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Photosynthesis play an important role in plant growth. Generally, it will be increased with increased DNA content per cell. However, in organ levels, the changes of photosynthesis are species dependent. So, for target breeding materials, chromosome duplication how to influence photosynthetic performances need further investigation. In this study, three lily (Lilium) species, L. rosthornii (LRI), L. primulinum var. orchraceun (LPO) and L. regale (LRE), and their colchicine-induced autotetraploids were employed in comparing photosynthetic related characteristics. For anatomic traits, the number of palisade mesophyll cells was significantly increased in LRI and LPO but decreased in LRE after polyploidization. Moreover, except the intercellular space decreased, the mesophyll cell sizes and shapes presented different changes in the three species after polyploidization. For physical-biochemical traits, the chloroplast number, thylakoid grana thickness, and photosynthetic pigments and efficiency were significantly increased in LRI after polyploidization. For LPO, the chloroplast number, and weak light absorbed and CO2 assimilated rates were significantly increased, while others showed no significant changes after polyploidization. Out of expecting, for LRE, the chloroplast number and photosynthetic pigments were significantly decreased after polyploidization. Moreover, the structures of chloroplasts were abnormal with extremely thicker thylakoid grana and more tightly arranged thylakoid layer in tetraploids than in diploids. The photosynthetic rates of LRE were similar in diploid and tetraploid in natural conditions, while the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of light-/CO2-response curves were higher in diploids than in diploids. After plants withered, larger bulblet with more developed root systems were well observed from the three tetraploid species.

Objective To explore the clinical application of the intracavitary electrocardiogram (IC-ECG) guided Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) tip placement among neonates. Background the ECGs of neonates are difficult to perform and their wave shapes are of doubtful accuracy due to various interfering factors Method 115 neonates were admitted to perform PICC guided by IC-ECG. Logistic regression was performed to analyze all possible influencing factors of the accuracy from the tip placement. The puncture site of the PICC, gestational age, height, weight, basal P/R amplitude and positioning P/R amplitude might be related to the accuracy of IC-ECG location. Result The accuracy in the lower extremity was higher than that in the upper extremity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the weight (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.93, 95%Confidence Interval(CI):1.06-3.50) and positioning P/R amplitude (OR=32.33, 95%CI: 2.02-517.41) are statistically significant risks to the accuracy PICC tip placement. Conclusions Possible methods to improve the accuracy might be Catheterizing through lower extremity, keeping the neonates calm, enhancing the electrocardiogram signal and strengthening technical training. Therefore it is practical to perfrom a tip placement by the dynamic change in the P waves from an electrocardiogram (ECG) guided PICC among neonates and as reliable as using X-rays.

Additional file 1. Minimum Standards of Reporting Checklist.

Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding, inducing a wide range of effects on photosynthetic performance, cellular and photochemical aspects of photosynthesis. Although the impacts of polyploidization on photosynthesis have been examined in several genera, comparatively little is known about the photosynthetic responses to polyploidy in Lilium. In this study, diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid Lilium FO hybrids were used to study the effects of polyploidization on cellular, photochemical and photosynthetic characteristics in Lilium. Polyploidization caused a significant change in leaf anatomical structure, chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigment contents. Thicker epidermal and spongy tissue, more and thicker thylakoid lamellae and higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were observed in the tetraploid than in the diploid. More regularly and tightly arranged thylakoids were closely associated with more efficient light-harvesting machinery. And the tetraploid plants showed a higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) than the diploid plants, under both natural conditions and gradients of light intensity/CO2 concentration. In addition, the tetraploid had a significantly higher light saturation point (LSP), but a lower light compensation point (LCP) than the diploid, indicating that tetraploid plants acquired light energy more efficiently. These results suggested that cellular and photochemical alterations caused by polyploidization improve the capacity for light absorption and conversion and further enhanced the photosynthetic performance in Lilium FO hybrids.

Rationale: Epidural hematomas can develop following intrathecal puncture, spinal vascular malformation, or spontaneous hemorrhage. Prompt recognition of symptoms and referral to neurosurgical services are crucial for recovery. We report a rare case of delayed removal of an epidural hematoma that resulted in good patient outcomes. Patient concerns: A 69-year-old woman weighing 58 kg presented with back pain that had persisted for 12 years. Her medical history was notable for hypertension. Cervical computed tomography angiography indicated a giant abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 11.58 × 17.34 × 13.00 cm in her abdominal cavity. Stent graft implantation was scheduled by the interventional therapy group to treat her abdominal aortic aneurysm under single-dose spinal anesthesia. Postoperatively, the patient complained of numbness and swelling of her lower extremities, with progressive paralysis developing in both legs accompanied with sensory disturbances. Diagnoses: Delayed magnetic resonance imaging detected an epidural hematoma. Interventions: Eighty hours after the onset of sensorimotor symptoms, lumbar decompression and removal of the hematoma were performed via laminectomy under general anesthesia. Outcomes: The patient was discharged 2 months after the operation with a 3/5 score on the Muscle Strength Grading System. Lessons: Laminectomy may be effective in achieving a good prognosis despite a considerable delay in diagnosis.

DNA marked-assisted selection of medicinal plants accelerated the breeding and promotion of new cultivars, and guaranteed the healthy development of Chinese medicinal materials industry. The first disease-resistant cultivar of notoginseng, namely "Miaoxiang Kangqi 1", served as the object of study. We evaluated the Kangqi's resistance of seeds, seedlings and root against the pathological bacteria (Fusarum oxysporum) of root rot. Compared to the traditional cultivars, the disease index of notoginseng seeds declined by 52.0% after inoculation for seven days; the death rate of seedlings and disease index of root respectively decreased by 72.1% and 62.4% after inoculation for 25 days. Additionally, the growth inhibition ratio of notoginseng seeds and seedlings declined after inoculation. The seeds, seedlings and roots of "Miaoxiang Kangqi 1" showed significantly resistant to root rot. The evaluation of disease-resistance of Kangqi provided the basis for the popularization of new cultivar and guaranteed the favoring conduct of notoginseng pollution-free cultivation.

DNA marker-assisted selection of medicinal plants is based on the DNA polymorphism, selects the DNA sequences related to the phenotypes such as high yields, superior quality, stress-resistance and so on according to the technologies of molecular hybridization, polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing, and assists the breeding of new cultivars. This study bred the first disease-resistant cultivar of notoginseng "Miaoxiang Kangqi 1" using the technology of DNA marker-assisted selection of medicinal plants and systematic breeding. The disease-resistant cultivar of notoginseng contained 12 special SNPs based on the analysis of Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-Seq). Among the SNP (record_519688) was related to the root rot-resistant characteristics, which indicated this SNP could serve as genetic markers of disease-resistant cultivars and assist the systematic breeding. Compared to the conventional cultivated cultivars, the incidence rate of root-rot and rust-rot in notoginseng seedlings decreased by 83.6% and 71.8%, respectively. The incidence rate of root-rot respectively declined by 43.6% and 62.9% in notoginseng cultivation for 2 and 3 years compared with those of the conventional cultivated cultivars. Additionally, the potential disease-resistant groups were screened based on the relative SNP, and this model enlarged the target groups and advanced the breeding efficiency. DNA marker-assisted selection of medicinal plants accelerated the breeding and promotion of new cultivars, and guaranteed the healthy development of Chinese medicinal materials industry.

Continuous cropping obstacles resulted in the yield losses of Panax ginseng, and affected the development of ginseng industry. Soil fungal communities participated in the key ecological process, and their changes of diversity and composition were related to the continuous cropping obstacles. We analyzed the changes of fungal diversity and composition in the rhizosphere of ginseng using the high-throughput sequencing method, stated the effects of ginseng cultivation on the micro-ecology, and provided effective strategies for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles. Compared to those of the forest soils, the fungal diversity of ginseng rhizosphere soils was increased, and the increasing trends were declined with an increasing years of ginseng cultivation; the relative abundance of Sordariomycetes, Alatospora, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Mucorales and Pezizomycetes were increased in the rhizosphere of ginseng. Pearson's correlation index indicated that soil chemical perporties affected the relative abundance of fungal communities. pH was significantly related to the relative abundance of Dothideomycetes and Alatospora; the content of available potassium was markedly associated with the relative abundance of Dothideomycetes, Alatospora and Mucorales; the content of total nitrogen was significant correlation with the relative abundance of Sordariomycetes and Mucorales. These results indicated that fertilization was one of pivotal factors affecting the rhizosphere micro-ecology of ginseng, and optimization of fertilization system was an effective method to overcome continuous cropping obstacles.

The training of high quality talents with specialty in knowledge application is the need to adapt to economic and social development, while to improve quality of practical teaching is an important guarantee for cultivating applied high quality talents. Starting from the exploration of problems existing in the practical teaching of the current higher education and the situation of practical teaching in our school, this paper, engaged in the solid thinking of how to strengthen the practical teaching in higher education, examines the linkage mode of training students’ ability of practice, innovation and entrepreneurship. Index Terms higher education; practical teaching; linkage mode

Motivated by Pachpatte difference inequalities and Abdeldaim integral inequalities, this paper establishes two generalized iterated difference inequalities, which consist of multiple iterated sums and contain both linear terms and nonlinear terms inside the sums. We obtain two new results which provide explicit bounds on unknown functions by difference inequality technique. The inequalities given here can be used as tools in the study of boundedness, uniqueness, stability and boundary value problem of a difference equation, which are important tools in studying of natural science, engineering technology, and the laws of social economic development.

For the purpose of doing modal and dynamic analysis, tall building structures and multistory building For the purpose of doing modal and dynamic analysis, tall building structures and multistory building structures of vibration isolation foundation and non-isolation models were established respectively. To elaborate the broken stone isolating layer efficacy, top ten order frequencies and modes, sliding displacements of isolation layer, storey drift angles, storey accelerations, top floor relative displacements compared to the ground movement are obtained and contrasted. The result of the present work implies that the broken stone isolation layers are suitable for multistory buildings.

Using general analysis software ANSYS establish non-isolated and isolation steel villa structure model, selecting a reasonable seismic wave and obtaining this via seismic excitation time-history analysis: sliding isolated structures can reduce seismic upload, slip shift seismic isolation layer absorbs most of the energy, can reduce seismic response of 23.1%~78.8% compared with ordinary anti-seismic structure. the level of isolation effect is remarkable.

Rationale: Epidural hematomas can develop following intrathecal puncture, spinal vascular malformation, or spontaneous hemorrhage. Prompt recognition of symptoms and referral to neurosurgical services are crucial for recovery. We report a rare case of delayed removal of an epidural hematoma that resulted in good patient outcomes. Patient concerns: A 69-year-old woman weighing 58 kg presented with back pain that had persisted for 12 years. Her medical history was notable for hypertension. Cervical computed tomography angiography indicated a giant abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 11.58 × 17.34 × 13.00 cm in her abdominal cavity. Stent graft implantation was scheduled by the interventional therapy group to treat her abdominal aortic aneurysm under single-dose spinal anesthesia. Postoperatively, the patient complained of numbness and swelling of her lower extremities, with progressive paralysis developing in both legs accompanied with sensory disturbances. Diagnoses: Delayed magnetic resonance imaging detected an epidural hematoma. Interventions: Eighty hours after the onset of sensorimotor symptoms, lumbar decompression and removal of the hematoma were performed via laminectomy under general anesthesia. Outcomes: The patient was discharged 2 months after the operation with a 3/5 score on the Muscle Strength Grading System. Lessons: Laminectomy may be effective in achieving a good prognosis despite a considerable delay in diagnosis.

The evolution of Elephantidae has been intensively studied in the past few years, especially after 2006. The molecular approaches have made great contribution to the assumption that the extinct woolly mammoth has a close relationship with the Asian elephant instead of the African elephant. In this study, partial ancient DNA sequences of cytochrome b (cyt b) gene in mitochondrial genome were successfully retrieved from Late Pleistocene Mammuthus primigenius bones collected from Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Both the partial and complete homologous cyt b gene sequences and the whole mitochondrial genome sequences extracted from GenBank were aligned and used as datasets for phylogenetic analyses. All of the phylogenetic trees, based on either the partial or the complete cyt b gene, reject the relationship constructed by the whole mitochondrial genome, showing the occurrence of an effect of sequence length of cyt b gene on mammoth phylogenetic analyses.

Low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy with cytotoxic agents, aimed at disrupting tumor endothelial cells, is an alternative method to maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy targeting proliferating tumor cells in clinical practice. However, even in the LDM schedule, cytotoxic agents still exhibit serious side effects due to non-distribution and high accumulated doses in the body. Nanocarriers can maximize the efficacy of the encapsulated drug by adjusting the pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution pattern, and minimize excessive toxic side effects. In the present study, we prepared polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated stealth nanoparticles containing paclitaxel (PTX-NP) in order to evaluate their accumulation in tumor and their anti-tumor activity following LDM administration. PTX-NPs were prepared by a modified emulsification/solvent diffusion method with methoxy PEG–poly(lactide). The in vitro viability, migration, and tube formation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, in addition to thrombospondin-1 positive expression and microvessel density in vivo, confirmed the anti-angiogenic activity of PTX-NP. The cellular uptake and retention study, in addition to pharmacokinetics in Sprague–Dawley rats demonstrated sustained circulation of PTX-NP. The in vivo tumor accumulation of PTX-NP was monitored using the Xenogen IVIS 200 non-invasive optical imaging system. The anti-tumor activity of LDM PTX-NP was studied in B16 melanoma cancer-bearing mice in vivo. In conclusion, PTX-NP improved tumor accumulation and anti-tumor efficacy following LDM administration.

The following paper seeks to understand clearly how companies are affected by decisions made by managers versus shareholders. Similarly, it seeks to understand how the size of the company affects investment decisions and last one, to analyze the main factor in making decisions that arise from trend way. Thus, high investments in the previous period reflect a high investment in the next period. Furthermore, this work served as a source of exploratory basis for future research focused on corporate investment.

A novel rapid prototyping manufacturing technology for glass-alumina functionally gradient materials (G-A FGMs) based on the quick solidification of wax was proposed. The feature of the technology came from its layer-by-layer fabrication of the wax-glass/alumina composite layer carved in accordance with the shape of each layer of the computer designed model and in situ casting of wax into the carved area. Removal of the wax in the G-A FGMs green body was investigated based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Sintering properties of the G-A FGMs were discussed. Bending strength of the G-A FGMs was measured by a three-point flexural test. Microstructures of the prepared G-A FGMs were observed using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and the compositional distribution was determined according to energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). Samples were preliminarily and respectively held at 200°C and 300°C for a long time based on the DSC analysis. The range of the optimal sintering temperature is determined to be from 710°C to 720°C and the holding time is 30min. With the increasing alumina content, the bending strength increases and the maximum bending strength is 67.5MPa. There is no delamination of the G-A FGMs via ESEM. Homogeneous distribution of the ingredient materials is confirmed through EDS.

The living hyena species (spotted, brown, striped and aardwolf) are remnants of a formerly diverse group of more than 80 fossil species, which peaked in diversity in the Late Miocene (about 7-8 Ma). The fossil history indicates an African origin, and morphological and ancient DNA data have confirmed that living spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) of Africa were closely related to extinct Late Pleistocene cave hyenas from Europe and Asia. The current model used to explain the origins of Eurasian cave hyena populations invokes multiple migrations out of Africa between 3.5-0.35 Ma. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences from radiocarbon-dated Chinese Pleistocene hyena specimens to examine the origin of Asian populations, and temporally calibrate the evolutionary history of spotted hyenas. Our results support a far more recent evolutionary timescale (430-163 kya) and suggest that extinct and living spotted hyena populations originated from a widespread Eurasian population in the Late Pleistocene, which was only subsequently restricted to Africa. We developed statistical tests of the contrasting population models and their fit to the fossil record. Coalescent simulations and Bayes Factor analysis support the new radiocarbon-calibrated timescale and Eurasian origins model. The new Eurasian biogeographic scenario proposed for the hyena emphasizes the role of the vast steppe grasslands of Eurasia in contrast to models only involving Africa. The new methodology for combining genetic and geological data to test contrasting models of population history will be useful for a wide range of taxa where ancient and historic genetic data are available.