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The spatial and seasonal variability in finfish availability in the tropical Kali Estuary, in Karwar was studied from January 2017- May 2019 at three stations. A total of 26 species belonging to 9 orders and 20 families were recorded from the Kali Estuary and the order Perciformes with 16 species dominated the group (62%) followed by order Mugilliformes and Pleuronectiformes (8%). Maximum abundance was observed during the pre-monsoon season in all the stations. Excluding Ambassis ambassis which was abundant in all the stations, Caranx ignobilis dominated in all the stations. Truly marine and estuarine species of fishes recorded dominated than the freshwater estuarine ones like Etroplus suratensis, Scatophagus argus, Aplocheilus lineatus. Number of species recorded at each station during the study ranged from 11 to 25 and it was significantly different between stations. The Shannon- Wiener diversity index ranged from 2.0 to 4.6, the minimum in station 1 and maximum in station 3. The seasonal analysis of diversity also showed minimum value during the monsoon season in station 1 and maximum value in station 3. The minimum value (2.2) of Margalef richness index was also recorded in Station 1 during monsoon season and maximum value (4.2) in Station 2. When comparing the relative abundance using Pielou’s evenness index (J’) the values were in the range of 0.92 to 0.99 which was closer to one, indicating evenness in distribution. There was similarity in species composition according to different seasons except for monsoon season in Station 1. The same pattern was also evident in the MDS plot where seasonal aggregation was observed between the stations. In addition to the diversity studies, the surveys also threw light on the abundance and seasonality of candidate species suitable for mariculture like C. ignobilis, Lutjanus spp., Etroplus spp., etc. Judicious exploitation of the species could help brackishwater fish farmers.

A pesca ainda é a maior responsável pelo fornecimento de pescado marinho para consumo humano. Entretanto, visto a notória ameaça aos estoques pesqueiros e a crescente demanda pelo produto, este cenário precisa mudar e a piscicultura marinha continua sendo mundialmente apontada como medida viável para remediar esse quadro. Desta forma, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir sobre a piscicultura marinha no Brasil, com foco nos desafios e perspectiva de seu desenvolvimento no estado do Ceará. Durante o período de seis meses, a metodologia do trabalho constituiu-se de três ferramentas: levantamento bibliográfico, entrevistas e visitas técnicas. Os resultados obtidos retratam que, apesar de todas as inciativas públicas e privadas, a piscicultura marinha no Brasil continua incipiente e com obstáculos a serem superados. No que concerne ao Ceará, o estado, por intermédio de órgão de fomento, tem executado ações com o propósito de oportunizar o desenvolvimento da piscicultura marinha. Dentre as ações planejadas, incialmente está sendo executado a elaboração de projeto de laboratório para provimento de alevinos de espécies marinhas, simultaneamente a sua análise da viabilidade econômica financeira, e a prospecção de espécies profícuas para produção no estado, cuja conjectura preliminar tem apontado para Lutjanus synagris (ariacó) e, sobretudo, Lutjanus analis (cioba).

The Monorchiidae Odhner, 1911 are well represented in tropical and subtropical marine fishes worldwide but rarely reported from the Lutjanidae, an important family of tropical fishes that prey mainly on demersal fishes, decapods and cephalopods. Here, we report the first monorchiid from a lutjanid in Australian waters, Retroporomonorchis pansho n. g., n. sp. in Lutjanus fulvus (Forster), off Lizard Island on the northern Great Barrier Reef. It is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct among known monorchiids, resolves within the Monorchiinae Odhner, 1911, and is characterised by a relatively large ventral sucker, a sinistral genital pore immediately posterior to the ventral sucker, unfilamented eggs, a single testis, and vitelline follicles restricted to the level of the gonads. We assessed all previous records of monorchiids from lutjanid fishes and found only one to be convincing, that of Infundiburictus overstreeti (Gupta & Gupta, 1990) Wee, Cutmore, Perez-del-Olmo & Cribb, 2020 from Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier) in the Bay of Bengal. Another, Monorcheides xishaensis Shen, 1985, from Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) in the Paracel Islands, South China Sea, is here recognised as a cryptogonimid, and is synonymised with Siphoderina asiatica Gu & Shen, 1979. In the remaining reports, the identity of the host is either ambiguous or doubtful, or the identity of the worm is not supported with sufficient evidence.

Lutjanus fulgens (Valenciennes, 1830) is a teleost species classified under the family Lutjanidae which is a native of the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Though highly commercialized due to its abundance and good taste, the production output has declined in recent years. This is an indication of the need for effective management and conservation measures. However, accurate species identification will ensure strategic management and conservation measure. DNA‐based species identification has proven its reliability in this regard via precise species identification. Several researchers have confirmed the accuracy of DNAbarcode as a species identification tool as well as species phylogeny analysis based on both the complete mitogenome and COI gene. Currently, nine specimens of L. fulgens were sampled from Ghana and subjected to DNA‐based analysis, namely, complete mitochondrial DNAand COI gene (DNA barcoding) analyses. The mitogenomic result revealed that L. fulgens is made up of a 16,500 base pairs (bp) mtDNA which consists of 22 transfer RNAs, 13 protein‐coding genes, and two ribosomal RNAs (GenBank Accession Number: MN398650). Furthermore, a sequence polymorphism analysis of the COIgene (MN986442–MN986450) detected two haplotypes. These haplotypes were both collected from the same fish landing site which suggests a possible cryptic linage diversity in the L. fulgens population at Vodza. According to the phylogeny examination, a close taxonomic relationship exists between L. fulgens and Lutjanus buccanella caused by a recent evolution termed as sympatric speciation. This study serves as a novel study for this species, building the foundation for future molecular‐based study for this species and as a DNA barcode reference data.

Resource partitioning is important for species coexistence. Species with similar ecomorphological characters have a high potential for competition, especially when close phylogenetically. The diet and resource partitioning of four snappers (Lutjanus alexandrei, L. analis, L. jocu and L. synagris) was studied in the Tubarão River, north-eastern Brazil, between March and November 2012. Specimens were caught using a beach seine, and a total of 731 stomachs were analysed. The highest abundance of snappers was found near to vegetated habitats in the middle estuary. Crustaceans were dominant in the diet of all four species, being found in over 90% of the stomachs, followed by fish and molluscs. The species did not appear to compete for common resources, probably because there was not always spatial overlap, and differences in the proportions of consumption of items were observed. Ontogenetic comparisons of dietary compositions suggested differences among species, with changes in the diet related to changes in the mouth area as the body size increased. The changes were more evident in L. analis and L. synagris where microcrustaceans (Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Amphipoda) were dominant in the diet of the smaller size classes, and benthic crustaceans (Brachyura) and fish in the diet of larger individuals. The intra- and inter-specific differences in the dietary compositions, differences in the mouth area and feeding strategy contribute to allow the co-existence of these snappers in the study area.

Large numbers of hatchery-reared fish are released in stocking programmes; however, success is limited by high mortality. Predation is seen as the main cause of deaths but might be reduced by training fish before release to avoid predators and/or use refuge. In this study on a potential restocking species, yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis, the effects of predator training and refuge on the behaviour of fish in the hatchery were tested. In the first experiment, juvenile bream were exposed to predatory mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) fed exclusively on bream flesh while housed in tanks with and without refuge. Predator training altered fish behaviour when fish were re-exposed to predators, but the effects were subtle and varied between groups of fish. In contrast, refuge created strong and consistent changes in behaviour, significantly slowing down the amount of time that fish took to consume food. A second experiment focused on the effects of refuge. Bream were trained to use artificial seagrass or house bricks as refuge and then exposed to mangrove jacks in a laboratory predation experiment. When refuge was available, fish significantly slowed down their feeding rate. There was a small, transient increase in survival for fish given seagrass refuges, but this was irrespective of whether the bream were trained to use refuge. The results of this study indicate that the use of refuge may be innate and the benefits of refuge may be available to naive hatchery-reared fish or fish trained to use refuge shortly before release. This suggests that there is potential to improve post-release survival of fingerlings without time-consuming and expensive hatchery training.

Results of our study show that juveniles of the mangrove red snapper are found all year round from the Cua Dai river mouth to Cam Kim upstream of the Thu Bon estuary, with no clear patterns of distribution between months. Variability in recruitment of juvenile fish of ≤50 mm TL was observed from June until February, and the youngest fish (≥18 mm TL) were found in mid-June. Adult mangrove red snapper TL ≥400 mm were only recorded from coral reef offshore islands. There is likely a connection between both fish habitats separated by a distance of approximately 18 km. The results of red snapper DNA analysis show homogeneity of juveniles and adult the population structures.

The present study was aimed to establish reference data for nine serum biochemical attributes (glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase [SGOT] and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) of a supreme aquaculture candidate, namely Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Further, the influence of ecotype (cage–wild), condition index and gender on biochemical attributes was evaluated. The results have shown that gender and condition index had no significant effect in the studied age group, whereas ecotype had a significant role, except on serum glucose levels, suggesting the prime importance of estimating ecotype‐specific reference intervals for interpreting fish health. Intra‐ecotype variability of serum biochemical attributes, namely serum protein, globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides, was less, suggesting the possibility of using these parameters as health indices within a specific ecotype. Consistency in terms of the least intra‐ecotype variability coupled with PCA results points serum protein as the best ecotype‐specific health index among the different parameters studied. Altogether, the results of the present study provide thought‐provoking insights on serum biochemistry of L. argentimaculatus as a platform for the health management of this supreme aquaculture candidate.

Snappers are highly recommended as choice seafood and as viable candidate for cage culture in the brackish water and marine environments. However, very limited data exists on biological parameters of the snappers, Lutjanus species throughout their distribution range. Hence, the present study sought to improve knowledge on Length-Weight Relationship (LWR) and relative condition factor (Kn) of the Gorean snapper, Lutjanus goreensis (Valenciennes, 1830) sampled between December 2008 and December 2009 in the coastal zone of Lagos, Nigeria. Specimens were collected from landings of artisanal fisheries and inshore trawl fisheries. A total of 822 unsexed estuarine (7.90 to 34.90 cm and 9.51-695.60 g) and 377 sexed marine (21.90 to 56.10 cm and 156-2 975 g) specimens were analyzed. The overall value of the slope, b for the LWR indicated negative allometric growth for unsexed estuarine (2.860); marine male (2.856) and female (2.917) specimens, respectively. The relative condition factor, Kn did not vary significantly from 1. Sex-wise variations of b values and Kn were not significant either. The present study presents, for the first time, baseline information on the length-weight relationship parameters and condition of L. goreensis in the marine waters of Nigeria and in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The results are useful indicators to assess the well-being of wild Gorean snapper populations in Lagos coastal zones for management and under culture conditions. Keywords: Lutjanus goreensis; length-weight relationships; condition factor; Lagos; Nigeria

Failure to consider genetic structure in fish populations when collecting aquaculture broodstock can negatively affect fitness, and hence conservation and management goals. Here we used mitochondrial DNA from the 5’ end of the control region (D-loop) and four microsatellite markers to evaluate population genetic structure in the Mangrove Jack Lutjanus argentimaculatus with a view to guiding broodstock collection at the southern extremity of its east Australian range. There was no evidence of genetic structure within the entire tropical, subtropical and temperate east Australian distribution of L. argentimaculatus. Although this species may exhibit clinal morphological and life-history variation at its southern range limit, we did not detect wide- or fine-scale spatial genetic structure to indicate the presence of non-random evolutionary processes. Broodstock collection of L. argentimaculatus need not be geographically restricted in eastern Australia, but fisheries management should consider variation in life history and recruitment success at the species’ edge.

The species Lutjanus argentimaculatus is a prized food-fish in the tropical and subtropical fisheries, as well as the aquaculture industry. This study investigated the distribution of L. argentimaculatus at three patch reefs of Lankayan Island, within the Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area. Fish surveys of this species were conducted 12 times at each of the selected patch reefs, from August 2016 until March 2017. In addition to taking underwater video footages, hydrodynamic parameters, i.e. water current direction and current speed were recorded during each survey. The distribution patterns of the fish were then plotted against these parameters to determine any correlation, in response to these parameters. As a result, we found a significant relationship between the current direction and the position of L. argentimaculatus at the reef where the schoolings were found to occur. We found that regardless of the current speed, the schools of L. argentimaculatus were always present at the reef slope facing the incoming current. This finding is important for the management and conservation of this species, which is a targeted species in the Live Reef Fish Food Trade (LRFFT), and is useful for the manager of a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in general. This finding is also important as it provides useful insights into the ecology of Lutjanus spp.

Fisheries activities red snapper in Pinrang waters is considered to be a small scale and caught with that variety of types instrument catch fish (multi gears) one of them is bubu fishing gear. Now, the level of the utilization of red snapper is believed to have been experience symptoms of over fishing due to the high pressure in the area. The study aims to analyze the size structure and length-weight correlation of red snapper (Lutjanus sp). The study was conducted during 5 months of period, starting from March to July 2019 in Pinrang waters, Pinrang District. The sample of the fish obtained by fishermen using ‘Bubu’ fishing gear. The results showed that the total length structure of males and females of the red snapper was ranging from 32 - 57 cm, while the weight structure of males and females of the red snapper had a wide range from 500 to 2500 grams. The total sample of the red snapper is 163 divided into 68 males and 95 females. The growth pattern of red snapper can be categorized in a negative allometric type with a value of b = 2.3328 which means that the length increased faster than the weight gain.

In the Abrolhos Bank (Southwest Atlantic), multidimensional indicators were used in sustainability assessments of data‐poor reef fisheries. Potential impacts, risks and stocks vulnerabilities were evaluated based on biological, environmental, social and economic aspects by combining both adapted productivity and susceptibility analysis (PSA) and scale intensity consequence analysis (SICA). Data were obtained from local surveys with stakeholders and experts and from literature. A value chain map revealed final consumers at many locations and middleman presence. Vulnerability to overexploitation ranged from low (Cephalopholis fulva (L.), Lutjanus synagris (L.) and Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch)) to moderate (Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider), Epinephelus morio (Val.) and Mycteroperca bonaci Poey). While moderate consequences of the catches were observed to C. fulva, major consequences were identified to the other five stocks. The main threat to coral reef habitats was found to be mining wastes. Poor governance may constrain fisheries sustainability in the region, while the empowerment of fishers in both governance and post‐harvest processes should enhance it.

Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828). Mutton Snapper; Pargo Cebal, Pargo Criollo. Distribution: Global: Western Atlantic Ocean; from New England, USA, to southern Brazil; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: To and Ma (Atlantic), 0��� 3 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, NT. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 1000; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Van Tassell (2019: 3683; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Van Tassell, J. (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / caribbean / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Lutjanus novemfasciatus Gill, 1862. Pacific Dog Snapper; Pargo Dient��n, Pargo Negro, Pargo Prieto. Distribution: Global: Eastern Pacific Ocean; from southern California, USA, to northern Peru, including the Cocos, Malpelo and Galapagos Islands; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: Ni, Ta, Pi and Tr (Pacific), 0��� 95 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 1001; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Allen (2015: 1320; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Dog Snapper; Pargo Caballera, Pargo Joc��. Distribution: Global: Western Atlantic Ocean; from New England, USA, to southern Brazil; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: To, Pa, Ma and Si (Atlantic), 0��� 9 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, DD. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 1000; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Van Tassell (2019: 3689; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Van Tassell, J. (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / caribbean / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Spotted Rose Snapper; Pargo Mancha, Pargo Lunarejo. Distribution: Global: Eastern Pacific Ocean; from northern Baja California, Mexico, to Peru, including the Cocos and Malpelo Islands; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: Co (Pacific), 0��� 5 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Robertson & Allen (2015: 1317; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2020: 1; new country record, including information on distribution, an identification key and illustrations)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021).","Angulo, A., San Gil-Leon, J. A., Oviedo, A., Abarca-Odio, J. I. & Umana-Villalobos, G. (2020) The fishes from the Coto River basin, Pacific coast, Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 4751 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4751.1.1"]}

6) Lutjanus purpureus (Poey 1866); Lutjanidae. Southern Red Snapper; Pargo Colorado (Fig. 2H���I). Diagnosis: This species differs from the other species of the family occurring in the freshwaters of the country (Atlantic) by the following combination of characters: absence of blue iridescent lines or spots below the eye [vs. present in Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) and Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758)]; absence of a black blotch on lateral line (vs. present in L. analis); lateral line scales 47���51 (vs. 43���47 in L. griseus); gill rakers on the lower gill arch 14���16 [vs. 12���14 in the other species); profile of anal fin angulate, with the middle rays prolonged [vs. rounded, without the middle rays prolonged in L. griseus and Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)]; and juveniles with a dark oblique stripe from snout through eye to top corner of operculum (not present in the other species). Basis of the record: Three specimens were captured in the Matina River basin. Two in the Quebrada Hone Creek/r��o Carb��n, Talamanca, Lim��n (9.67153, -82.79047), at 12 m. a.s.l., on October 6, 2007, by Maribel Mafla et al. (UCR 2751-001). Another specimen was captured in the r��o Mo��n, at the Puerto Fluvial JAPDEVA, Lim��n (09.99745, -83.08077), at 7 m. a.s.l., on December 14, 2006, by Karina Rodr��guez (UCR 2761-003). Remarks: This species inhabits estuarine areas and coastal environs, including rocky and coral reefs; it could be considered as an opportunistic visitor of freshwater ecosystems (Robertson & Van Tassell 2019)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Van Tassell, J. (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / caribbean / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Lutjanus colorado Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Colorado Snapper; Pargo Colorado, Pargo Achotillo, Pargo Rojo. Distribution: Global: Eastern Pacific Ocean; from southern California, USA, to northern Peru, including the cocos and Malpelo Islands; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: IC, Pi and Tr (Pacific), 0��� 17 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 1000; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Allen (2015: 1316; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Lutjanus aratus (G��nther, 1864). Mullet Snapper. To 99 cm (39 in) TL (Allen 1985). Punta Eugenia, southern Baja California (Gotshall 1998) to northern Peru (Chirichigno and V��lez 1998), including Gulf of California (Allen 1985) and Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997) and other offshore islands (Robertson and Allen 2002). Depth: intertidal to 80 m (262 ft) (min.: Weaver 1970; max.: S��nchez-Jim��nez et al. 2018)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome.","Gotshall, D. W. (1998) Sea of Cortez Marine Animals: A Guide to the Common Fishes and Invertebrates - Baja California to Panama. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Weaver, P. L. (1970) Species diversity and ecology of tide pool fishes in three Pacific coastal areas of Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 17, 165 - 185.","Sanchez-Jimenez, A., Naranjo-Elizondo, B., Rodriguez-Arrieta, A., Quesada, A., Blum, S., McCosker, J. E., Robertson, D. R., Auster, P. J. & Cortes, J. (2018) Updated catalogue of bony fishes observed in deep waters at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 66, (Supplement 5), S 1 - S 113. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 66 i 5.34943"]}

Lutjanus inermis (Peters, 1869). Golden Snapper. To 39 cm (15.4 in) (Jim��nez Prado and B��arez 2004). Bah��a Santa Maria, southern Baja California (Personal communication: California Academy of Sciences Fish Collection, San Francisco, California), and into Gulf of California, to northern Peru and offshore islands (Robertson and Allen 2008). Depth: intertidal to 70 m (230 ft) (min.: Robertson and Allen 2008; max.: John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Jimenez Prado, P. & Bearez, P. (2004) Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / marine fishes of continental Ecuador. SIMBIOE / NAZCA / IFEA TOMO II, Quito.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2008) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 1.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa."]}

Lutjanus viridis (Valenciennes, 1846). Blue-and-Gold Snapper. To 30 cm (11.8 in) TL (Allen 1985). Rocas Alijos, southern Baja California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) and Bah��a Tortugas, southern Baja California (Gotshall 1998) to Peru, including Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997) and Gulf of California (Allen 1985). Depth: surface (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), 1���240 m (3���787 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Morera et al. 2019)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome.","Gotshall, D. W. (1998) Sea of Cortez Marine Animals: A Guide to the Common Fishes and Invertebrates - Baja California to Panama. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Morera, R. B., Calderon, F. C. & Hernandez, J. M. V. (2019) Abundancia, biomasa y estructura de la ictiofauna demersal en el oceano Pacifico de Centroamerica, basadas en datos de prospeccion pesquera realizados a bordo del B / W Miguel Oliver. Revista Ciencias Las Marinas y Costeras, 12, 27 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.15359 / revmar. 12 - 1.2"]}

Lutjanus colorado Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Colorado Snapper. To 107 cm (42.1 in) TL (Robertson and Allen 2002). Estero (Morro) Bay, central California (Eschmeyer and Herald 1983) to northern Peru (Chirichigno and V��lez 1998), including Gulf of California (Allen 1985). Marine, brackish, and fresh waters (Fricke et al. 2020); depth: surface to 90 m (295 ft) (min.: Robertson and Allen 2002; max.: Amezcua Linares 1996)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Eschmeyer, W. N. & Herald, E. S. (1983) A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome.","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021).","Amezcua Linares, F. (1996) Peces Demersales de la Platforma Continental del Pacifico Central de Mexico. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico."]}

Lutjanus jordani (Gilbert, 1898). Whipper Snapper. To 61 cm (24 in) TL (Fuertes and Araya 1979). Southern Baja California (27��06���N, 114��11���W) (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) to Paita, Peru (Chirichigno 1974), including lower Gulf of California (Allen 1985) and Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997) and other offshore islands (Robertson and Allen 2002). Marine, brackish, and fresh waters (Fricke et al. 2020); depth: 2���200 m (6���656 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Fuertes and Araya 1979)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Fuertes, J. R. & Araya, H. (1979) Campana de prospeccion Pesquera el la Plataforma continental del Pacifico de Costa Rica. Informes Technicos del Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras, 69.","Chirichigno, F. N. (1974) Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Instituto del Mar del Peru Informe, No. 44.","Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & van der Laan, R. (Eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, Reference. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 17 April 2021)."]}

Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Spotted Rose Snapper. To 99 cm (39 in) TL (Herr��n et al. 2018). Northern Baja California (Robertson and Allen 2015) to Huacho, Peru (Beltr��n-Le��n and Rios Herrera 2000), including Gulf of California (Allen 1985). Marine, brackish, and fresh waters (Allen 1986, Argulo et al. 2020); depth: surface to 120 m (394 ft) (min.: Robertson and Allen 2002; max.: Aburto-Oropeza et al. 2011)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Herron, P., Mildenberger, T. K., Diaz, J. M. & Wolff, M. (2018) Assessment of the stock status of small-scale and multi-gear fisheries resources in the tropical Eastern Pacific region. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24, 311 - 323. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rsma. 2018.09.008","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Beltran-Leon, B. S. & Rios Herrera, R. (2000) Estadios Tempranos de Peces del Pacific Colombiano. Republica de Colombia. Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura INPA.","Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Aburto-Oropeza, O., Caso, M., Erisman, B. & Ezcurra, E. (2011) Log of the Deep Sea, an Expedition to the Gulf of California. Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, University of California Mexus and Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Acero, A. P. & Franke, R. (1995) Nuevos registros de peces cartilaginosos del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona (Pacifico Colombiano). II. Rayas y descripcion de una nueva especie. In: La Isla de Gorgona, Nuevos Estudios Biologicos, Volume II. Biblioteca Jose Jeronimo Triana, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de Bogota, pp. 19 - 21."]}

Lutjanus novemfasciatus Gill, 1862. Dog Snapper or Pacific Dog Snapper. To 170 cm (67 in) TL (Allen 1985). Morro Bay, central California (Tognazzini 2003)to Puerto Pizarro, Peru (Chirichigno 1974), including throughout Gulf of California (Allen 1985), and around Islas Gal��pagos (Grove and Lavenberg 1997). Marine, brackish, and fresh waters (Allen and Robertson 1994); depth: surface (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), intertidal to 60 m (197 ft) (min.: Thomson and Lehner 1976; max.: Allen 1985)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome.","Tognazzini, M. T. (2003) First record of the Pacific dog snapper, Lutjanus novemfasciatus, in California. California Fish and Game, 89, 201 - 202.","Chirichigno, F. N. (1974) Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Instituto del Mar del Peru Informe, No. 44.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Allen, G. R. & Robertson, D. R. (1994) Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.","Thomson, D. A. & Lehner, C. E. (1976.) Resilience of a rocky intertidal fish community in a physically unstable environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 22, 1 - 29."]}

Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922). Pacific Red Snapper. To 99.2 cm (39 in) TL (Rocha-Olivares 1998). La Jolla, southern California (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California) and Bah��a Santa Maria, southern Baja California (Watson and Brogan in Moser 1996) to Huermey, Peru (Chirichigno and V��lez 1998), including Islas Gal��pagos (McCosker and Rosenblatt 2010), and throughout Gulf of California (Allen 1985). Depth: surface (nightlight; Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), 18 m (60 ft) to at least 91 m (300 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: John Snow, pers. comm. to M.L.)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Rocha-Olivares, A. (1998) Age, growth, mortality, and population characteristics of the Pacific red snapper, Lutjanus peru, off the southeast coast of Baja California, Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 96, 562 - 574.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","McCosker, J. E. & Rosenblatt, R. H. (2010) The fishes of the Galapagos Archipelago: an update. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 61, Supplement II, No. 11, 167 - 195.","Allen, G. R. (1985) FAO species catalogue. Volume 6. Snappers of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 6. FAO, Rome."]}

In the coastal countries of Southeast Asia, fish is a staple diet and certain fish species are food delicacies to local populations or commercially important to individual communities. Although there have been several suspected cases of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in Southeast Asian countries, few have been confirmed by ciguatoxins identification, resulting in limited information for the correct diagnosis of this food-borne disease. In the present study, ciguatoxin-1B (CTX-1B) in red snapper (Lutjanus bohar) implicated in a CFP case in Sabah, Malaysia, in December 2017 was determined by single-quadrupole selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Continuous consumption of the toxic fish likely resulted in CFP, even when the toxin concentration in the fish consumed was low. The identification of the fish species was performed using the molecular characterization of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene marker, with a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Lutjanus. This is the first report identifying the causative toxin in fish-implicated CFP in Malaysia.