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Comprehensive assessment of the virtual water trade of Germany with the world is performed and the national water footprint through the trade of crop and livestock products from 1991 to 2016 is assessed. Virtual water flows based on 328 products with more than 200 countries indicate Germany as a net virtual water importer. Average virtual water import was 100.5 Bm3/y, virtual water export was 60.2 Bm3/y and net virtual water import was 40.3 Bm3/y. Trade patterns of virtual water transfer differ for the various commodity types. Trade between Germany and the world implies a global water loss of 5.9 Bm3/y. This study portrays that trade between countries is not only related to the economics but interlinked with the agricultural water use and management practices of the respective nations. Sustainable management of the resources will require a collective consideration of the agricultural, water and economic sectors while developing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important task of the modern agrarian policy for the development of the meat products sub-complex is to maintain and increase the level of meat production, stimulate the expansion of its range and degree of processing, as well as to improve the quality. The country's transition to market relations necessitates further improvement of the economic mechanism of management in the meat products sub-complex, their reorientation to stimulate the production of competitive products, considering consumer demand. The article aims to reveal modern approaches to guaranteeing the quality and safety of livestock products in the EU and substantiate the possibilities of their application in Ukraine. This work reveals modern approaches to guarantee the quality and safety of animal products in the EU and justify their possible use in Ukraine. The key elements of the new food safety concept in the EU, rooted in the early 2000s are discovered. The specific legislation governing food safeties in the EU is shoved up. The features of the system of quality certification and livestock products produced with food are discovered. Directions for the formation of an effective system for ensuring the quality and safety of organic livestock products are proposed. The experience of product quality management in the meat sub-complex of the EU countries is revealed. The trends of the European system of compulsory labelling of animal welfare in the manufacture of certain types of livestock production and distribution systems of the voluntary certification program for the protection of animals are revealed. The problems in quality due to the intensification of livestock are noted. The trends and modern approaches to improving knowledge about the impact of a number of substances and ingredients contained in animal products, on human health are analysed

Pesticides in livestock products must be measured to ensure food safety. We developed a single-sample preparation method followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for simultaneous determination of fenpropimorph and fenpropimorph acid in six different livestock products. The extraction method was a modification of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method and was validated according to the CODEX guidelines. The matrix-matched calibration curves for fenpropimorph and fenpropimorph acid exhibited good linearity, with coefficients of determination (R2 values) higher than 0.998. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.25 and 5.0 µg kg−1, respectively. The average recovery values ranged from 61.5% to 97.1% for samples fortified to the LOQ, 2 × LOQ, and 10 × LOQ. The method fully complied with the CODEX guidelines and was successfully applied to real samples obtained from domestic markets.

Ranchers in rural communities work together to raise and manage their livestock activities. In the meantime, The collaboration and cooperation between farmers and particularly rural women play a key role stems. The purpose of this study was to identify local knowledge and local traditions of rural women in abunasr rural in production and management of livestock products in Bavanat city of Fars province. The research method is based on surveying methods. For data collection, qualitative techniques including direct observation, participatory observation and organized interviewing have been used. The statistical population consisted of 29 rural woman is a farmer living in the village of AbuNasr, which is collected and analyzed in a qualitative way. The results of the research indicate that there is a rich indigenous knowledge and local traditions among women in the region, due to the existence of a traditional milking system (Don) and the mechanism of milk management and dairy products. The Dun system is a traditional social institution for members who participate in the production of livestock products. This traditional system has been effective in establishing a strong social bond between livestocks and, in addition to facilitating the production and management of dairy products, has also contributed to the qualitative and quantitative increase in livestock production.

To find out the trend in production and consumption of livestock products in Meghalaya and explore the means and ways to plan an efficient and proper market accordingly, the study was conducted using both secondary and primary sources of data. The clear cut objectives were to examine and analyse the growth in livestock population in Meghalaya and to analyse the consumption pattern of livestock products. Compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) in livestock population during nine inter-census periods were positive for cattle, pig and poultry; negative growth rates were observed during few periods in case of buffalo, sheep, goat and horses and ponies; sheep population mostly showed negative growth rate as sheep is reared mainly for meat purpose and the meat is not as popular as beef or pork. Milk, egg, mutton and chicken are still luxury items in the rural region; egg and chicken are items of luxury in urban regions whereas fish consumption was relatively income inelastic in both rural and urban regions. Thrust can be made in the processing of milk into different milk products and popularization of sheep rearing focusing on rearing for wool rather than meat.

The present study verified that it is possible to analyze melengesterol acetate using the existing multi-residue method. Melengestrol acetate was extracted from livestock products using acidic acetonitrile acidified with acetic acid in the presence of n-hexane and anhydrous sodium sulfate. The crude extracts were cleaned up using an octadecylsilanized silica gel cartridge column. Separation by HPLC was performed using an octadecylsilanized silica gel column with linear gradient elution of 0.1 vol% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1 vol% formic acid. For the determination of the analyte, tandem mass spectrometry with positive ion electrospray ionization was used. In recovery tests using four livestock products fortified with maximum residue limits levels of melengestrol acetate (0.001-0.02 mg/kg), the truenesses ranged from 82% to 100%, and the repeatabilities for the entire procedure ranged from 0.5 RSD% to 5.6 RSD%. In recovery tests using 11 livestock products fortified with 0.0005 mg/kg of melengestrol acetate, the truenesses ranged from 88% to 99%, and the repeatabilities ranged from 1.3 RSD% to 5.4 RSD%. The limit of quantification for melengestrol acetate in livestock products was 0.0005 mg/kg.

Livestock products, such as dairy and beef, are increasingly regarded as resource intensive and concerns are raised about animal welfare and environmental sustainability. As a result, consumer awareness of these issues has led to an increasing demand for products with high quality credence attributes (CAs) that cannot be directly experienced or identified. A number of empirical studies have attempted to estimate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for CAs, which represents the additional value placed on the benefits that they derive from those products. However, there are significant differences in these WTP estimates, mainly because both consumers' perceptions of CAs and the conditions of the studies vary. We conduct a meta‐analysis to examine consumers' WTP for different CAs of livestock products based on a systematic review of relevant studies. Meta‐regression models are used to control for the heterogeneity of WTP estimates and investigate factors that affect the estimation of WTP. Overall 555 estimates derived from 94 papers reporting WTP are included in this study. Meta‐regression results establish the presence of systematic WTP variation associated with types of products, CAs, and locations, though also indicate that WTP is subject to systematic variation associated with study methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Japanese Journal of Food Chemistry & Safety is the property of Japanese Society of Food Chemistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Overgrazing on grasslands has caused grassland degradation in China during past decades, which could impair the production of livestock products, so it must be limited to maintain the supply ability of grasslands for human well-beings. Establishing cultivated pastures, which has been popularized and proved effective to increase forage yields and restore degraded grasslands in many developed countries, could also provide more powerful support for livestock production with a healthy livestock-grassland relationship in China where there are only few cultivated pastures now. To explore whether cultivated pasture construction is a promising approach for mitigating ecological pressure while satisfying herdsmen livelihood demands, we developed an Agent-Based Model based on herdsmen behaviors and grassland conditions. In this model, the cultivated pastures in future 30 years will be established by herdsmen in accordance with their livestock production plan, natural pasture supply and suitability of establishing cultivated pastures, and the suitable areas for establishing cultivated pastures was selected based on natural and social limitations. Focusing on Xilin Gol Grassland, one of the typical pastoral areas in China, the characters of herdsmen livelihood behaviors and willingness for cultivated pasture construction were investigated by household survey, and the spatio-temporal variations of cultivated pastures and relevant economic-ecological consequences in future 30 years were simulated using the Agent-Based Model. The results showed that most suitable areas are distributed in the south of Xilin Gol Grassland near the agro-pastoral ecotone, where cultivated pastures are few now but should be newly established later. The number of cultivated pastures will gradually increase while the increasing speed will gradually descend in each county. With the expanding cultivated pastures, herdsmen's income will rise quickly in the first ten years then keep stable at 70000∼80000RMB nearly twice the original income, while the ecological pressure of grasslands will descend fast from >3 to 1 in the first eight years, then slowly from 1 to 0.5 and stay <0.5 after 2035. Such results proved that establishing cultivated pastures will really bring economic-ecological coordination on grasslands, which provided evidences for popularizing cultivated pastures to keep sustainable production and supply of livestock products and realize modern animal husbandry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technogenic contamination of ecosystems is one of the main dangers of our time. In order to reduce the harmful effects of this contamination and to provide cost-effective and environmentally safe food production methods, we are forced to look for ways of reliable analysis of the environmental situation, the selection systems of animal husbandry and regulations for the degree of impact of pollutants on the elements of the agroecosystem. This article presents the results of studies aimed at assessing the plight of the environment of a large industrial centre, and its anthropogenic impacts on every element of the suburban ecosystems. It presents data on maintenance and migration of anthropogenous pollutants in the trophic chains of pasturable ecosystems of the suburb of Volgograd. The authors have listed the industrial enterprises as the key sources of pollution. The features of the distribution of xenobiotics in the tissues and organs of calves and heifers of different breeds were analysed in the study. Conclusions were drawn on the accumulation of heavy metals and arsenic in cattle, and the impact of this factor on the quality of production. A comparative assessment of the resistance of different breeds of cows to the action of toxicants in the environment of the Lower Volga region was carried out. Ways to decrease the impact of pollutants on the cattle organism have also been suggested. The article pays attention to the environmental pollution of the industrial centre, the influence of these processes on all elements of an ecosystem including humans, and offers ways to minimize the damage.

The role of livestock in food without dangerous country. The analysis of the dynamics of production indicators waspsmainly livestock products. The problems offorecasting-ing performance of LivestockDevelopment of the Russian Federationon the basis of the a-analytical models ofalignment and connected series.

The purpose of this study was designing predictive model for innovation management in processing and complementary industries of livestock products. The method of research was correlative descriptive. The population of this research was managers in processing and complementary industries of livestock products of Khouzestan Province (N=486). By stratified random sampling, a random sample (n=125) was selected for participation in the study. A questionnaire was developed to gather data regarding Innovation Management in processing and complementary industries of livestock products. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). According to the results, the innovation management level in processing and complementary industries of Khuzestan province is not desirable. Therefore, practitioners should be required to provide increasing levels of innovation management. Results showed that variables such as income, competitiveness, accountability, risk taking, tend to be creative, level of education and attitude to innovation management played a critical role in improving innovation management.

To deal with concerns in China about environmental degradation and a growth in population accompanied by increased consumption of livestock products, a meat alternative is required. This study compared the environmental impacts of producing different protein sources for nutrition, including crops, livestock products, and cultured meat. The results showed that cultured meat has the lowest land use per unit of protein and unit of human digestible energy. China's crops have the lowest energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of energy and protein. The energy use in cultured meat production is slightly higher than that of current pork production in China, whereas GHG emissions are lower. It is concluded that the overall impact of replacing livestock products with cultured meat would be beneficial for China's environment and would potentially improve food security because less land is needed to produce the same amount of protein and energy.

The objective of this study was to establish a multi-residue quantitative method for the analysis of anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drugs in various livestock products (beef, pork, and chicken) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Each compound performed validation at three different levels i.e., 0.5, 1, and 2× the maximum residue limit according to the CODEX guidelines (CAC/GL 71-2009). This study was conducted according to the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure. The matrix-matched calibrations gave correlation coefficients >0.98, and the obtained recoveries were in the range of 60.2%-119.9%, with coefficients of variation ≤32.0%. Furthermore, the detection and quantification limits of the method were in the ranges of 0.03-3.2 and 0.1-9.7 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, a survey of residual anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drugs was also carried out in 30 samples of beef, pork, and chicken collected in Korea. Toltrazuril sulfone was detected in all three samples. Thus, our results indicated that the developed method is suitable for determining the anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drug contents in livestock products., Competing Interests: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (© Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources.)

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antibiotics have been widely used in the treatment of livestock diseases. However, the emergence of issues related to drug resistance prompted governments to enact a series of laws regulating the use of antibiotics in livestock. Following control of the problem of drug resistant bacteria, public attention has shifted to the recurring incidence of human health and safety issues caused by residual veterinary drugs in livestock products. To guarantee the safety and hygiene of meat, milk, and eggs from food-producing animals, governments and relevant agencies established laws and regulations for the use of veterinary drugs. It is, therefore, necessary to monitor the content of residual drugs in livestock products at regular intervals to assess whether the regulations have resulted in the effective management of food product safety, and to prevent and manage sudden problems related to this issue. A 2011–2015 livestock product post-marketing monitoring program launched by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) inspected 1487 livestock products. Over the past 5 years, there were 34 samples identified that did not conform to the regulations; these samples included residue drugs such as β-agonists, chloramphenicols, β-lactam antibiotics, sulfa drugs, enrofloxacin, and lincomycin. Inspections of commercial livestock products with the consistent cooperation of agricultural authorities did not detect the drugs that were banned by the government, whereas the detection of other drugs decreased annually with an increase in the post-market monitoring sample size. In the future, the TFDA will continue to monitor the status of residual veterinary drugs in commercial livestock products, adjust the sampling of food products annually according to monitoring results, and closely cooperate with agricultural authorities on source management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the analysis of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of Moldova's livestock products. The research was carried out based on the statistical data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, as well as data collected from the WITS database. The outcomes of the analysis of trade value, RCA, and CAGR of the Moldova's livestock exports at 2-digit and 4-digit levels of HS comparing to the world and EU-27 have been presented in the paper. As a conclusion, export of most livestock products is not stable from year to year. Often disruptions in exports supplies are caused by multiple factors such as weather conditions, more competitive regional imports, import bans imposed by partner countries, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection method was developed for the simultaneous determination of thiodicarb and its degradation product methomyl in animal-derived food products, including chicken muscle, beef, pork, table eggs, and milk. Thiodicarb is known to degrade during analysis; therefore, a thorough investigation was carried out, revealing that thiodicarb degrades to methomyl immediately after spiking into a matrix of animal-derived food products. Consequently, thiodicarb was determined as the sum of the parent compound and methomyl. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and sodium salts, and purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.0013 and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively, for both analytes in various matrices. Seven-point external calibration curves were obtained, and they showed excellent linearity with determination coefficients ( R 2 ) ≥ 0.999 for all tested matrices. The method was validated at three fortification levels (LOQ, LOQ × 2, and LOQ × 10) in triplicate with average recoveries ranging from 84.24 to 112.8% (for methomyl) and relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 6.5% in all matrices. The converted recoveries of thiodicarb in various matrices ranged from 74.80 to 107.80% with RSDs ≤ 4.5%. The identities of both compounds in standard solutions and for recovery were confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The developed method was further validated by accurate reproduction at another laboratory. Finally, the method was applied to market samples collected from different areas (and, in the case of milk, different brands), and none of the samples tested positive for thiodicarb or methomyl. In conclusion, the developed method can be successfully applied for a single-run analysis of thiodicarb and methomyl in livestock products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock products share more than fifteen percent of total agri-foods traded worldwide. A global increase in food demand has increased the risk to food safety. Improvements in food quality, cold chain transit, and preservation are required for safe livestock products. Though, the food safety and regulation authorities demand complete food traceability from farm to fork, but in traditional supply chain it is ignored by fiddling with the transit paperwork and bill invoices. The process of supply chain reformation and activities linked to food recalls during food safety issues are insanely expensive and challenging. Traceability-driven food supply chain management is likely to implement novel technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT). The capability of the Blockchain era within the food sector is emerging with use cases across different regions, as shown via the growing number of studies. Credibility, efficiency, and safety are all improved when food products can be instantly traced from their point of origin through all points of contact on their way to the consumer. Blockchain assures a tamper-proof and transparent system that allows an innovative business solution, together with smart contracts. However, there are significant difficulties with the implementation of blockchain technology for food traceability. It necessitates more and more training platforms as well as trainers, who can make understanding and operability of this technology easy among ground-level participants and food entities. For the tactical application of this technology, it is essential to comprehend the legal and regulatory framework., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This paper presents the results of a rapid consumer survey undertaken in Uganda. The survey aimed at identifying preferred quality and safety attributes, retail forms and retail outlets for major livestock products and by type of consumers. Results of the survey, combined with nationally representative household datasets, allows description of both the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the developing market for animal-source foods, which is anticipated to provide major business opportunities for small-scale livestock producers in the short and medium terms.

The user inputs to OVERSEER® Nutrient Budgets (Overseer) allow farm-specific greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to be estimated. Since the development of the original model, life cycle assessment standards (e.g. PAS 2050) have been proposed and adopted for determining GHG or carbon footprints, which are usually reported as emissions per unit of product, for example, per kg milk, meat or wool. New Zealand pastoral farms frequently generate a range of products with different management practices. A robust system is required to allocate the individual sources of GHGs (e.g. methane, nitrous oxide, direct carbon dioxide and embodied carbon dioxide emissions for inputs used on the farm) to each product from a farm. This paper describes a method for allocating emissions to co-products from New Zealand farms. The method requires allocating the emissions, first, to an animal enterprise, separating the emissions between breeding and trading animals, and then allocating to a specific product to give product (e.g. milk, meat, wool, velvet) footprints from the ‘cradle-to-farm-gate’. The meat product was based on live-weight gain. Procedures were adopted so that emissions associated with rearing of young stock used in live-weight gain systems, both as a by-product or a primary product could be estimated. This allows the possibility of total emissions for a meat product to be built up from contributing farms along the production chain.

Evidence was established for changing consumption trends towards livestock products making use of the consumer expenditure survey data pertaining to the periods, 2004–05 and 2011–12. The large database of National Sample Survey Organisation was used for estimation of income and demand elasticities through the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). The results provided useful insights into the increasing domestic demand for livestock products in Indian households. The estimated expenditure elasticities for livestock products such as milk and milk products, chicken, fish and prawn were positive and significant in both rural and urban India. This implied that as the per capita income of the households increased, the proportion of expenditure on these products were much higher than other livestock products. Furthermore, own price elasticities for most of the livestock products, except egg and mutton, were highly elastic indicating the price sensitiveness of demand for these food products among the Indian households.

Biotechnological achievements of recent years have emerged as powerful tool to improve quality attributes of livestock products including milk and meat products. Biotechnological approaches can be employed for improving productivity, economy, physicochemical and nutritional attributes of a wide range of livestock products. The target areas of biotechnological research in the field of livestock products can be envisaged as production of high yielding food animal, improvement in quality of their products, enhanced production of natural food grade preservatives, efficient byproduct utilization and so forth. Many of the biotechnological techniques can be explored in the area of quality assurance programmes, which would be of great help to produce livestock products of assured quality and public health safety. [Vet World 2012; 5(10.000): 634-638]

Evidence was established for changing consumption trends towards livestock products making use of the consumer expenditure survey data pertaining to the periods, 2004-05 and 2011-12. The large database of National Sample Survey Organisation was used for estimation of income and demand elasticities through the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). The results provided useful insights into the increasing domestic demand for livestock products in Indian households. The estimated expenditure elasticities for livestock products such as milk and milk products, chicken, fish and prawn were positive and significant in both rural and urban India. This implied that as the per capita income of the households increased, the proportion of expenditure on these products were much higher than other livestock products. Furthermore, own price elasticities for most of the livestock products, except egg and mutton, were highly elastic indicating the price sensitiveness of demand for these food products among the Indian households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the livestock industry in China in recent two decades has played an important role in the livelihoods of people and has become a very significant issue in terms of sustainable animal food supply chains. Knowledge gaps in the geographic distribution may hinder the sustainable development of livestock industry. This paper investigates the spatial distribution in the outputs of livestock products (meat, milk and egg, respectively) in China using exploratory spatial data analysis. This method is a set of GIS spatial statistical techniques that are useful in describing and visualizing the spatial distribution, detecting patterns of hot-spots, and suggesting spatial regimes. The global Moran’s I statistics for the three products reveal strong positive and significant spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, the Moran significance maps indicate four hot-spots (North-eastern cluster, Northern Coast cluster, Central Inland cluster and Southern cluster) and one cold-spot (Western cluster) in the meat product distribution, one large hot-spot (Northern cluster) and one large cold-spot (South-central cluster) for the milk product, four relatively small hot-spots (North-eastern cluster, Northern Coast cluster, Eastern Coast cluster and Central Inland cluster) and one large cold-spot (Western cluster) for the egg product. Based on the results, we show that livestock products are polarized into clusters and the outputs of the products tend to be reducing from east to west and from north to south China. Implications are drawn, such as priority of resource allocations for hot-spot area in terms of animal-source food security and the utilization of spillover effects from hot-spots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new high-performance liquid chromatography with ​fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method was developed for determination of piperazine residues in food animal products. Samples were extracted with formic acid in water and purified using the PCX cartridge. Following purification, the samples were derivatized using dansyl chloride, and the analyte was separated using water/acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The calibration curves showed good linearity over a concentration range of 20–120 ng/g with coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) ⩾ 0.996. The intra-day accuracy (presented as recovery %) and precision (presented as relative standard deviation, RSD %) were 81–97.3% and 0.83–6.87%, whereas, the inter-day values were 80.5–96.8% and 1.7–6.8%, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 20 ng/g, which was considerably lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL). The developed method was used to monitor market samples, and piperazine was not detected in any of the samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the detection of piperazine in various food and animal products by using a sensitive and reliable analytical method has been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to examine the instability and volatility in the export of livestock and marine products of India. It was found that marine export was a bit more stable and less volatile compared to livestock products export. Further, cointegration between the two was also tested. It was concluded that the two export data series were cointegrated. One of its benefits is that the long-run equilibrium relationship can be modelled by a straightforward regression involving the levels of the variables. Finally, the forecast were also obtained, which were quite reliable.

Background: Widespread dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria is a threat to public health. Since livestock products are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing bacteria, food-borne dissemination of ESBL-producing bacteria and the characteristics of such organisms in food products should be assessed to evaluate potential sources of contamination. Results: A total of 253 food samples from poultry, pork, shrimp, and fish were collected from local markets in a rural area of Vietnam from 2013 to 2014. ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from these samples, and their ESBL genotypes, phylogenetic groups, and antibiotic resistance profiles were assessed. Overall, a high percentage (68.4 %) of the food samples was contaminated with ESBL-producing E. coli, and samples from livestock and fishery products showed similar levels of contamination. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from the food samples harbored genes of the CTX-M-1, CTX-M-9, and TEM groups. Analysis of the antibiotic resistance profiles of the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from the food samples showed a high degree of multidrug resistance. The prevalence of extensively multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli that were resistant to at least five antibiotic drug classes in poultry, pork, shrimp, and fish samples, was 92.1, 69, 56.5, and 62.5 %, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the widespread dissemination of ESBL-producing E. coli in both livestock and fishery products from a rural area in Vietnam. The high prevalence of extensively multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli in food products highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of food products for the presence of these bacteria, particularly in underdeveloped countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple analytical method for the determination of hydrocortisone and progesterone in bovine, swine, and chicken muscle and eggs was developed. Hydrocortisone and progesterone were extracted with acetonitrile and subsequently cleaned-up using an Oasis® HLB mini-cartridge. The method was validated in accordance with Japanese guidelines and exhibited trueness from 86.6% to 104.3% and precision (relative standard deviations (RSDs) of repeatability and within reproducibility were under 8.7% and 11.7%, respectively). The method was applied to 103 bovine muscle, 137 swine muscle, 69 chicken muscle and 52 egg samples that were commercially available in Tokyo, Japan. The hydrocortisone concentration was 0.9–41.2 µg kg−1 in all bovine muscle samples, with an average of 7.7 µg kg−1 and a median of 6.2 µg kg−1. The progesterone concentration in 50 samples exceeded the limit of quantification (LOQ) and reached a maximum of 95.4 µg kg−1. Hydrocortisone was also detected in all swine muscle samples at concentrations of 2.0–56.0 µg kg−1. Its average and median concentrations amounted to 13.1 and 11.3 µg kg−1, respectively. Twenty-three samples contained progesterone levels surpassing the LOQ, with a maximum concentration of 107.0 µg kg−1. No chicken muscle samples contained any of the analytes. The progesterone concentration was 15.5–200.0 µg kg−1 in all egg samples, with an average of 95.4 µg kg−1 and a median of 90.5 µg kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a method to determine flubendazole and metabolite R35475 in livestock products using tandem mass spectrometry coupled with positive ion electrospray ionization. Acetone is used to extract flubendazole and metabolite R35475 from the livestock samples. These extracts were purified using an SCX cartridge column (500 mg). Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed on an Inertsil ODS-4 column with a gradient formed using methanol and water, both of which contain 5 mmol/L of ammonium acetate. The recovery tests using bovine muscle, fat, liver, milk, and egg fortified at the maximum residue limits of analytes or 0.005 mg/kg revealed that the trueness (n=5) of flubendazole and metabolite R35475 ranged from 89.4 to 106.4% with a repeatability rate of 1.7-7.8%.

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of moenomycin A residues in livestock products using LC-MS/MS was developed. Moenomycin A, a residual definition of flavophospholipol, was extracted from samples with a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and methanol (1 : 9, v/v) preheated at 50℃. The crude extracted solutions were evaporated and purified by liquid-liquid partitioning between a mixture of ammonium hydroxide, methanol and water (1 : 60 : 40, v/v/v) and ethyl acetate. The alkaline layer was taken, and cleaned up using a strong anion exchange (InertSep SAX) solid phase extraction cartridge. The LC separation was performed on an Inertsil C8 column with liner gradient elution using 0.3 vol% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.3 vol% formic acid. Moenomycin A was detected using tandem mass spectrometry with negative ion electrospray ionization. Recovery tests were conducted using three porcine samples (muscle, fat and liver) and chicken eggs. Samples were spiked with moenomycin A at 0.01 mg/kg and at the Japanese Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) established for each sample. The trueness ranged from 79 to 93% and precision ranged from 0.5 to 2.8%. The limit of quantification (S/N≥10) of the developed method is 0.01 mg/kg. The developed method would thus be very useful for regulatory monitoring of flavophospholipol in livestock products.

A method for the rapid analysis of multiclass residual veterinary drugs in poultry muscle, egg, and raw milk was validated in accordance with Japanese guidelines. Using LC-MS/MS, 20 veterinary drugs, including sulfonamides, coccidiostats, and macrolides were analyzed in one injection. Analytes were extracted from the samples with acetonitrile and then dehydrated and salted out using magnesium sulfate, trisodium citrate, and sodium chloride. This method was assessed by performing recovery tests of chicken muscle, duck muscle, egg, and raw milk spiked with 20 new target analytes at concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/kg. According to this method, 17 out of 20 target analytes satisfied the guideline criteria in chicken muscle and duck muscle, and all 20 target analytes met the criteria in egg and raw milk. The limit of quantification was less than MRLs for all analytes. Residues were detected in 4 out of 99 samples and analyzed using the validated method, finding that the levels of all residues were lower than the limits of quantification. These results suggest that continuous monitoring for a new trend of veterinary drugs is necessary.

With the overarching aim to develop a simple and reliable method for the quantitative analysis of polypeptide antibiotics in various livestock products, the content of bacitracin, and polymyxin B in pork, beef, chicken, milk, and eggs was analyzed using colistin sulfate as an internal standard. The extracted samples were eluted via solid-phase extraction using 2% formic acid in acetonitrile/methanol (1:1, v/v). The two polypeptides were identified and quantified based on the intensities of mass fragments from the respective triply charged precursor ions (bacitracin: 474.97 amu and polymyxin B: 402 amu) at the defined retention time windows using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in time-scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range 50-2500 ng/mL with determination coefficients ≥ 0.991. The mean recoveries were in the range 80.3-88.8% with relative standard deviations <13% for all samples. The limits of quantitation ranged from 30-250 ng/g. The developed method was applied to market samples, but the target analytes were not detected in any of the samples. The developed method is reliable for the simultaneous detection of bacitracin and polymyxin B in pork, beef, chicken, milk, and eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]