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Background Transplantation depends on a donation from a living or deceased donor, with the latter ideally involving a multiorgan transplant. The objective of this study was to determine the factors that influence the attitudes of the population in Mexico toward being a donor. Methods We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study with a survey on the attitudes toward donation in the population of Mexico. The survey had 33 items on it regarding sociodemographic aspects and people’s positions on the issues of organ and tissue donation. We used central tendency and dispersion averages and calculated the difference between groups using chi squares or the Student t test. We also used the statistical program SPSS version 25. Results The perception of respondents regarding organ and tissue donation (with 1064 people or 65.1% in favor) points to a lack of knowledge in Mexico. People do not talk about organ donation with their relatives and especially do not discuss their wishes in case of death (only 660 people indicated they had or 40.4%). There is a better attitude toward donation among younger respondents, women, single people, health personnel, people with higher incomes, Catholics, and those who do not have a hospitalized family member. Conclusions It is necessary to provide more information about organ donation to people in Mexico. The opinion toward donation is generally favorable; however, there are multiple factors that influence opinions. Family members of patients in intensive care are the least willing to donate themselves or donate a relative's organs.

A 20-year-old postpartum woman developed paresthesias and intolerable pain over the volar aspect of the first through fourth fingers, after radial artery cannulation (RAC) during cesarean section. Ultrasonography did not show any hematoma in the forearm. Urgent carpal tunnel release and median nerve decompression were performed, resulting in complete disappearance of symptoms.Acute median nerve compression is a rare injury in its own, but it is even rarer as a complication of RAC. Urgent decompression should be performed as soon as possible to avoid future neurological deficits.

8 Pág. Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), This work was funded by Ministerio de Economìa y Competitividad(MINECO) of Spain (grant PID2019-111523 GB-I00 to M.A.M.-R), by Comunidad de Madrid (CM) and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM (grant APOYO_JOVENES_2Y36R7_20_TRG6W7 (Plant_Stem) to P.P.-G.), by the “Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R&D0 from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of Spain [SEV-2016-0672 (2017e2021)] to MMR and P.P-G. through CBGP, and by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Grant # CEX2020-000999-S). L.S.-R. was supported by FPI contract (BES-2017-080155) from MINECO and P.P.-G. by Programa Atraccion Talento from CM (2017-T2/BIO-3453)

The use of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is becoming more extended and its clinical results are good or excellent according to the literature. The main biomechanical characteristic of RSA is that it lowers and medializes the centre of rotation of the shoulder causing an arm lengthening. Although the number of neurological complications is low (5%), there are more neurophysiological changes in the brachial plexus with RSA than with the anatomic shoulder arthroplasty. The main goal of this study was to quantify the lengthening of the terminal branches of the brachial plexus suffered after RSA implantation.20 Embalmed cadavers were analysed. Four distances using bone references were employed to measure the lengthening of the arm and subacromial space. The brachial plexus and its terminal branches (radial, axillary, ulnar, musculocutaneous and median nerves) and the axillary artery, were identified and marked. Measurements were made to determine the change of position of the neurovascular structures, the arm lengthening and the lengthening of each nerve before and after the implantation of RSA. Two models of RSA were used: SMRThe mean arm elongation was 10.5 mm. The subacromial space suffers an elongation of 20.5-29.8%. All the neurovascular structures suffered elongation: median nerve 23.1%, musculocutaneous nerve 22.1%, ulnar nerve 19%, radial nerve 17%, axillary nerve 12-14.5%, axillary artery 24.8%. There were no differences in the results between the types of prosthesis.Due to its design, the RSA causes an arm lengthening which is reflected by the elongation of the neurovascular structures of the arm.

INTRODUCTION Goiter is very common in patients with acromegaly; its development is correlated to the duration of the disease. Thyroid cells express the IGF-1 receptor and the TSH/IGF-1 interaction has been demonstrated to have a synergistic effect in thyroid cell growth. There is a correlation between IGF-1 levels and the thyroid volume of patients with acromegaly. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a retrospective case-cohort study of patients with acromegaly, the associated risk factors for thyroid nodules disease in this population. METHODS This was a case-cohort study matched by age, gender, and growth hormone at diagnosis. Cases consisted of acromegalic patients that developed thyroid nodules during the follow up, and controls consisted in acromegalic patients without thyroid nodules. A Cox proportional hazard estimation was carried out for measure the associated risk factors for thyroid nodules disease in acromegalic patients. A nodular thyroid disease-free survival analysis was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS We recruited 49 cases and 56 controls. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis age and IGF-1 ≥ 2.2 x ULN were significantly related with the presence of thyroid nodules [HR of 2.21 (95% CI; 1.15-4.25, p = 0.01)]. Nodularity-free survival rates in patients who had an IGF-1 X ULN ≥ 2.2 was found to be lower in comparison to those who had IGF-1 X ULN

Introduction: Osteotomy of the greater trochanter is a commonly used procedure in complex revision hip arthroplasty in order to achieve a wide exposure to the femoral stem and acetabular components. There is no clinical evidence in favour of a specific fixation method. The aim of this study was to compare cable-plate with figure-of-eight cerclage wire fixation in patients requiring a trochanteric “slide” osteotomy. Material and methods: In a retrospective study, 51 greater trochanteric “slide” osteotomies in complex acetabular revision arthroplasties were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 28 hips were fixed with 1 of 2 cable-plate systems (Dall-Miles staple, Stryker or Cable-Ready plate, Zimmer) and 23 with a figure-of-eight cerclage wire. Consolidation, osteolysis, migration of greater trochanter, bursitis of the trochanteric area, Trendelenburg gait and removal of osteosynthesis material were studied at 6 months follow-up. Results: Both groups showed good union rates. The lysis rate was similar with 32% in the cable-plate group versus 29% in the cerclage wire group ( p = 0.084). 43% of the hips with cable-plate and 22% of the cerclage wire had trochanteric migration ( p = 0.297). Pain at the greater trochanter was less frequent in the cerclage wire group (9%) as compared to the cable-plate group (43%) ( p = 0.007). Implant removal was more frequent in the cable-plate group (4 vs. 0 patients). Trendelenburg gait was found in 3 patients in the cerclage wire group as compared to 10 in the cable-plate group ( p = 0.054). Conclusions: The cerclage wiring had superior clinical outcomes with similar radiographic results. The authors recommend the use of figure-of-eight cerclage wire when fixing a greater trochanteric “slide” osteotomy in complex revision hip arthroplasty.

Background and purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential in the diagnosis of pharmacoresistant epilepsy (PRE), because patients with lesions detected by MRI have a better prognosis after surgery. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most frequent etiologies of PRE but can be difficult to identify by MRI. Voxel-based morphometric analysis programs, like the Morphometric Analysis Program (MAP), have been developed to help improve MRI detection. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of MAP in patients with PRE and an apparently normal MRI. Methods We studied 70 patients with focal PRE and a nonlesional MRI. The 3DT1 sequence was processed with MAP, obtaining three z-score maps. Patients were classified as MAP+ if one or more z-score maps showed a suspicious area of brightness, and MAP- if the z-score maps did not show any suspicious areas. For MAP+ cases, a second-look MRI was performed with a dedicated inspection based on the MAP findings. The MAP results were correlated with the epileptogenic zone. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Results Thirty-one percent of patients were classified as MAP+ and 69% were MAP-. Results showed a sensitivity of 0.57, specificity of 0.8, PPV of 0.91, and NPV of 0.35. In 19% of patients, an FCD was found in the second-look MRI after MAP. Conclusions MAP was helpful in the detection of lesions in PRE patients with a nonlesional MRI, which could have important repercussions for the clinical management and postoperative prognosis of these patients.

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is an entrapment syndrome that may cause loss of sensation, numbness, paresthesia and pain within the distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. This condition is more common in persons with diabetes mellitus, obesity and in old age. MP has previously been described in patients that have undergone surgery in the prone position (PP) and in a case report of a patient with ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) who was cared for in the intensive care unit (ICU). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic PP has been widely used for periods of 12-16 hours to improve oxygenation. At the rehabilitation unit at our hospital, we have identified cases of MP in patients with COVID-19 that have required this type of positioning for long periods in the ICU. We would like to draw attention to the fact that there is a risk of peripheral nerve injury in the event of prolonged PP and recommend extra controls, careful positioning and extra padding at the areas where peripheral nerves may be exposed to pressure.

Pags 1362-1378 Ilustraciones, Postembryonic organogenesis is critical for plant development. Underground, lateral roots (LRs) form the bulk of mature root systems, yet the ontogeny of the LR primordium (LRP) is not clear. In this study, we performed the single-cell RNA sequencing through the first four stages of LR formation in Arabidopsis. Our analysis led to a model in which a single group of precursor cells, with a cell identity different from their pericycle origins, rapidly reprograms and splits into a mixed ground tissue/stem cell niche fate and a vascular precursor fate. The ground tissue and stem cell niche fates soon separate and a subset of more specialized vascular cells form sucrose transporting phloem cells that appear to connect to the primary root. We did not detect cells resembling epidermis or root cap, suggesting that outer tissues may form later, preceding LR emergence. At this stage, some remaining initial precursor cells form the primordium flanks, while the rest create a reservoir of pluripotent cells that are able to replace the LR if damaged. Laser ablation of the central and lateral LRP regions showed that remaining cells restart the sequence of tissue initiation to form a LR. Collectively, our study reveals an ontological hierarchy for LR formation with an early and sequential split of main root tissues and stem cells., This work was funded by the Ministerio de Economı´a y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain and ERDF (grants BFU2016-80315-P and PID2019- 111523GB-I00 to M.A.M.-R), by the Comunidad de Madrid (CM) and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM; grant APOYO_JOVENES_ 2Y36R7_20_TRG6W7 [Plant_Stem] to P.P.-G.), the ‘‘Severo Ochoa (SO) Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D’’ from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacio´ n of Spain [SEV-2016-0672 (2017–2021)] to M.A.M.-R and P.P.-G via the CBGP, and by the National Institutes of Health (grant 1R35GM136362) and National Science Foundation (grant 1934388) to K.D.B. L.S.-R. and A.S.-C. were supported by FPI contracts (BES-2017- 080155 and BES-2014-068852, respectively) from MINECO, P.P.-G. by Programa Atraccion Talento from CM (2017-T2/BIO-3453) and SO, and J.C. by a Juan de la Cierva contract from MINECO (FJCI-2016-28607).

espanolIntroduccion: la pandemia originada por el SARS-CoV-2 provoco la declaracion del estado de alarma sanitaria entre marzo y junio de 2020 en Espana. Los bancos de leche materna han visto afectada su actividad durante este periodo, siendo necesario implementar nuevas medidas para promocionar la donacion de leche y disminuir el impacto en la actividad. Metodo y objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es evaluar el impacto del estado de alarma decretado desde el 14 de marzo al 22 de junio de 2020 en el Banco de Leche del Hospital Virgen de las Nieves de Granada, en comparacion con el mismo periodo del ano previo. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se han tenido en cuenta los indicadores de actividad del Banco de Leche de forma global y se han comparado los datos del Banco de Leche del Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, ubicado en Granada, con los datos de los centros perifericos que colaboran con el mismo. Resultados: durante el primer estado de alarma de 2020 hubo una disminucion global de las inscripciones de nuevas donantes, del numero de donantes que donaron leche, del volumen de donacion media por madre y del volumen total de leche cruda recibida y pasteurizada. A pesar de ello, en el banco de leche de Granada aumentaron las nuevas inscripciones durante este periodo, asi como el numero de donantes que donaron leche. Conclusion: las medidas adoptadas en el banco de leche ubicado en Granada, como incentivar la donacion de leche entre las madres con ninos ingresados en la Unidad Neonatal, aumentar la informacion a las madres y recoger la leche donada a domicilio, permitieron atenuar el impacto de la pandemia, garantizando la seguridad. EnglishIntroduction: the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 led to the declaration of the state of sanitary alarm between March and June 2020 in Spain. The activity of human milk banks was affected during that period, making it necessary to implement new measures in order to promote milk donation and diminish said impact. Method and objective: the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the state of alarm decreed from March 14 to June 22, 2020 on the breastmilk bank at Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain, in comparison with the same period during the previous year. To that end, a retrospective descriptive study was undertaken in which the activity indicators of the breastmilk bank were collected and compared to data from the milk bank at Hospital Virgen de las Nieves and peripheral collaborating centers. Results: during the first state of alarm in 2020 a global reduction was seen in new donor registrations, number of donors who donated milk, donated mean volume per mother, and total volume of received and pasteurized milk. However, new registrations and number of donors who donated milk during this period increased in Granada’s breastmilk bank. Conclusion: the new measures adopted in the breastmilk bank in Granada, such as encouraging milk donation in mothers with admitted newborns in the Neonatal Unit, increasing information given to mothers, and home collection of donated milk, allowed to attenuate the impact of the pandemic while guaranteeing safety.

CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), In Arabidopsis, the root clock regulates the spacing of lateral organs along the primary root through oscillating gene expression. The core molecular mechanism that drives the root clock periodicity and how it is modified by exogenous cues such as auxin and gravity remain unknown. We identified the key elements of the oscillator (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7, its auxin-sensitive inhibitor IAA18/POTENT, and auxin) that form a negative regulatory loop circuit in the oscillation zone. Through multilevel computer modeling fitted to experimental data, we explain how gene expression oscillations coordinate with cell division and growth to create the periodic pattern of organ spacing. Furthermore, gravistimulation experiments based on the model predictions show that external auxin stimuli can lead to entrainment of the root clock. Our work demonstrates the mechanism underlying a robust biological clock and how it can respond to external stimuli., This work was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (MINECO) and/or the ERDF (BFU2016-80315-P to M.A.M.-R., BIO2017-82209-R to J.C.d.P., and TIN2016-81079-R to A.R.-P.), the Comunidad de Madrid and/or ERDF and ESF (2017-T1/BIO-5654 to K.W. and S2017/BMD-3691 to A.R.-P.), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the NIH (R35-GM131725 to P.N.B.), the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO Flanders) (G022516N, G020918N, and G024118N to T.B.), and the “Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R&D” from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of Spain [SEV-2016-0672 (2017–2021)] to K.W., P.P.-G., and M.A.M.-R. through CBGP. M.M. was supported by a postdoctoral contract associated to SEV-2016-0672, E.B.-A. by Ayudante de Investigacion contract PEJ-2017-AI/BIO-7360 from the Comunidad de Madrid, A.S.-C. and L.S.-R. by FPI contracts from MINECO (BES-2014-068852 and BES-2017-080155, respectively), J.C. by a Juan de la Cierva contract from MINECO (FJCI-2016-28607), P.P.-G. by a Juan de la Cierva contract from MINECO (FJCI-2015-24905) and Programa Atraccion Talento from Comunidad Madrid (2017-T2/BIO-3453), A.S. by a Torres Quevedo contract from MINECO (PTQ-15-07915), and K.W. by program PGC2018-093387-A-I00 from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICIU)

To measure concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in longitudinally collected donor breast milk samples and to determine associated factors.Pb, Hg, Cd, and As concentrations were measured in 242 pooled breast milk samples from 83 donors to a Human Milk Bank in Spain, in 2015-2018, determining their association with the donors' sociodemographic profile, dietary and lifestyle habits, and post-partum time, among other factors, and with the nutritional characteristics of samples. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to identify predictors of Hg and As concentrations in breast milk and mixed-effect logistic regression to identify predictors of the presence of Pb and Cd.As was the element most frequently detected in milk samples (97.1%), followed by Hg (81.2%), Pb (50.6%), and Cd (38.0%). Their median breast milk concentrations were 1.49 μg/L, 0.26 μg/L, 0.14 μg/L, and0.04 μg/L, respectively. Concentrations of As were higher in breast milk from primiparous donors, while Hg was higher in donors with a greater intake of fatty fish and meat and lower in samples collected after a longer post-partum time and with higher lactose content. Detection of Pb was higher among multiparous donors, those gaining weight since before pregnancy, and ex-smokers and was lower in samples collected more recently and from donors with greater intake of red meat and eggs. Cd detection was higher for donors with university education and those with greater intake of fried and canned food and more frequent use of hand cream and was lower for donors with greater bread intake.These findings reveal relatively high As concentrations, moderate Hg concentrations, and low Pb and Cd concentrations in pooled donor breast milk. Several factors including post-partum time, parity, smoking habit, and the intake of certain food items were associated with the metal content of milk samples.

Surgical planning is crucial to Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG), a minimally invasive procedure that requires clinicians to operate with no direct view of the brain. Decisions making involves different clinical specialties and requires analysis of multiple multimodal datasets. We present a DepthMap tool designed to localize, measure, and visualize surgical risk, and an AlternativeFinder tool, designed to search for alternative trajectories maintaining adherence to the initial trajectory with three different re-planning strategies: similar entry, similar target, or parallel trajectory. The two tools transform the 3D problem into the 2D domain using projective geometry and distance mapping. Both use the graphics processing unit (GPU) to create a 2D depth image used by DepthMap for measurement and visualization, and by AlternativeFinder to find alternative trajectories. Tools were tested with 12 SEEG cases using digital subtraction angiography. DepthMap was used to measure vessel distance. AlternativeFinder was then used to search for alternatives. Computation time and displacements of the entry and target points for each trajectory and adherence strategy were recorded. The DepthMap tool found vessels in 118 initial trajectories (out of 145). Ninety alternative trajectories were found to meet the required avascular constraints (average 820K alternatives evaluated per initial trajectory). The average computation time was 449 ms per initial trajectory (77 ms when alternatives were found). The tools presented helped clinicians examine and re-plan SEEG trajectories to avoid vascular risks using three adherence strategies. Quantitative measurement of the adherence shows the potential of this tool for clinical use.

Actualmente, no se presenta un adecuado seguimiento y control de las enfermedades y tratamientos usados durante el ciclo de vida de los bovinos, lo cual perjudica la comercialización tanto de la carne como de la leche de estos animales al no contar con los requisitos que se establecen dentro de las normas de salubridad nacionales. De acuerdo con esto buscamos implementar un microchip que permita optimizar el seguimiento de los animales al centralizarse la información en una única base de datos que mejore la consulta y análisis de la información. La información que se almacenará en el microchip está relacionada con toda la información delsemoviente, desde su nacimiento hasta su muerte, incluyendo la alimentación de este y la información de enfermedades con las que se cuenta hereditariamente del animal. Por otra parte,se propone añadir al microchip; un sistema de geolocalización, para evitar la pérdida y robo de cabezas de ganado; incluyendo la información relacionada de cuando es el momento oportunopara que el ganado pueda ser preñado. El proyecto piloto cuenta con la participación de ganaderos de regiones del país como lo son enel Huila, Cundinamarca y Tolima, es importante resaltar que el ganado de estas regiones se caracteriza por ser bovinos destinados para producción lechera y de carne. ¿Por qué desarrollar el proyecto? Principalmente, se busca mejorar la calidad de los productos que se obtienen de la industria ganadera y paralelamente, prevenir la transmisión de enfermedades asociadas con la ganadería y que a la vez son perjudiciales para la salud humana. Dentro de las principales enfermedades se encuentran: Mastitis, babesiosis, brucelosis, Fiebre aftosa, tuberculosis, clostridios, leptospirosis. ¿Qué funcionalidad tendrá el proyecto? Para llevar a cabo el registro del seguimiento y control del ciclo de vida del semoviente incluyendo la adecuada alimentación y la salud de este, se demanda del uso de un software que permita almacenar estos datos para mejorar la calidad de su carne. ¿Cuál es su factor emocional? El mejoramiento de las condiciones de la calidad de vida del ganado no solo contribuye con la salud de animal sino también se mejora el posicionamiento de los productos de estos ganaderos.¿Cuál es su factor social? Control de la calidad del ganado para que al momento de ser sacrificadoel animal se encuentre en condiciones óptimas y por consiguiente se obtenga un producto decalidad. Al momento que al animal se le implante el microchip, se encargara de recolectar esos datos necesarios e importantes para llevar un estricto control de calidad, ya que, al momento de sacrificarlos, se puede contar con la información de la alimentación y de su historial de enfermedades y tratamientos, evitar que personas consuman carne y leche no certificada bajo los estándares de calidad

"El presente artículo se desprende de una investigación doctoral más amplia que tuvo por objetivo indagar en los procesos de socialización de jóvenes que habitan enclaves de pobreza y violencia urbana, enfatizando en las relaciones que se tejen entre las y los jóvenes con la policía. Las vicisitudes del trabajo de campo me llevaron a reflexionar sobre los retos, desafíos y la gestión emocional implicados en el quehacer antropológico. En este artículo presento las reflexiones derivadas de la experiencia etnográfica con las y los jóvenes, así como algunos hallazgos principales en la indagación de sus interacciones cotidianas con la policía, partiendo de que esta, al ser un agente territorial del Estado, tiene implicaciones directas en la configuración de subjetividades juveniles en contextos de pobreza y violencia urbanas."

Leon-Muez, D., Penalver-Duque, P., Ciudad, C., Munoz, M., Infante, O., Guemes Santos, S., Parrilla Giraldez, R., Serrano, L. 2020. First sampling of microplastics in streams and rivers of peninsular Spain. Ecosistemas 29(3):2087. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2087 During 2019 and 2020 a sampling campaign to identify microplastics was carried out in 157 streams and rivers in mainland Spain. The sampling was done by applying a sampling methodology developed by HyT, (Hombre y Territorio Association) within the framework of the LIBERA Project, and was concomitant with a pollutant monitoring in IBA (Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas) carried out by SEO/BirdLife. Samples were initially processed for the detection of microplastics under stereoscopic microscope and then, subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, by the Microanalysis Service of the University of Seville. The results of this sampling campaign, the first to be carried out in Spain for the detection of these pollutants, showed that more than 70% of the samples presented microplastics, with a predominance of fibers, fragments and films. Among the samples analyzed with FTIR, a total of 33 different polymers have been identified. This work offers relevant data about this problem in rivers and streams of Spain.

Background and objective: We present SYLVIUS, a software platform intended to facilitate and improve the complex workflow required to diagnose and surgically treat drug-resistant epilepsies. In complex epilepsies, additional invasive information from exploration with stereoencephalography (SEEG) with deep electrodes may be needed, for which the input from different diagnostic methods and clinicians from several specialties is required to ensure diagnostic efficacy and surgical safety. We aim to provide a software platform with optimal data flow among the different stages of epilepsy surgery to provide smooth and integrated decision making. Methods: The SYLVIUS platform provides a clinical workflow designed to ensure seamless and safe patient data sharing across specialities. It integrates tools for stereo visualization, data registration, transfer of electrode plans referred to distinct datasets, automated postoperative contact segmentation, and novel DWI tractography analysis. Nineteen cases were retrospectively evaluated to track modifications from an initial plan to obtain a final surgical plan, using SYLVIUS. Results: The software was used to modify trajectories in all 19 consulted cases, which were then imported into the robotic system for the surgical intervention. When available, SYLVIUS provided extra multimodal information, which resulted in a greater number of trajectory modifications. Conclusions: The architecture presented in this paper streamlines epilepsy surgery allowing clinicians to have a digital clinical tool that allows recording of the different stages of the procedure, in a common multimodal 2D/3D setting for participation of different clinicians in defining and validating surgical plans for SEEG cases. We would like to thank “la Caixa” Banking Foundation for supporting the project. We would also like to thank the epilepsy clinical staff of the Hospital del Mar (Barcelona, Spain) for their guidance and collaboration throughout the project.

A tracheostomy performed on patients infected with SARS CoV-2 is one of the procedures with the highest risks of aerosolization. Safety recommendations for carrying out this procedure are not suitable for implementation in every hospital. Despite the use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), the suit leaves the submental area unprotected, and even the face mask may not provide a full seal. The use of additional biosafety isolation equipment increases safety, thus preventing exposure to infecting particles and allowing the surgeon to perform the technique with the use of the available equipment; it reduces the risks of further trans-surgical complications and increases the possibilities of handling them in case they arise.

The widespread use of perfluoroalkyl substances has resulted in the universal exposure of humans to these endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including the exposure of neonates through breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to develop a method to determine 10 perfluoroalkyl substances in breast milk (1-mL aliquot) by combining salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chemometric strategies were applied to optimize experimental parameters. The limit of quantification was 20 pg mL−1 for all analytes, and inter-day variability (evaluated as relative standard deviation) ranged from 8.2 to 13.8%. The method was validated by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Percentage recoveries ranged from 85.9 to 110.8%. The method was satisfactorily applied to assess target compounds in 20 breast milk samples from donors. Perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, and perfluorohexanoic acid were the most frequently detected analytes. This analytical procedure can provide useful information on newborn’s exposure to these xenobiotics.

La metodología docente de Aprendizaje Basado en el Desarrollo de Proyectos (ABdP) es un método de trabajo activo, centrado en el estudiante y en el que el profesorado adquiere un papel de facilitador-orientador-tutor. El objetivo general de este estudio es analizar el éxito de la metodología ABdP en la asignatura de Redacción y Ejecución de Proyectos en el Grado de Biología. Para ello se compararon los resultados académicos de alumnos que cursaron la asignatura mediante evaluación continua siguiendo la metodología de ABdP frente los que optaron por una evaluación final consistente en un examen sobre los contenidos teóricos-prácticos. Así mismo se analizó el grado de satisfacción general del alumnado con la metodología docente ABdP mediante el análisis de una encuesta de opinión. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes que cursaron la asignatura mediante ABdP suspendieron menos y obtuvieron una nota media mayor que los que realizaron un examen final. La encuesta puso de manifiesto la buena valoración del ABdP como herramienta formativa pues la mayoría de los estudiantes mostraron su satisfacción entre el esfuerzo realizado y la nota final obtenida, destacando además la alta valoración sobre el efecto beneficioso del ABdP en la adquisición de competencias tanto específicas de la titulación como generales de carácter instrumental, sistémico y personal. The Project Based Learning (PBL) teaching methodology is an active, student-centred working method in which the teaching staff takes on the role of facilitator-guidance-tutor. The general objective of this study is to analyze the success of the PBL methodology in the subject of Writing and Execution of Projects in the Biology Degree. For this purpose, the academic results of students who took the subject through continuous assessment following the PBL methodology were compared with those who chose a final assessment consisting of an exam on the theoretical-practical contents. Likewise, the degree of general satisfaction of the students with the PBL teaching methodology was analyzed through the analysis of an opinion survey. The results showed that students who took the subject through PBL failed less and obtained a higher average score than those who took a final exam. The survey showed how well the PBL was valued as a training tool, as most students were satisfied with the effort made and the final mark obtained. It also highlighted the high valuation of the beneficial effect of the PBL on the acquisition of both specific skills of the degree and general skills of an instrumental, systemic and personal nature.

During the first days of life, premature infants have physiological difficulties swallowing, thereby missing out on the benefits of breastfeeding. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk administration in the inflammatory signaling of extremely premature infants. Neonates (n = 100) (&lt, 32 week&rsquo, s gestation and/or &lt, 1500 g) were divided into two groups: mother&rsquo, s milk group (n = 48), receiving 0.2 mL of oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk every 4 h for the first 15 days of life, and a control group (n = 52), not receiving oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&alpha, ), and interfer&oacute, n gamma (IFN-&gamma, ) were assessed at 1, 3, 15, and 30 days of postnatal life. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected. The rate of common neonatal morbidities in both groups was similar. The mother&rsquo, s milk group achieved full enteral feeding earlier, and showed a decrease in Il-6 on days 15 and 30, in IL-8 on day 30, and in TNF-&alpha, and INF-&gamma, on day 15, as well as an increase in IL-1ra on days 3 and 15 and in IL-10 on day 30. Oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk administration for 15 days decreases the pro-inflammatory state of preterm neonates and provides full enteral nutrition earlier, which could have a positive influence on the development of the immune system and inflammatory response, thereby positively influencing other developmental outcomes.

Understanding the extent of management required by integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) is essential to foster sustainable aquaculture practices at a commercial scale. The aquaculture farm-wetland complex of Veta la Palma (SW Spain) is an example of a currently viable land-based IMTA system that produced 657 t of European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) in 2010. This farm combined the semi-intensive production of D. labrax in grow-out fish ponds with the extensive production of Mugilidae and Palaemonidae naturally recruited in multitrophic polyculture lagoons. Two sets of polyculture lagoons and their respective adjacent fish ponds were studied biweekly in 2009–2010. The polyculture lagoons promoted an extensive natural food web and removed an estimated 91% of the total incoming dissolved inorganic nitrogen discharged by the fish ponds. Water recirculation across the farm supplied the fish ponds with natural food from the polyculture lagoons and thus the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of D. labrax was −3 ) and an external aquafeed supply limited to warmer months in the grow-out fish ponds.

Current research suggests a link between childhood sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) in emerging adults. However, previous studies neglect evaluating the influence of high levels of cumulative childhood victimization. The present study examined the relationships among polyvictimization, six aggregate categories of childhood victimization, and RSB in college women. This study first examined the relative contributions of polyvictimization and individual categories of childhood victimization in predicting RSB and then tested whether polyvictimization contributes any unique variance, beyond that accounted for by the combination of all six aggregate categories in a sample of 321 college women in a Southern state. Regression analyses reveal that (a) polyvictimization accounts for a significant proportion of variability in scores for RSB, beyond that accounted for by any of the six categories of childhood victimization alone; (b) the categories of childhood victimization contribute little to no variability beyond that accounted for by polyvictimization; and (c) polyvictimization accounts for a significant proportion of variability in RSB, beyond that already accounted for by the simultaneous entry of all six categories as predictor variables. Results suggest treatment providers working with college students should assess polyvictimization in relation to RSB and inform their prevention efforts given this link.

Water level changes have been monitored over 25 years in several temporary ponds located at different distances to a pumping area of a tourist resort fringing the Doñana National Park (SW Spain). The numerical model MIKE SHE was set up to simulate pond water levels and hydroperiod fluctuations. It was calibrated for nine hydrological years and validated for two periods of eight hydrological years each to assess whether the duration of the pond wet phase (hydroperiod) significantly deviated from an expected pattern driven by rainfall and evapotranspiration. The model output indicated a satisfactory performance for all simulations. This approach provided two main conclusions: a) a long-term increasing trend in water losses on the pond water balance which has not been followed by a corresponding decreasing trend in rainfall, and b) these water losses were highest in the pond located at < 1 km to the pumping area and lowest in the pond located at a further distance (5.6 km) and at a lower altitude. Our results suggest that, in the long run, a small groundwater abstraction rate has exerted a high hydrological pressure on the closest pond to the pumping area.

The Iberian Peninsula harbours 24 taxa of native large branchiopods (LBs). Most of them inhabit Mediterranean temporary ponds, which are priority habitats under the EU Habitats Directive. In this work, Iberian LBs were evaluated using IUCN Red List criteria based on geographic range (extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of locations, habitat fragmentation and expected decline). Our results show that 46% of the Iberian LBs are threatened: four taxa should be considered as Critically Endangered (Linderiella baetica, Triops emeritensis, Cyzicus tetracerus and Leptestheria mayeti), three taxa fall under the category Endangered (Artemia salina, Tanymastigites lusitanica and Triops vicentinus) and four species (Artemia sp. parthenogenetic strains, Branchinecta orientalis, Lepidurus apus and Triops gadensis) are Vulnerable. Two species (Phallocryptus spinosus, and Maghrebestheria maroccana) are considered Near Threatened. Our results highlight the worrying risk of extinction of Iberian LBs at the regional level, mainly related to the disappearance and degradation of their habitats and the relatively low degree of habitat protection. For Iberian endemic species, this evaluation is also valid at the global level and gives strong support for their inclusion in the IUCN Red List.

Unlike in deep stratified lakes, the assessment of eutrophication in shallow aquatic systems (i.e., wetlands, marshes, ponds) should be based on the interaction between water and sediment. The availability of P to primary producers is naturally higher in shallow systems, because the sediment plays an active part via adsorption, precipitation and release processes. Thus, many wetlands in protected areas are naturally eutrophic and have a high trophic status due to intrinsic features and thus, display a high concentration of total-P in the water without necessarily implying pollution or poor quality. We have provided a diagnostic tool based on the chemical equilibrium of dissolved reactive P (operationally-defined as o-P) between water and sediment that distinguish anthropogenic eutrophication from a background of natural eutrophy. When the P-binding capacity of the sediment becomes saturated, the o-P concentration increases in the water as long as both the biological uptake and the sediment adsorption are unable to cope with the rate of P-release from the sediment under a long-term P load (or severe anthropogenic eutrophication). In such conditions, we have found that the ratio of total-P/particulate-P exceeds 2.0 in the water, and have used this threshold to validate this tool in other sets of wetlands.

Las condiciones de la ciudad en general, y de los barrios y colonias en particular, aportan elementos que conforman los estilos de vida de los jóvenes indígenas urbanos, quienes también devuelven a la ciudad imágenes y sentidos que la renuevan y reconfiguran. Este artículo se inserta en la discusión sobre estilos de vida emergentes entre un creciente sector de jóvenes indígenas residentes en centros urbanos, tomando como estudio de caso la ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, haciendo énfasis en la producción de espacios sociales que los jóvenes llevan a cabo al margen de una ciudad heterotópica.

We investigated the composition of the microbial food web in the marshland of Donana National Park (SW Spain). We analysed factors affecting the predominance of autotrophic (A) or heterotrophic (H) microorganisms in a set of 16 marshland water bodies that differ in their hydrological pattern. Autotrophic organisms were predominant in the Donana marshland, with autotrophs between 0.3 and 25.3 times higher than heterotrophs in biomass. The variance partitioning analysis using the log A:H biomass ratio ( A/H ) as a response variable revealed that water body spatial position accounted for the largest portion of total variance (16% of unique effects), followed by environmental variables (13%), with a shared variation of 24%. Zooplankton biomass had no significant influence on A/H ratio. The two first axes of RDA analysis were related to soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations respectively. Cyanobacteria were predominant in waters with high SRP, while other organisms were distributed in relation to DIN by their size, with small organisms predominating with low DIN and large ones with high DIN. Spatial effects reflect the importance of location with respect to the water source in this marshland, where flooding areas are very much dominated by autotrophs, while confined areas, which are a long way from nutrient sources, have a more balanced abundance of autotrophs and heterotrophs.

The incidence and causes that may lead to an early end (unfinished cortical/subcortical mapping) of awake surgery for language mapping are little known. A study was conducted on 41 patients with brain glioma located in the language area that had awake surgery under conscious sedation. Surgery was ended early in 6 patients. The causes were: tonic-clonic seizure (1), lack of cooperation due to fatigue/sleep (4), whether or not word articulation was involved, a decreased level of consciousness for ammonia encephalopathy that required endotracheal intubation (1). There are causes that could be expected and in some cases avoided. Tumour size, preoperative aphasia, valproate treatment, and type of anaesthesia used are variables to consider to avoid failure in awake surgery for language mapping. With these results, the following measures are proposed: l) If the tumour is large, perform surgery in two times to avoid fatigue, 2) if patient has a preoperative aphasia, do not use sedation during surgery to ensure that sleepiness does not cause worse word articulation, 3) if the patient is on valproate treatment, it is necessary to rule out the pre-operative symptoms that are not due to ammonia encephalopathy.

Si bien es cierto que hablar sobre abandono escolar es un tema complejo por la naturaleza de la problemática, se debe saber también que ninguna estrategia de intervención aislada es suficiente para evitar o disminuir este fenómeno que engloba diversos factores como los económicos, personales, psicoemosionales, entre otros y que afectan de manera significativa la vida académica del estudiante, situándolo en condiciones vulnerables y coartando su integración a la vida universitaria. Nuestro ejercicio como tutoras ha permitido conocer las diversas problemáticas tanto académicas como personales que impactan en el proceso de formación de nuevas generaciones de médicos generales. Pudimos constatar que algunas de estas problemáticas podían solucionarse poniendo en práctica el reglamento interno, sin embargo, el desconocimiento del mismo por parte del estudiante impide que reconozca los derechos y obligaciones que la facultad le ofrece, quedando en un estado de indefensión e incertidumbre limitando su desarrollo académico y personal, situación que en ocasiones converge en el abandono escolar. Por ende, cada tutor debe seleccionar con base a su contexto el curso de acción que considere más adecuado para abordar esta problemática; es también sabido que a pesar de las múltiples investigaciones realizadas para su estudio, las propuestas prácticas para contrarrestar dicho fenómeno aún son limitadas. Por lo tanto, como tutoras comprometidas y sabedoras de la importancia y el impacto que tiene esta problemática en el estudiante, hemos construido un juego de lotería el cual tiene como eje axial la socialización y el análisis del conjunto de normas que rigen y ordenan la convivencia académica estudiantil; diseñado en apego al reglamento interno que rige la vida académica y administrativa de la Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, con el propósito de integrar y fomentar el sentido de pertenencia, acompañamiento y evaluación de los aprendizajes que les ofrece el reglamento, proporcionándole al estudiante las herramientas necesarias para enfrentar situaciones adversas que impacten en su desarrollo académico y personal, de una forma única, dinámica y diferente; alcanzando como resultado de esta propuesta mantener su interés por conocer e interpretar sus derechos y obligaciones, además de promover su autonomía y responsabilidad como sujeto reflexivo. Al mismo tiempo que este proyecto más que un simple engranaje de actividades, sea un proceso dialéctico entre la realidad del sujeto en formación y la responsabilidad institucional que permita abordar desde una mirada crítica el abandono escolar.

18 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla., The deficiency in the distributional data of invertebrate taxa is one of the major impediments acting on the bias towards the low awareness of its conservation status. The present study sets a basic framework to understand the large branchiopods distribution in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Since the extensive surveys performed in the late 1980s, no more studies existed updating the information for the whole studied area. The present study fills the gap, gathering together all available information on large branchiopods distribution since 1995, and analysing the effect of human population density and several landscape characteristics on their distribution, taking into consideration different spatial scales (100 m, 1 km and 10 km). In overall, 28 large branchiopod taxa (17 anostracans, 7 notostracans and 4 spinicaudatans) are known to occur in the area. Approximately 30% of the sites hosted multiple species, with a maximum of 6 species. Significant positive co-occurring species pairs were found clustered together, forming 4 different associations of large branchiopod species. In general, species clustered in the same group showed similar responses to analysed landscape characteristics, usually showing a better fit at higher spatial scales., MF is supported by a grant from the Brazilian Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı´fico e Tecnolo´gico—CNPq (401045/ 2014-5), program Cieˆncia sem Fronteiras. DC-M held a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU014/06783).

Wide changes of key environmental conditions prevented competitive exclusion in the phytoplankton assemblage of a turbid shallow wetland complex artificially managed for aquaculture production (Donana Natural Park, SW Spain), and some genera showed specific adaptations to exploit those changes. The seasonal pattern of light, temperature and conductivity was frequently overridden by irregular events of sediment resuspension. Consequently, these shallow aquaculture ponds exhibited wide fluctuations of underwater light climate with clear-water, inorganic-turbid and phytoplankton-turbid phases that accommodated a variety of primary producers, such as submerged macrophytes, a soft-mud bottom phytobenthos and a phytoplankton assemblage of 72 recorded taxa. The algal biomass in the benthos was about 10 times higher than that found in the plankton (as estimated by chlorophyll a concentration) though the phytoplankton bloomed (>106 cell ml−1) on 10 occasions with four microalgae: Isochrysis sp. (Haptophyta), Diacronema sp. (Haptophyta), Nannochloris sp. (Chlorophyta) and Nephroselmis pyriformis (Chlorophyta). Several environmental conditions influenced microalgae both concurrently and in anticipation (with a time lag of 8–18 days), and this influence was different for both haptophytes with regard to Nannochloris sp. which significantly thrived when the water conductivity was above 12 mS cm−1 (about 6.85 psu of salinity) and the water dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentration was >0.40 μM. In contrast, the density of Isochrysis sp. was significantly higher at a water DIP concentration

Purpose Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, advanced renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The aim of this article is to describe the pharmacological interactions between sunitinib and commonly prescribed drugs. Method We reviewed available information on pharmacological interactions between sunitinib and concomitantly prescribed drugs. Drugs were grouped into different therapeutic groups according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Results Sunitinib interacts with CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors and with P-glycoprotein and ABCG2 substrates. Pharmacodynamic interactions with drugs have also been found. Conclusion Current information on drug interactions between sunitinib and other drugs is scarce and most of the times it is difficult to apply to clinical practice. Even so, this difficulty in managing drug interactions should not be a reason to ignore them as they can help to explain intolerances and treatment failures.

The publication of the Brundtland report in 1987 introduced the concept of sustainable development, placing &ldquo, sustainability&rdquo, as a unifying idea for all academic disciplines. Consequently, in the tourism sector, sustainable tourism emerged as a new approach to research in the field. Since then, the body of literature on sustainable tourism has only increased, as has the discussion around the conceptual structure of sustainable tourism among academics and professionals. The aim of the study is to complement this theoretical discussion with an inductive approach to the limits of the conceptual structure of sustainable tourism. To do so, we identify the main research topics in the field and their evolution in the past 32 years through bibliometric methods such as evaluative techniques, relational techniques, and visualization of bibliometric data techniques using the VOSviewer program. The results of the study reflect that the sustainable tourism has reached a complexity that is reflected in its current polyhedral content to function as a conceptual umbrella. In addition, it demonstrates that the bibliometric analysis is an adequate and useful methodology for academics and professionals involved in the academic debate around this field of knowledge.

© 2019 Navarrete et al., The Pseudomonas putida flhA-flhF-fleN-fliA cluster encodes a component of the flagellar export gate and three regulatory elements potentially involved in flagellar biogenesis and other functions. Here we show that these four genes form an operon, whose transcription is driven from the upstream PflhA promoter. A second promoter, PflhF, provides additional transcription of the three distal genes. PflhA and PflhF are σN-dependent, activated by the flagellar regulator FleQ, and negatively regulated by FleN. Motility, surface adhesion and colonization defects of a transposon insertion mutant in flhF revealed transcriptional polarity on fleN and fliA, as the former was required for strong surface adhesion and biofilm formation, and the latter was required for flagellar synthesis. On the other hand, FlhF and FleN were necessary to attain proper flagellar location and number for a fully functional flagellar complement. FleN, along with FleQ and the second messenger c-di-GMP differentially regulated transcription of lapA and the bcs operon, encoding a large adhesion protein and cellulose synthase. FleQ positively regulated the PlapA promoter and activation was antagonized by FleN and c-di-GMP. PbcsD was negatively regulated by FleQ and FleN, and repression was antagonized by c-di-GMP. FleN promoted FleQ binding to both PlapA and PbcsD in vitro, while c-di-GMP antagonized interaction with PbcsD and stimulated interaction with PlapA. A single FleQ binding site in PlapA was critical to activation in vivo. Our results suggest that FleQ, FleN and c-di-GMP cooperate to coordinate the regulation of flagellar motility and biofilm development., This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (http://www.idi.mineco. gob.es/) and European Regional Development fund (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/erdf/), Grant BIO2010-17853, awarded to FG; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/) and European Regional Development fund (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/erdf/), Grant BIO2013-420173-P, awarded to FG; and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain (http://www.csic.es/), JAE-Predoc 2010 scholarship, awarded to AJ-F. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Aim: Human populations are widely exposed to numerous so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals, exogenous compounds able to interfere with the endocrine system. This exposure has been associated with several health disorders. New analytical procedures are needed for biomonitoring these xenobiotics in human matrices. A quick and inexpensive methodological procedure, based on sample treatment by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, is proposed for the determination of bisphenols, parabens and benzophenones in samples. Results: LOQs ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ng ml-1 and RSDs from 4.3 to 14.8%. Conclusion: This methodology was satisfactorily applied in the simultaneous determination of a wide range of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human milk samples and is suitable for application in biomonitoring studies.

Introducción: el recién nacido prematuro de muy bajo peso (RNMBP) es inmunológicamente inmaduro y además presenta una alteración de las barreras naturales de defensa. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos que pueda tener la administración de calostro orofaríngeo, administrado durante los primeros 15 días posnatales, sobre los niveles de inmunoglobulina A (IgA) sérica en recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso durante el primer mes de vida. Material y métodos: se desarrolló un estudio de intervención no aleatorizado con grupo control, en el que se incluyeron 38 recién nacidos con ≤ 32 + 6 semanas de gestación y/o menores de 1.500 g de peso. Los sujetos recibieron 0,2 ml de calostro de su madre cada 4 h, iniciándose el procedimiento en las primeras 24 h de vida hasta el 15.o día postnatal. Se midieron los niveles de IgA en la sangre al nacimiento, 3. er , 15.o y 30.o días de vida. Se registraron datos perinatales al nacimiento y durante el periodo de seguimiento. Resultados: IgA sérica aumentó de forma estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de intervención (M1 15,84 μg/ml, M2 20,07 μg/ml, M3 23,65 μg/ml, M4 30,34 μg/ml, p 0,001) y en el grupo control (M1 12,48 μg/ml, M2 16,48 μg/ml, p 0,018; M3 19,41 μg/ml, M4 22,48 μg/ml, p 0,001). Al mes de vida, los niveles de IgA sérica fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo de intervención que en el grupo control (p 0,026). Conclusiones: este estudio sugiere que la administración de calostro orofarínge.