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Background: nutrition therapy is a complex area of healthcare systems that encompasses patient characteristics, medical decision making, nutritional formula characteristics, and costs, composing a complex ecosystem. The integration of these different domains is actualized in medical prescription in a heuristic and iterative way, taking into account patient characteristics and formulas, with a limited capacity for in-scale calculations and inclusion of factors involved in the prescription of nutritional formulas and other ecosystem elements. From a practical standpoint, depicting the four areas as equalities could provide the necessary equivalence to study dependence and consequence from left- and right-side terms. Objectives: the objective of this theoretical study is to provide a mathematical model that describes and integrates different aspects of nutrition therapy. Methods: in this theoretical study, we deducted a mathematical representation for nutrition therapy using first-grade equations and simple calculus techniques. Results: a formula that coordinates four elements of the nutrition therapy ecosystem was found: cashflow, compliance adherence, patient, and macronutrient mass, formula density and unitary cost. Conclusion: factors involving decision-making in nutrition therapy can be unified in a mathematical model.Antecedentes: la terapia nutricional es un área compleja de los sistemas de salud que abarca las características del paciente, la toma de decisiones médicas, las características de la fórmula nutricional y los costos, componiendo un ecosistema complejo. La integración de estos diferentes dominios se actualiza en la prescripción médica de forma heurística e iterativa, teniendo en cuenta las características y fórmulas del paciente, con una capacidad limitada para cálculos a escala e inclusión de otros factores relacionados con la prescripción de la terapia nutricional y los elementos del ecosistema. Desde un punto de vista práctico, describir las cuatro áreas como igualdades podría proporcionar la equivalencia necesaria para estudiar la dependencia y la consecuencia de los términos del lado izquierdo y derecho. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio teórico es brindar un modelo matemático que describa e integre diferentes aspectos de la terapia nutricional. Métodos: en este estudio teórico se dedujo una representación matemática para la terapia nutricional utilizando ecuaciones de primer grado y técnicas de cálculo simple. Resultados: se encontró una fórmula que coordina cuatro elementos del ecosistema de la terapia nutricional: flujo de caja, adherencia al cumplimiento, masa del paciente y macronutrientes, densidad de la fórmula y costo unitario. Conclusión: los factores que involucran la toma de decisiones en la terapia nutricional se pueden unificar en un modelo matemático.

This paper has given a brief look at some aspects of the subject’s placement in the clause of the Portuguese language, employed in the 19th century in Brazil. The analysis has been developed from a selection of eighteenth-century newspaper ads, compiled in the work “Os Preços Eram Commodos... Anúncios de Jornais Brasileiros Século XIX” (GUEDES; BERLINCK, 2000). The data observed were opposed to studies on syntactic order in Portuguese (DIAS, 1959; CÂMARA JÚNIOR, 1975; PONTES, 1987). From a particularly quantitative perspective, it has been possible to observe that in 19th century announcements the most favored order was the unmarked one, that is, with the subject before the verb (60%). However, we have still identified a high percentage (40%) of occurrences of the marked placement, in which the subject is placed after the verb.The elevation of this last data occurred, in part, due to the discursive genre, which favors, for example, the use of synthetic passives clauses. Finally, we have observed that the model of subject positioning was already defined in the 19th century. Este trabalho faz uma breve apreciação sobre alguns aspectos da colocação do sujeito na oração da língua portuguesa, empregada no Brasil do século XIX. A análise se desenvolveu a partir de uma seleção de anúncios jornalísticos oitocentistas, compilados na obra “Os Preços Eram Commodos... Anúncios de Jornais Brasileiros Século XIX” (GUEDES, BERLINCK, 2000). Os dados observados foram contrapostos a estudos sobre ordem no português (DIAS, 1959; CÂMARA JÚNIOR, 1975; PONTES, 1987). Sob uma perspectiva especialmente quantitativa, foi possível observar que em anúncios oitocentistas a ordem mais favorecida foi a não marcada, isto é, com sujeito anteposto ao verbo (60%). Contudo, ainda assim, identificamos um alto percentual (40%) de ocorrências da colocação marcada, em que o sujeito é posposto ao verbo. A elevada recorrência desse último dado se dá, em parte, devido ao gênero discursivo, que favorece, por exemplo, o uso de passivas sintéticas. Por fim, observamos que o modelo de posicionamento do sujeito já estava definido no século XIX.

This paper analyses the variation between simple (PPS - estudie ) and compound (PPC - he estudiado ) forms of Perfect tense in Buenos Aires. Our hypothesis is that the kind of past reference is a factor that impacts the use of these verbal forms. From a corpus of radio interviews, we analyze the data considering the temporal contexts of absolute past ( ABS ) and ante-present ( ANT ). As a result, even with the intensive use of PPS, we identified the use of PPC in both ANT and ABS , especially in the specific ANT and the enlarded ANT. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2019.v15n2a21330

The vast amount of data contained in a single genome represents a detailed record of past events in that lineage and may forecast its evolutionary potential in the face of environmental changes. Here we employed whole-genome sequence (WGS) data to infer the demographic history and assess signals of recent inbreeding in jaguar (Panthera onca) populations. We analyzed whole genomes from 13 individuals (nine of which are reported here for the first time) sampled in seven different biomes across the species’ range, including its northernmost extreme in the Mexico/USA border region. We modelled demographic history using the PSMC method, and analyzed long runs of homozygosity (ROH) to assess signals of population bottlenecks and inbreeding. PSMC plots were very consistent among individuals, indicating that the jaguar lineage had an effective population size of up 100,000 individuals ca. 1 million years ago, then sharply declined and rebounded during the Late Pleistocene, followed by a more gradual decline in the last 40,000 years. This decline was more pronounced in the North/Central American genomes, likely reflecting population bottlenecks during the south-north colonization towards the edge of the species’ current range. The ROH analysis revealed a relatively small burden for most jaguars, indicating a recent history of outbreeding and large-scale connectivity among regional populations. However, northern range-edge individuals and those from severely fragmented populations showed signals of recent bottlenecks and, in the latter case, inbreeding. Our results illustrate the power of WGS data to survey and monitor the genetic erosion triggered by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation.

Interspecific competition within a carnivore guild can result in segregation along dietary, spatial, and temporal scales. Species interactions and resulting avoidance behavior can change seasonally as landscape features and resource abundance may fluctuate. In this study, we examined a carnivore guild in the Pantanal wetland of Brazil to determine whether temporal niche partitioning was a mechanism for coexistence, and if this differed between the wet and dry season. We used camera trapping data to fit kernel density functions of time observations for five species of carnivores to determine activity patterns. We calculated the coefficient of overlap between all species-pair’s activity patterns. Our results found support for temporal segregation among this carnivore guild, with stronger segregation evident during the dry season. Jaguars and pumas showed large overlap in activity in both seasons, while all three mesocarnivores (ocelot, tayra, and crab-eating fox) showed temporal avoidance toward pumas. Mesocarnivores displayed segregating temporal patterns between pairs in both seasons. Temporal segregation is a mechanism for coexistence within this carnivore guild, suggesting increased competition between species especially during the dry season. To maintain carnivore populations, a broader knowledge of interspecific interactions and how this may affect species, utilization or avoidance of habitats is needed. Given the complexities of interspecific interactions among carnivores, conservation efforts should address the needs of the entire guild rather than focus on a single species.

Protected areas may be important refuges for large carnivores, but many are not large enough to sustain viable populations. Without sufficient dispersal between protected areas, large carnivore populations inside them are at risk of becoming genetically isolated and demographically vulnerable. In this study, we use the jaguar population in and around Emas National Park in the Brazilian Cerrado as a case study to evaluate the demographic sustainability of a large carnivore population within a small and potentially isolated protected area. We used camera trapping data and spatially explicit capture‐recapture models to estimate density and corresponding population size of jaguars in Emas National Park. We then used a matrix‐based age and sex structured stochastic population model to evaluate the demographic viability of jaguar populations across a range of population sizes, including those estimated for Emas. We detected 10 individual jaguars during our survey with a total of 74 detections. Our density estimation became unbiased using a buffer width of 30 km and produced a density of 0.17 jaguars per 100 km2. The estimated population sizes of 10–60 animals suffered extinction risks of 70–90% without net immigration. However, only a low number of immigrants were required to suppress extinction risk towards zero. Our density estimate for jaguars was lower than in previous studies, and our simulations suggested that this population may have a substantial extinction risk. Ensuring dispersal and connectivity outside of protected areas, through the implementation of habitat corridors, can greatly reduce this extinction risk, and we suggest that this scenario is potentially applicable to many other large carnivore populations., Funding was provided by Memphis Zoo and a Ramón y Cajal fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (awarded to FD, RYC‐2013‐14662). LGB benefited from a Faculty of Science ECR Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University.

Guided by the concept of linguistic norm and its manifestations (COSERIU, 1962; ALÉONG, 2011), we turn to the study of the process of grammatical production of the Portuguese language in order to identify the grammatical instruments of that language, their behavior and textual and extratextual characteristics. To do so, we used the online collection of libraries from university centers in Brazil, Portugal, Angola and Mozambique, composing a corpus of 161 grammars. Among others, it was possible to observe that, despite the beginning of grammar production taking place in Portugal and being restricted to the country until the beginning of the 19th century, Brazil has been the main producer of grammars since the 19th century. However, African countries still seem to be on the sidelines today in the grammatical production of the Portuguese language. The low representativeness of female authorship and the low expressiveness of a descriptive approach in school grammar were other data that helped us to reflect on the standardization of the Portuguese language and future paths for grammatical studies. This and other information shows that, in addition to sketching the paths of Portuguese grammar, this study opens doors for future approaches that allow us to understand even more how the Portuguese standardization process took place and what demands are currently in force. Orientados pelo conceito de norma linguística e suas manifestações (COSERIU, 1962; ALÉONG, 2011), voltamo-nos ao estudo do processo da produção gramatical da língua portuguesa a fim de identificar os instrumentos de gramatização desse idioma, seu comportamento e características textuais e extratextuais. Para tanto, recorremos ao acervo online de bibliotecas de centros universitários no Brasil, Portugal, Angola e Moçambique compondo um corpus de 161 gramáticas. Entre outros, foi possível observar que, apesar de o início da produção de gramáticas dar-se em Portugal e se restringir ao país até início do século XIX, o Brasil apresenta-se como principal produtor de gramáticas desde o Séc. XIX. Por sua vez, os países africanos parecem estar ainda hoje à margem na produção gramaticógrafa da língua portuguesa. A pouca representatividade da autoria feminina e a pouco expressividade da abordagem descritiva na gramática escolar foram outros dados que nos ajudaram a refletir sobre a normatização da língua portuguesa e caminhos futuros para os estudos gramaticais. Essas e outras informações evidenciam que, além de esboçar os caminhos da gramaticografia do português, este estudo abre portas para abordagens futuras que permitam entender ainda mais como de deu o processo de normatização do português e quais demandas vigoram atualmente.

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a disciplina que se ocupa da variação dita horizontal, isso é, das variações de uma língua nos muitos espaços geográficos em que ela é falada. Para tanto, o estudo define o conceito de dialeto, mostra sua relação com o âmbito social da linguagem e apresenta quais são o sentido e as tarefas da Dialetologia. Nesse percurso, discutem-se assuntos importantes à área, tais como os conceitos de isoglossas, de irradiação linguística, de geografia linguística, dos mapas linguísticos e da relação da Dialetologia com outras disciplinas, como a Sociolinguística.

EnglishThe lack of research on diachronic study of porteno Spanish and reports about the history of the preterito perfecto simple (PPS) and preterito perfecto compuesto (PPC) uses in Argentina highlight the importance of this study. Thus, comparing movies from two historical moments – a sixty years interval, approximately– (a) 1958 (Rosaura a las diez) and (b) 2013 (Corazon de Leon) – we observed if there is some alteration in the use of the tenses and what factors could be generating this variation. In this way, this question has helped us in the research: What is the difference in the use of the PPS and PPC in the two generations analyzed? We have noted that despite the predominance of the use of simple form, PPC is not excluded from Argentinean Spanish. Moreover, both forms assume different values from those found in prescriptive manuals of Spanish, that is, in addition to the absolute past value, the use of PPS with ante present value has been noted. Likewise, PPC occurred with absolute past value, in addition to the ante present value. portuguesA carencia de pesquisas centradas no estudo diacronico do espanhol portenho e sobre a historia dos usos do preterito perfecto simple(PPS) e preterito perfecto compuesto(PPC) na Argentina salientam a relevância deste estudo. A partir da comparacao de filmes argentinos de dois momentos historicos, separados por um intervalo aproximado de sessenta anos – (a) 1958 (Rosaura a las diez) e (b) 2013 (Corazon de Leon) – observamos o uso do PPS e PPC e quais fatores poderiam estar por detras de sua variacao. A seguinte pergunta auxiliou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa: Qual e a diferenca no uso do PPS e PPC nos dois cronoletos analisados? Verificamos que, apesar da predominância do uso da forma simples, a forma composta nao esta excluida do uso no espanhol argentino. Ademais, as duas formas assumem valores distintos dos entoados por manuais prescritivos da Lingua Espanhola, ou seja, alem do valor de passado absoluto, nota-se o uso do PPS com valor de antepresente. Igualmente, o PPC ocorreu no passado, com valor de passado absoluto, para alem do uso com valor de antepresente.

A carência de pesquisas centradas no estudo diacrônico do espanhol portenho e sobre a história dos usos do pretérito perfecto simple(PPS) e pretérito perfecto compuesto(PPC) na Argentina salientam a relevância deste estudo. A partir da comparação de filmes argentinos de dois momentos históricos, separados por um intervalo aproximado de sessenta anos – (a) 1958 (Rosaura a las diez) e (b) 2013 (Corazón de León) – observamos o uso do PPS e PPC e quais fatores poderiam estar por detrás de sua variação. A seguinte pergunta auxiliou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa: Qual é a diferença no uso do PPS e PPC nos dois cronoletos analisados? Verificamos que, apesar da predominância do uso da forma simples, a forma composta não está excluída do uso no espanhol argentino. Ademais, as duas formas assumem valores distintos dos entoados por manuais prescritivos da Língua Espanhola, ou seja, além do valor de passado absoluto, nota-se o uso do PPS com valor de antepresente. Igualmente, o PPC ocorreu no passado, com valor de passado absoluto, para além do uso com valor de antepresente. The lack of research on diachronic study of porteño Spanish and reports about the history of the pretérito perfecto simple (PPS) and pretérito perfecto compuesto (PPC) uses in Argentina highlight the importance of this study. Thus, comparing movies from two historical moments – a sixty years interval, approximately– (a) 1958 (Rosaura a las diez) and (b) 2013 (Corazón de León) – we observed if there is some alteration in the use of the tenses and what factors could be generating this variation. In this way, this question has helped us in the research: What is the difference in the use of the PPS and PPC in the two generations analyzed? We have noted that despite the predominance of the use of simple form, PPC is not excluded from Argentinean Spanish. Moreover, both forms assume different values from those found in prescriptive manuals of Spanish, that is, in addition to the absolute past value, the use of PPS with ante present value has been noted. Likewise, PPC occurred with absolute past value, in addition to the ante present value.

Background: the planning of nutritional therapy depends restrictions defined by the prescriber, in a way that nutrients and calories levels are placed at appropriate intervals. Since industrialized formulas (IF) have fixed compositions of macro and micronutrients, there is a high risk of not meeting the set of restrictions in a given clinical scenario, i.e., attendance of the caloric, but not of the protein target. Objective: the objective of this study is to identify under what conditions it is possible an industrialized formula to meet the clinical restrictions of calories, macro and micronutrients. Methods: we deduced a mathematical relationship that must be met in order to satisfy such constraints. Using as variables: a) the necessary volume of an FI to meet the energy goal; b) the energy density of the FI; c) upper limit of calorie or nutrient; and d) the lower limit of calorie or nutrient. Results: a first degree inequality was developed that if attended allows to discriminate if a prescribed volume v of an IF meets the set of restrictions placed by the prescriber, in order to previously select viable formulas among a portfolio. Clinical vignettes are presented. Conclusion: the viability condition of an industrialized formula for the attendance of a system of constraints can be identified with the aid of a mathematical formula of the first-degree inequality type.Introducción: la planificación de la terapia nutricional depende de las restricciones definidas por el prescriptor, de manera que los niveles de nutrientes y calorías se coloquen a intervalos apropiados. Como las fórmulas industrializadas (IF) tienen composiciones fijas tanto de macronutrientes como de micronutrientes, existe un alto riesgo de no cumplir con el conjunto de restricciones en un escenario clínico dado; es decir, la consecución del objetivo calórico, pero no del objetivo proteico. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es identificar bajo qué condiciones una fórmula industrializada puede cumplir con las restricciones clínicas de calorías, macronutrientes y micronutrientes. Métodos: dedujimos una relación matemática que debe cumplirse para satisfacer tales restricciones. Usando como variables: a) el volumen necesario de un FI para alcanzar la meta energetic; b) la densidad de energía del FI; c) el límite superior de calorías o nutrientes; y d) el límite inferior de calorías o nutrientes. Resultados: se desarrolló una desigualdad de primer grado que, si se atiende, permite discriminar si un volumen prescrito v de un IF cumple con el conjunto de restricciones impuestas por el prescriptor para seleccionar previamente fórmulas viables entre una cartera. Se presentan viñetas clínicas. Conclusión: la condición de viabilidad de una fórmula industrializada para el cumplimiento de un sistema de restricciones puede identificarse con la ayuda de una fórmula matemática del tipo de desigualdad de primer grado.

As principais consequências dos incêndios em edifícios são: danos às pessoas (mortos e feridos), danos ambientais, impacto negativo de natureza social e econômica, danos ao patrimônio histórico e cultural, além de danos materiais. Neste artigo, foi proposta uma revisão da literatura sobre as medidas de segurança contra incêndios, listando instruções técnicas do Corpo de Bombeiros e normas brasileiras sobre proteção passiva, bem como os aspectos de controle de materiais construtivos. É importante salientar que as medidas de segurança contra incêndios passivas não atuam no combate do fogo, como as de proteção ativa. Essas medidas de prevenção englobam categorias que visam ao controle de materiais, à compartimentação de áreas, à segurança estrutural em situação de incêndio, ao acesso de viaturas do Corpo de Bombeiros, ao isolamento de riscos e às saídas de emergência. A proteção passiva contra incêndios nas edificações pode aumentar o tempo tanto para evacuação dos ocupantes, quanto para os resgates e combate ao fogo, bem como reduzir o risco da propagação do fogo e fumaça a outras compartimentações e edifícios vizinhos, resultando na redução de vítimas e prejuízos materiais. Palavras-chave: Medidas de segurança. Instruções técnicas. Controle de materiais de acabamento e revestimento (CMAR).

In this paper, we have consulted some Spanish grammars in order to obtain textual and extratextual data that characterize the Hispanic grammaticography. The data were collected on sites from Brazilian and foreign universities. These data were processed considering factors such as: year of publication, place of publication, geographical origin of the author, purpose, etc. Among others, we have found that Spain accounts for most of the works published over the centuries. It was also observed that the 20th century concentrates the largest number of published works. We emphasize the importance of this type of approach to better understand the changes that occurred in Hispanic grammaticography, as well as some of the factors that give rise to these modifications. Neste trabalho, consultamos algumas gramáticas de língua espanhola a fim de levantar dados textuais e extratextuais que caracterizam a gramaticografia hispânica. Os dados analisados foram coletados em sites de acervo de universidades brasileiras e estrangeiras. Esses dados foram tratados considerando fatores como: ano de publicação, local de publicação, origem geográfica do autor, finalidade etc. Entre outros, verificamos que a Espanha responde pela maior parte das obras publicadas ao longo dos séculos. Foi observado também que o século XX concentra o maior número de obras publicadas. Destacamos a importância desse tipo de abordagem para compreender melhor as mudanças ocorridas na gramaticografia hispânica, bem como alguns dos fatores que suscitam essas modificações

Incluye contenido parcial de los autores Abstract.Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecologicalhealth and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carni-vores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide managementand conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropicalregion: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; andUrsidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropicalcarnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTRO-PICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data wereobtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organi-zations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including cameratrapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature(peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated inthis compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n=79,343; 79.7%) butalso includes non-detection data (n=20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data(n=43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute tomacroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspec-tives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distri-bution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans andsafeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combinedwith other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and relatedecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restric-tion for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of theinformation used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Background: the planning of nutritional therapy depends on restrictions defined by the prescriber, in a way that nutrients and calories levels are placed at appropriate intervals. Since industrialized formulas (IF) have fixed compositions of macro and micronutrients, there is a high risk of not meeting the set of restrictions in a given clinical scenario, i.e., attendance of the caloric, but not of the protein target. Objective: the objective of this study is to identify under what conditions it is possible an industrialized formula to meet the clinical restrictions of calories, macro and micronutrients. Methods: we deduced a mathematical relationship that must be met in order to satisfy such constraints. Using as variables: a) the necessary volume of an FI to meet the energy goal; b) the energy density of the FI; c) upper limit of calorie or nutrient; and d) the lower limit of calorie or nutrient. Results: a first degree inequality was developed that if attended allows to discriminate if a prescribed volume v of an IF meets the set of restrictions placed by the prescriber, in order to previously select viable formulas among a portfolio. Clinical vignettes are presented. Conclusion: the viability condition of an industrialized formula for the attendance of a system of constraints can be identified with the aid of a mathematical formula of the first-degree inequality type.

Resumo. O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar como se constituiu funcional e formalmente o pretérito perfecto (PP), do latim até as línguas românicas, com atenção à língua espanhola e variedades. Para isso, recuperamos pressupostos dos estudos de gramaticalização para compreendermos os processos linguísticos envolvidos na história PP. Soma-se a esse referencial teórico a observação do uso da língua em diferentes etapas de formação, comparando o uso medieval com o contemporâneo. Nossa base de dados fundamenta-se em enunciados antigos compilados por filólogos e por enunciados difundidos contemporaneamente na esfera jornalística (jornal escrito e entrevistas radiofônicas). Esta proposta se justifica por permitir a contemplação do processo de mudanças e das acomodações que vêm sofrendo os pretéritos perfectos compuesto e simple, viabilizando, por conseguinte, a compreensão de que os comportamentos descritos nas variedades do espanhol contemporâneo correspondem a um processo em construção tanto nessa língua, como nas outras línguas românicas. This paper presents how the pretérito perfecto (PP) was formally and functionally composed from Latin to the Romance languages, with special attention to the Spanish and varieties. For this purpose, we recover some assumptions from the grammaticalization studies to understand the processes involved in the PP history. To this reference we added the observation of the use of the language in different stages of its formation, comparing the medieval use with the contemporary use. Our database is based on ancient textual fragments compiled by philologists and by texts spread throughout the journalistic sphere (newspaper and radio interviews). This proposal is justified by allowing the contemplation of the process of changes and accommodations that the pretéritos perfecto compuesto (PPC) and perfecto simple (PPS) have been suffering, making possible the understanding that the behaviors described in the varieties of contemporary Spanish correspond to a process under construction in this language as well as in the other Romance languages.

Este trabalho visa à descrição do comportamento das formas do pretérito perfecto na expressão do passado imediato no espanhol falado em Buenos Aires e San Miguel de Tucumán. O interesse decorre da deficiência observada em estudos, que, quando muito, identificam duas tendências opositivas de uso dos pretéritos na Argentina, sem considerar, contudo, a dimensão desse uso nem os fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que determinam o fenômeno variável. A fim de alcançar os objetivos propostos, compilamos um corpus de entrevista radiofônicas de ambas as variedades diatópicas. Valendo-nos do Goldvarb Yosemite, procedemos a uma análise multivariada que permitiu identificar um uso absoluto do perfecto simple na expressão do passado imediato em Buenos Aires e um uso variável, em San Miguel de Tucumán. Nessa última variedade, foi possível observar que o uso do perfecto compuesto parece apresentar certo prestígio e caracteriza um uso mais inovador, além de ser mais recorrente junto a fatores que possibilitam uma leitura continuativa.

This paper aims to describe the behavior of the pretérito perfecto forms in the expression of the immediate past in Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires and San Miguel de Tucumán. The interest comes from the deficiency observed in studies, which, at the most, identify two oppositional tendencies of use of these past tenses in Argentina, without considering, however, the extent of the use or the linguistic and extralinguistic factors that determine the variable phenomenon. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, we compiled a corpus of radio interviews of both diatopic varieties. Using Goldvarb Yosemite, we execute a multivariate analysis that allowed to identify an absolute use of the perfecto simple in the expression of the immediate past in Buenos Aires and a variable use in San Miguel de Tucumán. In this variety, it was possible to observe the use of the perfecto compuesto presents a prestige and characterizes a more innovative use, besides recurring more with factors that allow a continuous reading. Este trabalho visa à descrição do comportamento das formas do pretérito perfecto na expressão do passado imediato no espanhol falado em Buenos Aires e San Miguel de Tucumán. O interesse decorre da deficiência observada em estudos, que, quando muito, identificam duas tendências opositivas de uso dos pretéritos na Argentina, sem considerar, contudo, a dimensão desse uso nem os fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que determinam o fenômeno variável. A fim de alcançar os objetivos propostos, compilamos um corpus de entrevista radiofônicas de ambas as variedades diatópicas. Valendo-nos do Goldvarb Yosemite, procedemos a uma análise multivariada que permitiu identificar um uso absoluto do perfecto simple na expressão do passado imediato em Buenos Aires e um uso variável, em San Miguel de Tucumán. Nessa última variedade, foi possível observar que o uso do perfecto compuesto parece apresentar certo prestígio e caracteriza um uso mais inovador, além de ser mais recorrente junto a fatores que possibilitam uma leitura continuativa.

O presente trabalho procurou analisar o funcionamento do português e do espanhol no que se refere ao uso do perfeito composto, observando pontos de encontro e de divergência entre as línguas, isso para compreender, por meio de uma análise contrastiva, o uso que o aprendiz faz da língua estrangeira. Somaram-se aos trabalhos, leituras e discussões em torno de questões que abordam o tema em foco, tais como o conceito de "interlíngua" e "transferência", "temporalidade verbal" nas línguas portuguesa e espanhola, entre outros. Como corpus de análise, observamos áudios transcritos produzidos por alunos do curso de Letras: Espanhol do quarto período (nível intermediário). Recorremos ao software Antconc, para proceder ao exame do material disponível. Como resultado, foi visto que não há interferência semântica significativa da língua materna sobre esse assunto, mas ocorrem outros tipos de fenômenos, como a generalização de traços semânticos e morfológicos.

Persistence of top predators in protected areas requires healthy populations of prey species. Jaguars (Panthera onca) are top predators in the Caatinga dry forest, a xeric domain in northeastern Brazil. Poaching is a threat to populations of jaguar prey in the Caatinga, but it is still widely popular among locals. Here, we investigated molecularly identified jaguar scats to assess prey composition in a protected area where large prey has been heavily depleted or driven extinct by poaching. We also make direct comparisons between trophic niche width and mean prey size through a literature review. We show that over 90% of the diet of jaguars was comprised of prey under 5 kg, mainly armadillos. Furthermore, we found that the values of trophic niche width (2.21) and mean prey size (5.23 kg) in our study area are among the lowest ever described for jaguars in the literature. Our results demonstrated that jaguars are able to shift their diet to small prey when larger quarry is scarce. However, subsisting in such a stressful trophic position may lead to decreased levels of recruitment and low emigration rate. Breeding females would have difficulty raising cubs without abundant large prey. If jaguars are to persist in the Caatinga, effective actions to reduce poaching inside protected areas and corridors must be implemented. One of the most important jaguar populations in this domain inhabits our study site, and prey conservation is paramount for long-term persistence of this top predator in the Caatinga.

The method presented in here allows for the unequivocal differentiation between non-invasive samples of ocelots and margays, when used in combination with the protocol by Roques et al. (Mol Ecol Resour 11:171–175, 2011). It reduced costs and laboratory processing, decreasing the chances of contamination, and therefore facilitating the identification of large numbers of samples by simple PCR amplification, without the need for sequencing. Our protocol was tested on 371 faeces collected in the field in 25 different sites across the distribution areas of both species, and compared to the mtDNA sequencing of 23 of the samples. The concatenation of a commonly used segment of Cytochrome b with other mitochondrial markers such as ATP-8 allows the identification of these two sister-species, but there was not enough resolution when used alone. With this new method, we could identify 98% of the field faeces, obtaining a global rate of 22.3 faeces of ocelot per margay sample in roads and trails located in potential areas of coexistence, suggesting generally lower densities of margay, although margays could be underestimated due to their arboreal habits. In Serra das Almas, located in the Brazilian Caatinga, the number of faeces of ocelot detected was especially elevated. Low densities of ocelots could be favoring higher densities of margays in areas like the Sinaloan dry forests and the Chimalapas montane forests, both in Mexico. Ocelots were found from open to forested habitats, including mosaic cropland and grassland, however margays were only found in forests where average canopy height exceeded 5 m.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T07:58:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-09 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas WWF International Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Large terrestrial carnivores have undergone some of the largest population declines and range reductions of any species, which is of concern as they can have large effects on ecosystem dynamics and function.1–4 The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the apex predator throughout the majority of the Neotropics; however, its distribution has been reduced by >50% and it survives in increasingly isolated populations.5 Consequently, the range-wide management of the jaguar depends upon maintaining core populations connected through multi-national, transboundary cooperation, which requires understanding the movement ecology and space use of jaguars throughout their range.6–8 Using GPS telemetry data for 111 jaguars from 13 ecoregions within the four biomes that constitute the majority of jaguar habitat, we examined the landscape-level environmental and anthropogenic factors related to jaguar home range size and movement parameters. Home range size decreased with increasing net productivity and forest cover and increased with increasing road density. Speed decreased with increasing forest cover with no sexual differences, while males had more directional movements, but tortuosity in movements was not related to any landscape factors. We demonstrated a synergistic relationship between landscape-scale environmental and anthropogenic factors and jaguars’ spatial needs, which has applications to the conservation strategy for the species throughout the Neotropics. Using large-scale collaboration, we overcame limitations from small sample sizes typical in large carnivore research to provide a mechanism to evaluate habitat quality for jaguars and an inferential modeling framework adaptable to the conservation of other large terrestrial carnivores. Asociación Guyra Paraguay and CONACYT Parque Ecológico Asunción Verde Insituto Saite Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP Departamento de Biodiversidade Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC Instituto Pró-Carnívoros Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade de São Paulo Cidade Universitária, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321 Instituto de Biología Subtropical Universidad Nacional de Misiones and CONICET Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico Programa Jaguares de la Selva Maya Bioconciencia A.C. School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga IPÊ-Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas Faro Moro Eco Research Estancia Faro Moro Departamento de Boquerón Instituto Onça Pintada Estacao Ecológica Taiamã Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá Associação Onçafari Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 221, Cj.14, Sala 4, Pinheiros Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor Instituto SOS Pantanal, R. Gutemberg, 328 Centro Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and CONACyT Ciudad Universitaria Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts, Amherst Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Instituto Literario 100 Col. Centro C.P. Instituto de Biologia Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos LEMA Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Primero Conservation, Box 1588 Namá Conservation Rescate Animal Zooave Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, Apdo Projeto Carnívoros do Iguaçu Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Instituto Onças do Rio Negro Fazenda Barranco Alto Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal de Viçosa Instituto de Defesa e Preservação dos Felídeos Brasileiros SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry Wildlife Biology Program W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation University of Montana Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Wildlife Protection Solutions, 2501 Welton Street San Diego Zoo Global Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Universidade Federal de São João del Rei Departamento de Ciências Naturais Laboratório de Ecologia Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada Universidade de São Paulo ESALQ/CENA Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Centro de Zoología Aplicada Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal IDEA Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical ANLIS Ministerio de Salud de la Nación Instituto de Pesquisa e Conservação de Tamanduás do Brasil Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP Departamento de Biodiversidade Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação LEEC FAPESP: 2014/24921-0 FAPESP: 2018/13037–3 FAPESP: 2018/24891-5

Habitat loss and fragmentation are important threats to carnivores worldwide and are especially intense for large predators. Jaguars have been extirpated from over half of their original distribution, and few regions still maintain large populations. The Pantanal is among the best examples of such regions and can be used to better understand several aspects of jaguar biology that are relevant for conservation planning throughout the species' range. Thus, in this study we used microsatellite markers and field data to: (i) assess the genetic structure and gene flow of jaguars (n = 110) from the northern and southern Pantanal; (ii) verify if females are more philopatric than males; (iii) produce a timeline pedigree to allow the identification of distances from offspring to their mothers; and (iv) estimate the generation time for jaguars. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Pantanal jaguars represent a panmictic population, although exhibiting some degree of local differentiation. The Paraguay River seems to be an important factor promoting gene flow among the studied populations, highlighting its relevance for regional conservation efforts. Our data provide the first genetic evidence of female philopatry and male-biased dispersal in jaguars. In addition, we report the first timeline pedigree for a wild jaguar population and the first direct estimate of the species' generation time. Our results contribute to the construction of more realistic assessments of jaguar population dynamics and long-term genetic viability, thus contributing to the design of improved conservation strategies on behalf of this species.

O nosso objetivo neste trabalho é o de apresentar uma unidade didática que teve como tema a variação no paradigma pronominal na posição de sujeito, sendo discutida a questão da inserção do você e do a gente como formas inovadoras. A construção da unidade didática e sua análise tiveram como pressupostos teóricos a sociolinguística laboviana (LABOV, 2008) e a proposta de uma pedagogia da variação linguística (FARACO, 2008). Como parte da metodologia, a unidade didática foi planejada e aplicada em uma turma de 3º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública de Itaqui (RS). A partir da proposta de uma pesquisa de campo, os alunos realizaram a análise do paradigma tradicional, que, de maneira geral, é omisso ou pouco consistente em relação aos pronomes inovadores, comparando-o com o resultado da pesquisa de campo. Tal pesquisa revelou, dentro dos seus limites, que tanto o você quanto o a gente são facilmente encontrados na fala e na escrita dos falantes do município gaúcho de Itaqui, e isto abriu caminho para que a variação linguística fosse discutida em sala de aula, de maneira que a teoria e a prática estivessem unidas. Essa proposta de trabalho envolvendo os alunos foi pensada como forma de atestar a importância de se criar espaço para a pedagogia da variação linguística, impregnando, dessa forma, o ambiente escolar com a pesquisa a respeito da língua, como proposto por Bagno (2007).

Activity patterns reflect adaptations to local biological and physical conditions. We estimated the activity patterns of 3 mesocarnivore species in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil: the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus). We compared the overlap of daily activity among these species and to apex predators. We also estimated nighttime activity of these mesocarnivores during 2 years and compared activity peaks with those of apex predators and potential prey. All 3 mesocarnivores were nocturnal, with ocelots having only 1 record during daytime. Coefficients of overlap with larger predators were high (Δ1 > 0.7) for all pairwise comparisons, since all species were very nocturnal. Nighttime-only activity comparisons (Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests) showed that activity of oncillas differed from that of both larger mesocarnivores and jaguar activity, suggesting temporal segregation. Contrary to our expectations, rodent activity was dissimilar from that of ocelots and crab-eating foxes, but activity of rodents and oncillas was relatively synchronous. Activity of both cat species seems limited to the cooler nighttime, and nocturnal behavior of oncillas more likely reflects activity of potential prey rather than regulation by intraguild predators. Future studies in arid regions should consider climatic factors when estimating activity patterns.

Carnivores face conflicts with humans, which has reduced their numbers and distribution. Carnivores compete in intraguild predation systems, Subordinate predators usually avoid top predators through spatial or temporal separation. Coexistence requires a complex combination of resources and environmental conditions. In this study, we assessed the occupancy and temporal activity during night time of the jaguar ( Panthera onca ) and puma ( Puma concolor ) in the Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP), located in the semi-arid Caatinga biome of Brazil. Felines face biological limitations in hot environments. We used camera-traps, occupancy models and temporal analysis to evaluate their patterns of habitat use, activity and interactions in SCNP between 2009 and 2011. We considered jaguar as dominant predator and puma as subordinate, and expected to find spatial and temporal avoidance between them. We found evidence of spatial and temporal coexistence. This coexistence could be a result of a restriction of niche separation between both species, influenced by the harsh conditions in the Caatinga, represented by a combination of extreme temperatures, scarcity of refuges to thermoregulate, an environment around SCNP with a high level of human disturbance and an apparent increase in prey due conservation policies.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 We describe molecular testing for felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), alphacoronavirus 1 (feline coronavirus [FCoV]), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) in whole blood samples of 109 free-ranging and 68 captive neotropical felids from Brazil. Samples from 2 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 1 oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) were positive for FHV-1; 2 jaguars, 1 puma (Puma concolor), and 1 jaguarundi (Herpairulus yagouaroundi) tested positive for CPPV-1; and 1 puma was positive for FIV. Based on comparison of 103 nucleotides of the UL24-UL25 gene, the FHV-1 sequences were 99–100% similar to the FHV-1 strain of domestic cats. Nucleotide sequences of CPPV-1 were closely related to sequences detected in other wild carnivores, comparing 294 nucleotides of the VP1 gene. The FIV nucleotide sequence detected in the free-ranging puma, based on comparison of 444 nucleotides of the pol gene, grouped with other lentiviruses described in pumas, and had 82.4% identity with a free-ranging puma from Yellowstone Park and 79.5% with a captive puma from Brazil. Our data document the circulation of FHV-1, CPPV-1, and FIV in neotropical felids in Brazil. Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo Departments of Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo Jaguar Conservation Fund Instituto Onça-Pintada Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores Instituto Pró-Carnívoros Institute for Ecological Research Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE) Department of Microbiology and Immunology Biosciences Institute State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE) Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation ICMBio Department of Microbiology and Immunology Biosciences Institute State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho

This study investigated the presence of Hepatozoon spp. in jaguars ( Panthera onca ) and domestic animals in the Cerrado, Amazon, and Pantanal biomes of Brazil. Between February 2000 and January 2010, blood samples were collected from 30 jaguars, 129 domestic dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris), and 22 domestic cats ( Felis catus ) for molecular tests. All of the jaguars from the Pantanal (n = 22) and Cerrado (n = 4) and 3 of 4 jaguars from the Amazon were positive for Hepatozoon spp. Domestic dogs (62.8%) and cats (31.8%) were also positive for the agent. Hepatozoon nucleotide sequences from jaguars and domestic cats grouped with other Hepatozoon felis, whereas Hepatozoon from domestic dogs showed high similarity to Hepatozoon canis. Different species of Amblyomma were identified as parasitizing the jaguars and may act as vectors for Hepatozoon spp. Jaguars from the 3 sites were healthy and did not seem to be threatened by the hemoparasite within its population or environments. Most likely, jaguars play an important role in the maintenance of Hepatozoon spp. in nature.

Jaguars and pumas are the largest felids in the Americas. Information about these two species is scarce, especially where both species are sympatric. We studied the use and selection of macrohabitats, spatial segregation and kinship in jaguars and pumas in the Viruá National Park (Amazonian lowlands) by non-invasive genetic analyses of faecal samples. Seven different jaguars (six males and one female) and nine different pumas (five males and four females) were identified. We found space use segregation between the two species, with pumas using mostly forested habitats and jaguars using open habitats slightly more than the forested ones. This result is unexpected, since previous studies have found that pumas favour more open habitats than jaguars. The results suggest that jaguars use the areas in a more random manner, corresponding to the habits of a dominant generalist species, whereas pumas use the area to reduce encounter rates with jaguars. Nevertheless, both species mainly used areas near upland forest-flooding habitats. Some kinship categories were supported with a p < 0.05 in 57 and 83% of the pair comparisons between the identified jaguars and the identified pumas, respectively. Non-invasive genetic analysis of faeces was useful to study the spatial ecology of solitary, rare and cryptic species in the Amazon.

Incluye contenido parcial de los autores Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a speciesto become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonna-tive habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this dataset, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposeda geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into theNeotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced recordson alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 speciesbelonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotrop-ics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Floridain the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 coun-tries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g.,Callithrixsp.,Myocastor coypus,Nasua nasua)considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The mostnumerous species in terms of records are fromBossp. (n=37,782),Sus scrofa(n=6,730), andCanis familiaris(n=10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caf-fer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of spe-cies in the data set (n=20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomicidentification of the generaCallithrix,which includes the speciesCallithrix aurita, Callithrixflaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, andtheir hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion riskassessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copy-right restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We alsorequest that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

O presente trabalho visa apresentar o processo de composição de um curso introdutório de espanhol para fins de turismo, descrevendo os pressupostos teóricos por detrás de sua produção, além de mostrar como esse curso contribui para o ensino de língua estrangeira com fins específicos (LEFE). Desse modo, discutiremos a contribuição do estudo dos gêneros do discurso para o ensino de LEFE e, mais especificamente, como os processos de ‘observação’ e ‘experimento’ podem auxiliar o aluno a aprender espanhol voltado às situações vivenciadas em viagens. Finalmente, destacamos que a abordagem dos gêneros discursivos permite, entre outros, o estudo de aspectos culturais e linguísticos.

Este trabalho visa o estudo da variação no uso das formas do pretérito perfecto simple e compuesto em Madri. Nossa hipótese é que o tipo de referência temporal de passado é um fator que incide sobre o uso dessas formas verbais e, por isso, auxilia na compreensão sobre como essa variação se organiza na norma madrilenha. Analisamos os dados tendo em vista os âmbitos temporais de passado absoluto (PA) e antepresente (AP). Como resultado, identificamos um uso categórico do PPC no AP – em consonância com o que descrevem as gramáticas – e um acentuado uso do PPS no PA.

In order to assess coverage and quality of elderly care, a cross-sectional study of 204 interventions of Family Health Specialization students of UFPel was conducted, both connected and not connected to the More Doctors Program (PMM). The coverage difference between the third and first months of intervention and the percentage at the end of the third month were calculated in order to obtain quality indicators. An average increase in coverage of 35.7 percentage points (pp) (32.9, 38.6) was found: 42.1 pp (38.6, 45.7) and 26.1 pp (22.3, 30) were, respectively, related and not related to PMM. Brief Multidimensional Assessment (AMR), up-to-date clinical examination and assessment of the need for dental treatment showed better results in interventions conducted by PMM professionals. The interventions were effective regardless of supply and nationality, obtaining significantly better results those conducted by PMM professionals, especially Cubans.

In this paper, we describe the behavior of the pretérito perfecto tenses in the expression of the enlarged ante-present in Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires and San Miguel de Tucumán. Therefore, we compiled a corpus of radio interviews of both varieties. Using Goldvarb, we execute a multivariate analysis that allowed us to identify and describe an intense use of the perfecto simple in Buenos Aires and a more expressive use of the perfecto compuesto in San Miguel de Tucumán. This analysis also allowed us to identify extralinguistic factors operating behind the described context. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o comportamento das formas do pretérito perfecto na expressão do antepresente ampliado no espanhol falado em Buenos Aires e San Miguel de Tucumán. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de entrevistas radiofônicas de ambas as variedades. Por meio do Goldvarb, procedemos a uma análise multivariada que permitiu identificar e descrever um uso intenso da do perfecto simple em Buenos Aires e um uso mais significativo do perfecto compuesto, em San Miguel de Tucumán. Esta análise também nos permitiu identificar fatores extralinguísticos operando por detrás do cenário descrito.

In general, habitat fragmentation is associated with a reduction in gene flow that can reduce the genetic diversity, and, consequently, a species ability to survive environmental changes. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is a Neotropical ecosystem engineer that is vulnerable throughout its distribution area and under different degrees of threat in the Brazilian Pantanal (near threatened), Cerrado (endangered) and Atlantic Forest (critically endangered). We used 13 microsatellite loci to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 361 white-lipped peccaries sampled in four areas in the Pantanal, two areas in the Cerrado, and one area in the Atlantic Forest. We found similar levels of genetic diversity in all localities. Bayesian clustering analysis indicated the presence of two (K = 2; all Pantanal localities plus the Cerrado locality at the Pantanal highlands versus the other Cerrado locality plus the Atlantic Forest one) or three (K = 3; with the additional differentiation between the Cerrado locality and the Atlantic Forest) genetically differentiated populations. We found a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD) limited by dispersal events of up to 180 km. This IBD pattern is congruent with gene flow between the geographically closer localities in the Pantanal and the Cerrado in the Pantanal highlands (25–137 km), while dispersal between the other Cerrado locality and the Atlantic Forest, that are 500 km apart, would not be as feasible. Therefore, we considered K = 3 as the best scenario to represent the genetic structure of the populations analyzed. As all populations of white-lipped peccary showed moderate levels of genetic diversity, conservation actions are recommended to maintain their diversity, as it is vital to the long-term viability of these populations, especially those in more threatened biomes.

To evaluate the role of maintenance of the ileocecal valve (ICV) in intestinal adaptation mechanisms, in a weaning rat experimental model of short bowel. Forty animals were operated on to produce short bowel syndrome. They were divided into five groups: maintenance (MV) or resection of ICV (RV), kill after 4 days (MV4 and RV4) or 21 days (MV21 and RV21), and a control group (21-day-old rats). Body weights, small bowel and colon lengths and diameters, villus heights, crypt depths, lamina propria and muscle layer thickness, as well as the apoptosis index of villi and crypts and expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, were studied. Preservation of the ICV promoted increased weight gain (p = 0.0001) and intestinal villus height after 21 days; crypt depth was higher in comparison to controls. It was verified a higher expression of Ki-67 in bowel villi and crypts (p = 0.018 and p = 0.015, respectively) in RV4 group and a higher expression in bowel villi of MV4 group animals (p = 0.03). The maintenance of ICV promoted late increased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-XL in the colon (p = 0.043, p = 0.002, p = 0.01). The maintenance of the ICV led to positive changes in this model.

The neural system plays an important role in understanding some features of animals. Anatomical complexity correlates with the increase of functional capacity. Xenarthrans include anteaters (Vermilingua), armadillos (Cingulata) and sloths (Folivora). This group is the base of eutherian mammals, and understanding the anatomy of its neural system could provide data for functional and evolutionary interpretations. The gross anatomy of the xenarthran brain is recorded. Four extant families of Pilosa and two families of Cingulata were sampled. Usual dissection procedures were used, and the brains were analysed macroscopically. The brain of two-toed sloth, three-toed sloth, six-banded armadillo, giant anteater and collared anteater are gyrencephalic. Pygmy anteater, nine-banded armadillo, great long-nosed armadillo, southern naked-tailed armadillo and giant armadillo are lissencephalic. In most species, the rhinal fissure presents two segments, rostral and caudal (except in Vermilingua and three-toed sloth). The diencephalon and brainstem present similar anatomy. The cerebellum is wide and presents four lobes (rostral, central, caudal and floccular). Its average volume is 12.16% (Folivora), 14.26% (Vermilingua) and 18.61% (Cingulata). Among these groups, there is a statistical difference between Folivora/Cingulata concerning the cerebellum average. The general pattern of the brain of the xenarthrans is similar to that of other mammals.