfully detected minute quantities (5 fg for N. meliosmae-myrianthae and 50 fg for N. meliosmae and N. vitis ) of DNA from the three Neophysopella species and demonstrated consistent reliability when applied to fresh and herbarium samples collected from M. myriantha , grapevines, and ivies. In conclusion, this novel assay is a rapid and robust diagnostic tool for the three rust pathogens, N. meliosmae , N. meliosmae-myrianthae , and N. vitis , and offers the potential to identify and detect their global movement and spread to grapevines, ivies, and trees., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

In Korea, Korea Proven Bulls (KPN) program has been well-developed. Breeding and evaluation of cows are also an essential factor to increase earnings and genetic gain. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cow breeding value by using three methods (pedigree index [PI], pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction [PBLUP], and genomic-BLUP [GBLUP]). The reference population (n = 16,971) was used to estimate breeding values for 481 females as a test population. The accuracy of GBLUP was 0.63, 0.66, 0.62 and 0.63 for carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), back-fat thickness (BFT), and marbling score (MS), respectively. As for the PBLUP method, accuracy of prediction was 0.43 for CWT, 0.45 for EMA, 0.43 for MS, and 0.44 for BFT. Accuracy of PI method was the lowest (0.28 to 0.29 for carcass traits). The increase by approximate 20% in accuracy of GBLUP method than other methods could be because genomic information may explain Mendelian sampling error that pedigree information cannot detect. Bias can cause reducing accuracy of estimated breeding value (EBV) for selected animals. Regression coefficient between true breeding value (TBV) and GBLUP EBV, PBLUP EBV, and PI EBV were 0.78, 0.625, and 0.35, respectively for CWT. This showed that genomic EBV (GEBV) is less biased than PBLUP and PI EBV in this study. In addition, number of effective chromosome segments ( M e ) statistic that indicates the independent loci is one of the important factors affecting the accuracy of BLUP. The correlation between M e and the accuracy of GBLUP is related to the genetic relationship between reference and test population. The correlations between M e and accuracy were -0.74 in CWT, -0.75 in EMA, -0.73 in MS, and -0.75 in BF, which were strongly negative. These results proved that the estimation of genetic ability using genomic data is the most effective, and the smaller the M e , the higher the accuracy of EBV., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (© Copyright 2023 Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology.)