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This article briefly presents the history of textile archaeology in Slovakia, the foundations of which were laid out by Karol Pieta. With his scientific curiosity and hunger for the new adventures, Karol Pieta has been crossing the boundaries of his discipline his whole life. The conditions for the preservation of organic materials are generally very unfavourable, which is why they were often overlooked by archaeologists. Interest for textiles first started with remains hidden in tubular anklets dated to the La Tène Period, initially noticed and studied by Karol Pieta. The most unique ones come from Nové Zámky and shed light on an embroidery technique of the Late Iron Age. The majority of prehistoric textiles in Slovakia are dated to the La Tène Period and it is comparable with finds from the Czech Republic and Austria. A find from an unknown location analysed in 2021, can with certainty be assigned to the corpus of La Tène Period textiles. It can be assumed that linen tabbies made of simple z-spun threads were preferred in this period. Textiles were found in different circumstances, usually mineralised on metal artefacts in graves. The primary use of these textiles was for clothing and ritual wrappings. A secondary use is evidenced by textile fillings of bronze hollow anklets. A Celtic female dress was reconstructed based on the position of artefacts found in the graves, as well on the observations of La Tène Period textiles, in particular the Nové Zámky embroidery. It is interesting to see, that textiles were apparently used as a code to reflect social and aesthetic values. In society they played an important role in the definition and expression of social space and of group relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of the article analyse a remarkable phenomenon – occurrence of material from the La Tène period at sites of the Urnfield period. Their deeper interest in this topic follows from the stated sporadically presence of iron artifacts from the Late Iron Age at systematically excavated burial grounds of the South-eastern Urnfields in the area of Cinobaňa and Radzovce villages in the south of central Slovakia. However, traces of activities of historical Celts are also evident at cremation burial grounds of other contemporary cultures or in tumuli from the Late Bronze Age in other regions of Slovakia. Typical and often peculiar artifacts from the La Tène period also come from several upland sites and hillforts predominantly settled by the Urnfield culture or from the Early Iron Age. The authors not only try to present the studied finds selectively, they attempt to categorize, interprete and last but not least, compare them with similar material from the neighbouring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rotary mills or their stone parts, i. e. quern stones and millstones, occur only exceptionally at medieval and postmedieval castles - unlike the rural environment. The quern stone discovered in 2018 in the northern part of the castle courtyard near the eastern wall of Oponice castle's barbacan (Topoľčany district) is one of such exemplars. By its shape and size, we can assume that originally it was a La Tène quern. It was secondarily adapted and used as the rotating part of a hand mill probably during the castle's existence. The objective of our article is to explain the function of the unusual quern stone at Oponice castle and use of grinding tools at medieval and post-medieval castles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study is to analyse and the interpretation of plants macro remains files from La Tène localities of southwestern Slovakia with an emphasis on the Komjatice-Kňazova jama site. The obtained results were confronted with each other, a series of different types of analyses were also applied to the researched material, especially to clarify the issue of the relationship of lower settlements to upland localities, oppids. The obtained and presented archaeobotanical findings indicate certain different trends in crop popularity depending on regions or chronological degrees. When comparing the examined set of planting species from the sample from Komjatice-Kňazova jama with the findings from other settlements, it can be stated that they represent a typical composition with not significantly difference from other sites. Also, the current findings do not indicate that the inhabitants living in fortified, highland localities have different or food strategies other than those living in lowland unfortified settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1-B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of geophysical prospection in the quadrangular enclosure of Markvartice, Jičín district, which was carried out in 2018. The obtained data resulted in new findings about the arrangement of internal buildings within sites of this kind known from the territory of Bohemia. The ascertained form of architectural arrangement of the internal space has exact analogies only in identical types of LT C2–D1 enclosures known from the territory of southern Germany. The questions of its particular form, classification possibilities and importance are discussed. The results also confirm the affiliation of the whole enclosure with La Tène sites, the so-called Viereckschanzen, which was repeatedly disputed in the past.

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The Dürrnberg 'Eislfeld'- necropolis was intermittently excavated from 1963-2003. One of the largest and most important cemeteries of the northern alpine salt centre, the 'Eislfeld' is characterized by the size and abundancy of grave furnishings. Similar to other Dürrnberg sites, the cemetery includes vertical sequences of grave chambers, and various multiple and secondary burials. 110 graves contained 194 buried individuals, with 84 females and 56 males as indicated by anthropological analysis. The cemetery was in use from Ha D1 until LT B1 with a focus in Ha D2/3 and LT A. Predominant inhumations are complemented by cremations, the relics of two pyres, and drystone remains of funeral architecture. Regular grave goods include food and drink, iron knives, jewellery, and some weaponry. Some female and children burials stand out with regard to exclusive grave goods including gold jewellery, imported vessels, cult items, and amulets. Burial mounds of considerable size conveyed power and wealth and promoted communal identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

odmoky (Příbram District) - a new La Tène Viereckschanze? The article presents the first results of the survey of the hitherto unknown La Tène period site of Podmoky (Příbram District). Metal detector prospecting yielded extraordinary finds of metal artefacts from the period LT B/C - LT D, including coins and militaria. However, the interpretation of this site remains open; it may be an elite settlement, a quadrangular enclosure or a ritual site. A link to the mining of local ores (gold, antimony ores) cannot be ruled out, as increased antimony contents were also noted in some bronze artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the interdisciplinary training of students from the Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Science, Silesian University in Opava in August 2018, among other things, a probe archaeological excavation was conducted in the settlement of Linear Pottery culture at Staré Město near Moravská Třebová (loc. 1) and a survey of lithic raw material sources in the environs was carried out. Relatively close to the settlement (2.5 km as the crow flies), a small natural occurrence of graphite rocks was discovered east of the area of the agricultural company I. MTZ, Ltd. on the outskirts of Moravská Třebová. Graphite appears to be admixed in about a quarter of the ceramics from the Neolithic settlement and fragments of graphite rocks were found during its surface survey as well. Graphite pottery is known also from other localities in the cadastral area of Staré Město village (loc. 4) (the La Tène period) and from the Staré Město built-up area (the end of the 12th-13th century AD). The basis for our study of the issue in a broader context was represented by two stages of surface survey at the mentioned and other localities in the surroundings and petrographic analysis of 17 samples of graphite rocks and graphite ceramics from older and new findings from the region of Moravská Třebová. As the most important results of the analyses can be considered the indications for the (at least regional) distribution of graphite vessels in the period of Linear Pottery culture and for existence of probably only one pottery workshop supplying all the microregion of StaréMěsto and its surroundings at the turn of the Early and High Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period of 2002–2004, two hoards and two individual finds of coins from the La Tène Period were discovered in the fortified settlement Hôrka, municipality Lysica, district Žilina, Slovak Republic. The collection containing 61 coins featured shovel-shaped staters of the type gliding bird/bird head, tetradrachms of the types Nitra and Veľký Bysterec, quinarii of Divinka type and a smooth bronze disc. All the above mentioned coin types were part of the monetary system of the Late La Tène stage of the Púchov Culture. In the coin collection from Lysica, tetradrachms of Nitra type are extraordinary important. The model of this type was probably the Roman Republican denarius of L. Papius L. f. Celsus from 45 BC. This Roman denarius represents the terminus post quem of the inception of coins of Nitra type as well of the time of hiding the most numerous hoard n° 1 form Lysica. The collection of bronze items damaged mechanically and by fire and found at the site indicates that the place could have been used for ritual purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site Klčov -- Pod Horou I (Levoča District) was discovered during the highway D1 construction in the year 2012. Excavated were settlement features of the Púchov culture (La Tène and Roman period) and from the High Middle Ages. The aim of the contribution is to analyse the settlement structure and chronological relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dealing with the oldest La Tène features found in the area of the oppidum České Lhotice. From the chronological evaluation of these few artefacts follows that most of them fall within the periods LT B1 and LT C1, although some of them might have survived in the next period as well. The occurrence of such a collection in the area of the oppidum gives rise to several different interpretation views, which are considered in the context of similar assemblages of finds from other oppida in Central Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Archival research uncovered documents of research as well as investigation activities in the village of Obid. Finds come from various periods. Part of the finds dated to the La Tène period was bought by the National Museum in Budapest. The finds comprise pottery and a bracelet which were included among grave goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to inform mainly on the results of the archaeological research carried out at the studied area during several seasons. The archaeological excavation of Ladice, Vlčia lúka and Ladické sites, was carried out using several research methods among which non-destructive methods predominate. They included an archaeobotanical research whose results confirmed intense use of the local landscape for farming in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Assemblages of Late Hallstatt to La Tène pottery also contain vessel fragments used for secondary purposes. These include graphite sherds with abraded edges, finds of which from Bohemia are listed in the attached inventory. Possible interpretations are discussed, and potential methods for their use in the pottery craft are tested in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The largest known collection of La Tène glass from Němčice in Moravia dating to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC also includes glass beads originating in southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean. As in Pistiros, the beads could have been related to the same events of a military, trade or other nature. The relative scarcity of imported beads in Němčice is explained by the glass‑working activities at this site, which covered the needs of the local population.

Intentional destruction of objects is a rather frequent phenomenon in the Celtic world. In the past, the attention of researchers was primarily focused on damage to weapons. Intentional fragmentation – the breaking of clay vessels – has not yet been sufficiently explored. The subject of the article is these practices documented in La Tène graves in the Carpathian Basin, with a focus on selected cemeteries from the territory of southwest Slovakia (Dubník and Malé Kosihy) and northwest Hungary (Ludas). The author attempts to interpret the reasons for these practices in the context of the funerary rite based on an analysis of ways vessels were intentionally damaged, their position in the grave pit and also the types of these vessels.

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thanks to analysis of LiDAR data, it was possible to discover a new 'Viereckschanze' in South Bohemia. Its interpretation and dating was to a large degree confirmed by a combination of non-destructive methods: remote sensing (LiDAR, aerial photography), geophysical surveys and surface artefact survey. The site is heavily disturbed by agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes prehistoric finds which were deposited in the attic of Nové Hrady Castle, unfortunately without any find circumstances. Based on a number of indirect indications, they most probably come from excavations in the castle's yard which were conducted in 1989-1990 and were not professionally supervised. It is a collection consisting of distinct Late Hallstatt, Late La Tène and Roman period pottery which may be indicative of use of this strategic location in the above periods. Evidence of human activities in the Gratzen Mountains in prehistory is still scarce and may be associated with hunting or prospecting expeditions, however, the finds from the promontory at Nové Hrady enable us to speculate about the existence of a strategic station on a long-distance route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Památky Archeologické is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of a rotational device for forming ceramic objects represents a fundamental innovation in pottery technology. This work addresses aspects of the transmission of this technological innovation on the basis of technological and provenance analysis of Iron Age pottery in a selected region of Eastern Bohemia. The possible trajectories of the innovative process are approximated specifically through the polarities between product and process innovation and transmission of cultural traits in open and closed learning networks. Apart from standard methods of petrographic and geochemical analysis, this analysis employs innovative methodology for identification of pottery-forming techniques. The results indicate the effects of various mechanisms of cultural transmission which shaped the evolution of techniques in the Iron Age society. The technological changes can be explained by shifting accents on product and process performance characteristics in changing selective environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The late Iron Age (150-80 BC) proto-urban site of Basel-Gasfabrik, Switzerland, yielded numerous human skeletal remains, with individuals of all ages and both sexes being found in two cemeteries and in various features of the settlement itself. About 200 inhumations and two cremation burials as well as isolated skulls and bones attest to complex mortuary practices. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of 90 human, 48 faunal, and seven cereal samples provide a rich database for dietary reconstruction. The results point to a diet that was largely based on C plants with a limited contribution of herbivore or pig meat and/or dairy products. Divergent isotope ratios can be attributed to the consumption of chicken meat/eggs or seasonally available salmon. Moreover, the contribution of C plants, supposedly millet, to human diets is well documented at Basel as well as at other central European Iron Age sites. We found no significant dietary distinctions between males and females. In children, indications for breastfeeding terminate between 1.5 and about 4 years of age, with isotopic differences emerging with regard to the investigated skeletal elements. The stable isotope data from different burial contexts, forms of mortuary practice, and presence or type of funerary objects overlap widely, providing only tentative indications for dietary differentiation within the living population. These findings distinguish Basel-Gasfabrik from other Iron Age sites and call for further integrative studies for deciphering the complex mechanisms behind the highly differentiated mortuary practices in the late Iron Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the occupations of the La Tene culture, which was a European Iron Age culture. It developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from about 450 BCE to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BCE. The occupation consists of a series of at least three diachronic enclosures with which different structures are associated.

While the significance of the bird and animal world in the imagery of La Tène art is clear, the opportunity is taken here to bring together a number of pieces, both well-known and recent, from the major site of Manching. Noting associations where these can be ascertained, it is argued that the animal figures seem to underline the significance of Manching as a cultic centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, a growing number of protohistoric sites in Auvergne (Massif Central, France)-mostly excavated through preventive archaeology-have been subject to the collection of archaeobotanical analysis. This study presents the archaeobotanical results from ten La Tène sites dating from the last five centuries before the Roman conquest. In addition to providing an inventory of taxa, this paper concerns crops and crop cultivation methods. These results are interpreted in a wider context, dealing with crop husbandry, arable farming, storage and consumption practices. The sites are located in the Limagne plain within a 50-km radius around the city of Clermont-Ferrand. A total of 23,579 carpological remains were identified from 163 sediment samples totalizing a volume of 1096 l. Comparable to other sites in Gaul, the spectrum of cereals and pulses is restricted. Spelt ( Triticum spelta), einkorn ( Triticum monococcum) and foxtail millet ( Setaria italica) are disappearing or becoming rare. A better control of agricultural techniques and increased yields is supposed during the ca. five centuries of the La Tène period. Mixed cultivation is hereby replaced by the sowing of monocrops. At the beginning of this period, farming systems are dominated by a polyculture of cereals and pulses. They become more specialized during the last two centuries before the Roman conquest; diversity of cereals and pulses is decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vessels as part of funerary equipment are traditionally seen as dining and drinking service. It is assumed that they originally contained food and liquids used either during the journey of the deceased to the eternity or during one's life. In some cases, another function can be con­sidered as well. In this regard, this contribution discusses the evidence of the La Téne burial pottery with unusual content. These are the findings of fibulae and rings with no traces of burnt human remains, the fact which excludes their function of urns. Considering the finding situation of the La Téne graves in the te­rritory of the Carpathian Basin, the author tries to interpret these unusual contents of the burial pottery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a newly identified rectangular ditched enclosure (Viereckschanze) and a nearby La Tène period settlement. It is the third feature of this type in the region. The site was also geophysically surveyed. Surface collection yielded numerous material remains (pottery, fragment of a glass bracelet) which date the feature and the nearby settlement to the Late or Final La Tène period - LT C2-D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a description of metal objects found in the surroundings of the Třísov oppidum in 2013-2016. Although the number of finds is not large, they substantially augment the spectrum of earlier finds from the oppidum. The relatively frequent occurrence of bronze artefacts that are probably not of local origin (a Nauheim-type fibula with decoration typical of southern France, a segment of a Němčice-type chain belt originating from the Middle Danube area and a foot from a North Italian vessel) is of some interest. This fact confirms the importance of the Třísov oppidum within the settlement network and long-distance contacts in the late La Tène period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides basic information about two settlement areas (site 1 - Middle/Late Bronze Age BrC2/D and La Tène period LT C; site 2 - Palaeolithic/Mesolithic and La Tène period - Lt C) which were newly discovered through fieldwalking in 2015. A rescue excavation at site 2 unearthed the remains of a feature (a hut, 1/2015) which was being disturbed by ploughing. The recovered finds (stone artefacts, pottery fragments, daub and a bronze ring) expand the number of known sites from the above periods in the microregion along the lower course of the Blanice River. The paper also contains detailed analysis and chronological classification of all finds, as well as settlement-topographic analysis of the microregion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014 a rescue excavation was carried out at the construction site of a new hall for the company AISIN, during which several dozens archaeological features were unearthed. They dated to the transition between the Early and Middle Bronze Age, the Middle Bronze Age, the Late Bronze Age, the Hallstatt period, the La Tène period and undated agricultural prehistory. This project is a continuation of earlier excavations in adjacent plots of land, which makes the territory of the Písek industrial zone one of the best known prehistoric settlement areas in South Bohemia. The aim of this paper is to publish the better datable features and finds unearthed in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents glass artefacts from the La Tène Period held in the Museum of Ostrožská Lhota (distr. Uherské Hradiště) and originating from the collection of Libor Ježek. The assemblage contains numerous fragments of glass bracelets, beads and a part of a face-bead appearing quite rarely in local region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronze vessels constitute a particular class of domestic vessels that were made for long-term use, to be handed down through generations. This makes them chronologically less sensitive items, but also items that reflect both status and behavioural practices. The archaeological evidence from northern Italy suggests at least three main phases of use of bronze vessel between 388 BC and the Augustan period, which can be paralleled with the chronological division of the La Tène period. The contribution provides an interpretative overview of the evidence in an attempt to show the continuity, persistence and innovation in the production of individual forms and types of the bronze vessels. The area of Verona is an interesting case study for understanding the distribution of Hellenistic and Late Republican bronze vessels, because it has yielded at least 150 examples so far, dating from the 4th/3rd century BC to the Augustan period, that have mostly been recovered from funerary contexts. The contribution looks at the concentration of these items at some sites (Povegliano in particular) and their ties to a particular social rank. It also supplies a list of the bronze vessels from the area, mainly compiled during the reorganization of the collections in the Museo Archeologico di Verona conducted in the last two decades.