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411 results on '"Lawrence, Alistair"'

53. Stem cell-derived macrophages as a new platform for studying host-pathogen interactions in livestock

Author

Meek, Stephen, primary, Watson, Tom, additional, Eory, Lel, additional, McFarlane, Gus, additional, Wynne, Felicity J., additional, McCleary, Stephen, additional, Dunn, Laura E.M., additional, Charlton, Emily M., additional, Criag, Chloe, additional, Shih, Barbara, additional, Regan, Tim, additional, Taylor, Ryan, additional, Sutherland, Linda, additional, Gossner, Anton, additional, Chintoan-Uta, Cosmin, additional, Fletcher, Sarah, additional, Beard, Philippa M., additional, Hassan, Musa A., additional, Grey, Finn, additional, Hope, Jayne C., additional, Stevens, Mark P., additional, Nowak-Imialek, Monika, additional, Niemann, Heiner, additional, Ross, Pablo J., additional, Tait-Burkard, Christine, additional, Brown, Sarah M., additional, Lefevre, Lucas, additional, Thomson, Gerard, additional, McColl, Barry W., additional, Lawrence, Alistair B., additional, Archibald, Alan L., additional, Steinbach, Falko, additional, Crooke, Helen R., additional, Gao, Xuefei, additional, Liu, Pentao, additional, and Burdon, Tom, additional

Published
2021
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60. Positive welfare in science and society:Differences, similarities and synergies

Author

Vigors, Belinda, Sandøe, Peter, Lawrence, Alistair B., Vigors, Belinda, Sandøe, Peter, and Lawrence, Alistair B.

Abstract

Societal and scientific perspectives of animal welfare have an interconnected history. However, they have also, somewhat, evolved separately with scientific perspectives often focusing on specific aspects or indicators of animal welfare and societal perspectives typically taking a broader and more ethically oriented view of welfare. In this conceptual paper, we examine the similarities and differences between scientific and societal perspectives of positive welfare and examine what they may mean for future discussions of animal welfare considered as a whole. Reviewing published studies in the field we find that (UK and Republic of Ireland) farmers and (UK) members of the public (i.e., society) typically consider both negatives (i.e., minimising harms) and positives (i.e., promoting positive experiences) within the envelope of positive welfare and prioritise welfare needs according to the specific context or situation an animal is in. However, little consideration of a whole life perspective (e.g., the balance of positive and negative experiences across an animal's lifetime) is evident in these societal perspectives. We highlight how addressing these disparities, by simultaneously considering scientific and societal perspectives of positive welfare, provides an opportunity to more fully incorporate positive welfare within a comprehensive understanding of animal welfare. We suggest that a consideration of both scientific and societal perspectives points to an approach to welfare which accounts for both positive and negative experiences, prioritises them (e.g., by seeing positive experiences as dependent on basic animal needs being fulfilled), and considers the balance of positives and negatives over the lifetime of the animals. We expand on this view and conclude with its potential implications for future development of how to understand and assess animal welfare.

Published
2021

68. The social organization of Scottish Blackface sheep

Author

Lawrence, Alistair Burnett

Subjects
611, Sheep behaviour
Abstract

This thesis describes the social organization of a home range group of Scottish Blackface sheep occupying an area known as the Howlet in the Pentland Hills, Midlothian, Scotland. Evidence to support the contention that these sheep constitute a home range group is presented. The home range occupied by the group was found to be at a minimum in winter (the winter range) and at a maximum in summer (the summer range). Using cluster analysis on individuals' location data it was shown that in autumn and winter there was little individual variation in home range behaviour in comparison to summer. Variability in home range size showed a similar trend. Ewes in summer could occupy home ranges differing by as much as 40 ha. It was further illustrated that in winter ewes showed increased gregariousness, forming large sub -groups and being readily influenced by the movements of other sheep, whilst in summer the converse was true. It was concluded that these seasonal variations in social organization occurred largely in response to ecological changes; in winter a reduction in the variability in the quality of the hill swards and the worsening weather; in summer the increase in the dispersion of resources through the growth of the widley distributed Agrostis-Festuca swards. The presence of a lamb in summer would seem to satisfy the ewe's proximal motivation to group, thus allowing her greater flexibilty of movement between Agrostis-Festuca swards. In contrast to the findings of previous workers, the ewe-daughter bond was found to be of little significance beyond 7 to 8 months. Around this age ewe-lambs formed peer groups that during their first winter moved independently of other group members. In their second summer ewe-lambs became integrated into the larger social group. Early experience was found to be important in determining summer home range patterns of individual ewe-lambs. The cohesion of the home range group seemed to result from the animals' preference for an area and their motivation to form sub-groups; specific bonds between individuals were not of importance in this respect. Social organization was shown to negate supposed advantages of feedblocks, fed as a supplement to the group during winter. Ewe -lambs did not follow older ewes to the feedblock; 2 and 3 year old ewes did not compete successfully with older ewes when feeding at the block; further the feedblocks apparently decreased the size of ewes home ranges, which it seems must have led to the overuse of the lower parts, and conversely underuse of upper parts of the range. The results are discussed in relation to literature on wild, feral and domestic sheep. It is concluded that whilst in general terms the social behaviour of domestic sheep remains close in form to that found in feral and wild populations, that there remain unresolved questions over the function of aspects of social behaviour in domestic ungulates. It is argued that that a better understanding of the effects of domestication on, for example, anti-predator behaviour in domestic sheep would help in the construction of a theoretical framework for the study of the ethology of farm animals.

Published
1985

73. Ingestion of food facilitates the performance of stereotypies in sows

Author

Terlouw, E.M. Claudia, Wiersma, Anja, Lawrence, Alistair B., and Macleod, Hamish A.

Subjects
Sows -- Behavior, Ingestion -- Analysis, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The ingestion of food activates the functioning of stereotypies such as chain manipulation and excessive drinking. This is reflective of motivational state alterations and behavioral activation. These results are derived from studies conducted to determine if ingestion of food stimulates the performance of these stereotypies in sows. Post-feeding levels of drinking are higher during the morning than in the afternoon, probably due to higher levels of food anticipation.

Published
1993

74. A review of behavioral factors involved in the development and continued performance of stereotypic behaviors in pigs

Author

Lawrence, Alistair B. and Terlouw, E.M. Claudia

Subjects
Swine -- Psychological aspects, Animal behavior -- Research, Stereotyped behavior (Psychiatry) -- Research, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Environmentally induced stereotypies, commonly observed in farm and zoo animals, are behaviors that are relatively invariant, that are regularly repeated, and that serve no obvious function. However, there is as yet no accepted means of discriminating between normal and abnormal behavior, and the assumption that stereotypies are abnormal may mask the fact that they arise in part through processes that 'normally' control behavior. There is growing evidence that stereotypies in sows and broiler breeders are strongly related to feeding motivation. For example, sows only develop oral stereotypies if their feed intake is restricted, and operant conditioning experiments have shown commercial levels of feed restriction to give rise to high levels of feeding motivation. Stereotypies in animals whose feed intake is restricted largely occur in the postprandial period, and ingestion of food has specifically been shown to elicit stereotypies in sows. These observations suggest that positive feedback from feeding produces a short-term increase in feeding motivation that at the end of the meal is directed toward available, alternative stimuli such as chains, the choice of stimuli reflecting the sensory feedback from the activity. Drinking behavior may also become an expression of feeding behavior after metabolic water requirements are met. In addition to these processes specific to feeding motivation, it seems likely that nonspecific processes, which operate more generally across motivational systems, contribute to the persistence of the behavior. Behavioral arousal may facilitate performance of active behaviors, and sensitization of the underlying neural elements may lead to the behavior being more easily elicited and maintained. A crucial factor in the sensitization process would seem to be the channeling of complex behavior by the environment into a few and very often repeated sequences of behavior. This approach suggests that stereotypies can be prevented by either reducing the level of motivation underlying the stereotypy, or by allowing for the expression of more complex behavior and thereby preventing the processes of channeling and sensitization from occurring.

Published
1993

83. What Is so positive about Positive Animal Welfare? - A critical review of the literature

Author

Lawrence, Alistair B., Vigors, Belinda, Sandøe, Peter, Lawrence, Alistair B., Vigors, Belinda, and Sandøe, Peter

Abstract

It is claimed that positive animal welfare (PAW) developed over the last decade in reaction to animal welfare focusing too much on avoiding negatives. However, it remains unclear what PAW adds to the animal welfare literature and to what extent its ideas are new. Through a critical review of the PAW literature, we aim to separate different aspects of PAW and situate it in relation to the traditional animal welfare literature. We find that the core PAW literature is small (n = 10 papers) but links to wider areas of current research interest. The PAW literature is defined by four features: (1) positive emotions which is arguably the most widely acknowledged; (2) positive affective engagement which serves to functionally link positive emotions to goal-directed behavior; (3) quality of life which serves to situate PAW within the context of finding the right balance of positives over negatives; (4) happiness which brings a full life perspective to PAW. While the two first points are already part of welfare research going back decades, the two latter points could be linked to more recent research agendas concerning aggregation and how specific events may affect the ability of animals to make the best of their lives., It is claimed that positive animal welfare (PAW) developed over the last decade in reaction to animal welfare focusing too much on avoiding negatives. However, it remains unclear what PAW adds to the animal welfare literature and to what extent its ideas are new. Through a critical review of the PAW literature, we aim to separate different aspects of PAW and situate it in relation to the traditional animal welfare literature. We find that the core PAW literature is small (n = 10 papers) but links to wider areas of current research interest. The PAW literature is defined by four features: (1) positive emotions which is arguably the most widely acknowledged; (2) positive affective engagement which serves to functionally link positive emotions to goal-directed behavior; (3) quality of life which serves to situate PAW within the context of finding the right balance of positives over negatives; (4) happiness which brings a full life perspective to PAW. While the two first points are already part of welfare research going back decades, the two latter points could be linked to more recent research agendas concerning aggregation and how specific events may affect the ability of animals to make the best of their lives.

Published
2019

86. Anxiety and physical condition may affect responses to tickling in male wistar rats

Author

Hammond, Tayla J., Brown, Sarah M., Meddle, Simone L., Bombail, Vincent, Lawrence, Alistair, University of Edinburgh, Neurobiologie de l'olfaction (NBO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Edinburgh Neuroscience., and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], vocalisation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], ticking, anxiety, male wistar rats
Abstract

International audience; The tickling paradigm is a well-established model used to elicit positive emotional states in rats, but there is little evidence on how pre-existing characteristics (e.g. anxiety and physical condition) influence the response of individuals to tickling. 64 adolescent (age 28 days) male Wistar rats, (split into two batches) were housed in pairs and assigned to treatment (tickling) or control (neutral handling). One animal within each cage (n = 32, 16 per batch) was handled. During handling, frequency modulated ultrasonic vocalisation (FM USV) production and approach behaviour in the form of hand-following (HF) was measured. All animals were run through the elevated plus maze (EPM) as a measure of anxiety during the pre (EPM1) and post-(EPM2) handling phases. There were significant batch effects in body weight, anxiety and tickling responses. In batch 1 (B1), tickled animals produced more FM USVs (F1,89.1 36.18, p < 0.001) and showed increased HF compared with controls (F1,88.7 = 16.46, p < 0.001), both measures indicating that tickled animals were in a more positive emotional state. In batch 2 (B2), treatment had no effect on FM USVs (F1,94= 0.44, p = 0.508). However, there was no difference in HF between the batches (F1,188 = 0, p = 0.948). Compared with B1, B2 tickled animals produced fewer FM USVs (F1,94 = 6.98, p < 0.001), with all animals showing increased anxiety (EPM1; F1,188 = 51.22, p < 0.001 and EPM2; F1,188 = 51.22, p < 0.001), a lower starting body weight (F1,188 = 50.25, p < 0.001) and reduced average daily gain (F1,188 = 35.95, p = 0.008). FM USV production showed an inverse relationship with anxiety (EPM1; F1,188 = 10.82, p = 0.001 and EPM2; F1,188 = 21.58, p < 0.001) and a relationship with physical condition (start weight; F1,188 = 5.73, p = 0.018 and average daily gain; F1,188 = 11.40, p < 0.001). This is the first study to investigate the effects of pre-existing characteristics on responses to tickling. Despite being sourced from the same supplier, rats showed pre-existing differences in anxiety and physical condition which may have affected responses to the tickling protocol.

Published
2018

89. Effect of manipulandum design and operant responding in pigs

Author

Young, Robert J., Macleod, Hamish A., and Lawrence, Alistair B.

Subjects
Operant behavior -- Research, Swine -- Behavior, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Studies of operant responding in pigs reveal that the design of manipulanda influence the extent of operant responding. Pigs prefer a manipulandum that permits them to exhibit more species-typical properties. Pigs respond more to paddle manipulandum, as it increases sensory feedback, than on tactile stimulation of the snout and oral stimulation of the mouth.

Published
1994

92. Mother-daughter bonds in sheep

Author

Lawrence, Alistair B.

Subjects
Sheep -- Behavior, Social behavior in animals -- Research, Parental behavior in animals -- Research, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Published
1991

95. Heterotopic Pancreas within the Proximal Hepatic Duct, Containing Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm

Author

Lawrence, Alistair J., Thiessen, Aducio, Morse, Amy, and Shapiro, A. M. James

Subjects
Article Subject
Abstract

We report a unique first case of benign heterotopic pancreas arising within the proximal hepatic bile duct, containing a focus of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). The condition was diagnosed on pathological explant after left hepatic lobectomy with total extrahepatic bile duct excision.

Published
2015
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98. Farm animal welfare: assessing risks attributable to the prenatal environment

Author

Rutherford, Kenneth M D, Donald, Ramona D, Arnott, Gareth, Rooke, John A, Dixon, Laura, Mehers, Jessica, Turnbull, James, and Lawrence, Alistair B

Subjects
prenatal, gestation, early life, foetal, farming, animal welfare
Abstract

An ever-expanding scientific literature highlights the impact of the prenatal environment on many areas of biology. Across all major farmed species, experimental studies have clearly shown that prenatal experiences can have a substantial impact on outcomes relevant to later health, welfare and productivity. In particular, stress or sub-optimal nutrition experienced by the mother during pregnancy has been shown to have wide-ranging and important effects on how her offspring cope with their social, physical and infectious environment. Variation in the conditions for development provided by the reproductive tract or egg, for instance by altered nutritional supply or hormonal exposure, may therefore explain a large degree of variation in many welfare- and productivity-relevant traits. The scientific literature suggests a number of management practices for pre-birth/hatch individuals that could compromise their later welfare. Such studies may have relevance for the welfare of animals under human care, depending on the extent to which real life conditions involve exposure to these practices. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of extending the focus on animal welfare to include the prenatal period, an aspect which until recently has been largely neglected.

Published
2012

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