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This study on the extensive group of landless people in eighteenth-century Andalusia, particularly western Andalusia, is concerned with their specific characteristics and the complicated options for social advancement. Firstly, it defines the different groups of landless people and establishes differences within this highly heterogeneous collective. Two groups, salaried workers and small farmers with scarce resources, come to the fore in collections of rich empirical material. Secondly, landless people's poverty and their submission to multifactorial uncertainty are outlined. Even the situation of small farmers with some land was precarious. As they owned a limited amount of farming tools and no farm animals, they faced the problem of finding more land to cultivate and suffered the repercussions of a bad or lost harvest due to adverse weather conditions or other unforeseen circumstances. Thirdly, the text analyses the almost non-existent prospects that landless people had for improving their social position and breaking the status quo. This lack of choice is explained by an aggregate of causes including unequal property distribution, the prevailing formulas for working the arable land and the limitations imposed by the technological limitations of organic-based agriculture. The reform policies undertaken by the enlightened governments of the time had little impact on all these constellations, although some of the organised land distributions were relatively successful. For landless rural workers with no other opportunities the last resort was migration. Big cities were the preferred destination: rich city dwellers and convents required large numbers of domestic servants and other workers. Altogether, the issue of landless people has continued into the nineteenth century and the Second Spanish Republic until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equitable distribution of rural lands amongst farming communities plays a pivotal role in food production and contributes to adequate calorie intake. Based on land distribution, this study estimates the disparities of operational farmland holdings at the district level in Pakistan, and ranks the districts in terms of land distribution in descending order. It also investigates the impact of land distribution, farm fragmentation, and land-use intensity on various aspects of food security (i.e., food availability, food access, and food absorption) by employing Pearson correlation and econometric models. The results from show that food security is heigthened with the improvement in distribution of land (i.e., operational land holdings) and land-use intensity, while food security declines with an increase in farm fragmentation. Therefore, land reform policies which aim to reduce disparity in land distribution and fragmentation would strongly contribute to enhancing food security in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin America, with a Gini coefficient for land of 0.79, is the world’s most unequal region in terms of land distribution. Land inequality is one of the greatest impediments to Latin American societies for achieving sustainable development and economic growth. Many studies have demonstrated how an unequal land concentration affects the quality of democracy and social cohesion and inhibits economic growth. Land is the main and in many cases the only asset for millions of rural households in the region and Land tenure can mean the difference between subsistence and extreme poverty. The present work reviews the agrarian reform processes that were experienced in part of Latin America and examines the impacts of the subsequent neoliberal reforms on land tenure, land and capital concentration. Finally it focuses on the need of a new distribution of land in order to achieve higher levels of Socio‑Economic equality an also meet the Sustainable Development Goals in the region.

Soil played an important role in Roman politics. From the first century BC commanders bought loyalty of their men and politicians favor from the people through land distribution. Therefore, there are several attempts at agrarian reforms in the political life of Rome in the first century BC. The author of the study deals with proposal of Rullus from 63 BC and the role played by Caesar in his promotion. He discusses whether Caesar stood behind this attempt and puts him in touch with Caesar’s efforts to use family ties with Gaius Marius. Marius still had many hidden supporters in Rome at that time, and Caesar wanted to get them on his side and so to exploit the political potential of his connection with Marius. At the same time, this feature of Caesar’s policy suggests that he could be behind the proposal, which to some extent recalls the agrarian policy from the times of Marius and Saturninus.

The authors investigate the effectiveness of land use management in Ukraine for public land interests. Since any relationship to land as a natural resource is a combination of personal, economic and environmental interests, so land interests that arise in society in the land use management system are considered according to social, economic and environmental interests. Assessment of the effectiveness of land use carried out by the authors, showed the presence of both positive and negative tendencies in the development of land use. In particular, positive changes have occurred according to social and economic land interests and negative ones concerning the ecologisation of land use. The proposed distribution of interest groups allows us to identify the potential of land distribution and transformations for effective land management and to implement the measures required for Ukraine, which will also enhance the country's social well-being in the context of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Quaestiones Disputatae is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Seccional Tunja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil played an important role in Roman politics. From the first century BC commanders bought loyalty of their men and politicians favor from the people through land distribution. Therefore, there are several attempts at agrarian reforms in the political life of Rome in the first century BC. The author of the study deals with proposal of Rullus from 63 BC and the role played by Caesar in his promotion. He discusses whether Caesar stood behind this attempt and puts him in touch with Caesar's efforts to use family ties with Gaius Marius. Marius still had many hidden supporters in Rome at that time, and Caesar wanted to get them on his side and so to exploit the political potential of his connection with Marius. At the same time, this feature of Caesar's policy suggests that he could be behind the proposal, which to some extent recalls the agrarian policy from the times of Marius and Saturninus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given current political concerns with inequality and the sustainable management of natural resources, the issue of the distribution of productive assets in rural areas has become an increasingly important focus of research. Referring to both ample historical evidence and qualitative research, rural sociologists have long postulated that the distribution of economic resources is strongly influenced by the distribution of political power. In this article we support this claim with quantitative analysis. Our focus is on the relationship between land inequality and the attainment of political power by large‐scale farmers in rural Poland. Our findings suggest a strong statistical association between the current level of land inequality and the fact that mayors operate relatively large land holdings themselves. Our results are qualitatively the same no matter whether we measure land inequality as the share of land used by the largest landholders or the land Gini index. They also hold in several robustness checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Coffee price shocks spur public land grants where coffee suitability is greater. • Organized cultivators out-compete squatters in leveraging price shocks to win land grants. • Longstanding political and economic inequality facilitate the power of organized cultivators. • Public land distribution continues to diminish national patrimony and natural spaces in many developing countries. Abstract How do commodity shocks impact the privatization of public lands? This paper examines this question through the lens of the establishment of private property rights over public lands in Colombia, which has had one of the Western Hemisphere's largest public land distribution programs during the last century. Using data on exogenous international coffee price shocks along with data on land suitability for coffee production as determined by agro-climatic conditions and roughly 250,000 public land grants, I find that coffee price increases generate more public land grants in municipalities where land is more suited to coffee production. Additional tests suggest that the findings are driven by the power of organized cultivators to steer the land grant process in their favor. The findings shed light on the role of organized actors in the countryside extending private extension of control over public territory – a phenomenon that has drastically diminished public lands and natural spaces in numerous countries over the last two centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation means a system of spatial planning, technical, legal and socio-economic measures takes by the community for a fundamental improvement of natural, economic and environmental conditions of the land territory with the aim of providing better living and working conditions and environmental protection. This document shows the analyzes of land consolidation development in Republic of Serbia, as well as the facilities and the problems that accompany it. On a practical case for land consolidation area K. O. Priboj, City of Leskovac, an analysis of the situation before land consolidation - the old condition and conditions after land consolidation - a new condition. Explained the phases in the process of land consolidation, and is particularly explained one of the most important stage - the allocation of land consolidation land mass.

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We find a relationship between geographic factors and numeracy in more than 300 regions of Europe around the year 1900. We argue that the distribution of land ownership is a plausible mechanism, given that it is related to the geographic factors under study. Consistent with theoretical studies in the Unified Growth Theory framework, we find that inequality in land distribution has a negative correlation with human capital formation as landowners did not have incentives to promote educational institutions or were not willing to pay the necessary taxes. This study explains a substantial share of the differences in development gradients between rural European regions in a historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural census data and fieldwork observations are used to analyze changes in land cover/use intensity across Rondônia and Mato Grosso states along the agricultural frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Results show that the development of land use is strongly related to land distribution structure. While large farms have increased their share of annual and perennial crops, small and medium size farms have strongly contributed to the development of beef and milk market chains in both Rondônia and Mato Grosso. Land use intensification has occurred in the form of increased use of machinery, labor in agriculture and stocking rates of cattle herds. Regional and national demands have improved infrastructure and productivity. The data presented show that the distinct pathways of land use development are related to accessibility to markets and processing industry as well as to the agricultural colonization history of the region. The data analyzed do not provide any indication of frontier stagnation, i.e., the slowdown of agricultural expansion, in the Brazilian Amazon. Instead of frontier stagnation, the data analyzed indicate that intensification processes in consolidated areas as well as recent agricultural expansion into forest areas are able to explain the cycle of expansion and retraction of the agricultural frontier into the Amazon region. The evolution of land use is useful for scenario analysis of both land cover change and land use intensification and provides insights into the role of market development and policies on land use.

Land is an integral part of people’s culture, economy, and livelihoods. Social and temporal mobility of people affect land acquisition, distribution, and utilization, which consequently impacts on food security and human wellbeing. Using the data collected by means of household survey, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and participant observation, this paper examines the dynamics of land-people relationships, mainly acquisition, redistribution, and reutilization of land, in the context of human migration. The study reveals that food self-sufficiency, household size, age of household head, household asset, total income from non-agricultural sources, and migration status, affect the acquisition or size of landholding in a household. Moreover, land appears to be mobile within and across villages through changes in labour availability, changing access to land, and ethnic interactions caused partly by migration of people. We conclude that mobility of land appears to be an inseparable component of land-people relationships, especially in the context of human migration that offers redistribution and reutilization of land.

Land plays an important role in the economies of developing countries, and many theories connecting land inequality with different dimensions of economic development already exist. Even though efficacious land distribution allows societies to transition from poverty to a human capital-based developed economy, ongoing issues related to property rights, inequality, and the political economy of land distribution are unavoidable. The general objective of this paper is to explore the nexus between land distribution and economic development. The specific objectives are to: (i) identify which land distribution programs/activities contribute to economic development; (ii) investigate the role of stakeholders in land distribution programs that affect the growth of productivity; and (iii) assess the deficiencies of current land distribution policies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to explore how economic development theories contribute to decreasing income inequality. This paper provides an overview of land distribution history and the main economic development theories. It also highlights the links between land distribution and the main elements of economic development. Finally, it provides a comparative review of the most recent empirical works regarding the characteristics, limitations, and potential (mutual) effects of land distribution and economic development settings on developing countries worldwide.

Metaphors move—and displace—people. This paper starts from this premise, focusing on how elites have deployed metaphors of water and waste to form a rhetorical consensus around the displacement of non-elite citizens in ancient Roman contexts, with reference to similar discourses in the contemporary Global North and Brazil. The notion of ‘domestic displacement’—the forced movement of citizens within their own sovereign territory—elucidates how these metaphors were used by elite citizens, such as Cicero, to mark out non-elite citizens for removal from the city of Rome through colonisation programmes. In the elite discourse of the late Republican and early Augustan periods, physical proximity to and figurative equation with the refuse of the city repeatedly signals the low social and legal status of potential colonists, while a corresponding metaphor of ‘draining’ expresses the elite desire to displace these groups to colonial sites. The material outcome of these metaphors emerges in the non-elite demographic texture of Julius Caesar’s colonists, many of whom were drawn from the plebs urbana and freedmen. An elite rationale, detectable in the writings of Cicero, Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and others, underpins the notion of Roman colonisation as a mechanism of displacement. On this view, the colony served to alleviate the founding city—Rome—of its surplus population, politically volatile elements, and socially marginalised citizens, and in so doing, populate the margins of its empire too. Romulus’ asylum, read anew as an Alban colony, serves as one prototype for this model of colonisation and offers a contrast to recent readings that have deployed the asylum as an ethical example for contemporary immigration and asylum seeker policy. The invocation of Romulus’ asylum in 19th century debates about the Australian penal colonies further illustrates the dangers of appropriating the asylum towards an ethics of virtue. At its core, this paper drills down into the question of Roman colonists’ volition, considering the evidence for their voluntary and involuntary movement to a colonial site and challenging the current understanding of this movement as a straightforward, series of voluntary ‘mass migrations’. In recognising the agency wielded by non-elite citizens as prospective colonists, this paper contends that Roman colonisation, when understood as a form of domestic displacement, opens up another avenue for coming to grips with the dynamics of ‘popular’ politics in the Republican period.

Land market transactions can have potentially divergent effects on the distribution of land. While they may lead to a concentration of land in the hands of a wealthy minority, the market can also serve as an alternative avenue of land access for those with a limited inheritance. This paper explores the distributional implications of land sales and rental markets in northwestern Tanzania. Using household-level data collected in 2014, we find that households use the land market (particularly the sales market) to adjust their farm size to compensate for a small inheritance, while households with a larger initial endowment are more likely to dispose of land, including through the market. Our results suggest that the local land market, characterized by widespread participation, ultimately increases the equitability of land distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin America, with a Gini coefficient for land of 0.79, is the world's most unequal region in terms of land distribution. Land inequality is one of the greatest impediments to Latin American societies for achieving sustainable development and economic growth. Many studies have demonstrated how an unequal land concentration affects the quality of democracy and social cohesion and inhibits economic growth. Land is the main and in many cases the only asset for millions of rural households in the region and Land tenure can mean the difference between subsistence and extreme poverty. The present work reviews the agrarian reform processes that were experienced in part of Latin America and examines the impacts of the subsequent neoliberal reforms on land tenure, land and capital concentration. Finally it focuses on the need of a new distribution of land in order to achieve higher levels of Socio-Economic equality an also meet the Sustainable Development Goals in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government agricultural policies which favour large-scale agriculture and rapid population growth on a limited land area have combined to create a situation of land poverty in many parts of Malawi, especially in the southern region of the country. The government’s response to land poverty has so far been focused on the creation of resettlement schemes. As such initiatives are expensive, they have tended to be piecemeal and benefit only a small fraction of land poor families. Frustrated land poor families have now resorted to land encroachment on privately held land. The emergence of movements dedicated to the restoration of estates to families with ancestral claims to the land marks a new stage in land relations which could have unwelcome consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Historias is the property of Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a polarização da estrutura fundiária como uma expressão mais completa das dinâmicas fundiárias, do uso-cobertura da terra e, consequentemente, do meio rural na Amazônia do que modelos explicativos que enfatizam o êxodo rural e a consolidação de grandes estabelecimentos agropecuários. Os dados foram coletados em levantamento realizado no entorno de Santarém-PA, em 2003, nos locais de 587 lotes rurais selecionados aleatoriamente por amostragem estratificada de 5.086 lotes existentes em mapas da década de 1970. O georreferenciamento permitiu comparar a estrutura fundiária nos dois momentos e relacionar variáveis sociodemográficas e biofísicas dos estabelecimentos encontrados. Detectou-se concentração fundiária, corroborando o documentado por outros autores em outras porções da Amazônia. No entanto, a perspectiva adotada revela que a variação na estrutura fundiária não se limitou ao aparecimento de estabelecimentos maiores, com 200 hectares ou mais, mas se deu também pela divisão dos lotes originais em estabelecimentos com menos de cinco hectares, muitos das quais sem uso agropecuário, em contrapartida à redução de estabelecimentos entre cinco e 200 ha. As especificidades de cada grupo de estabelecimentos com relação ao uso-cobertura da terra e a distribuição da população chamam a atenção para a necessidade de se buscar modelos explicativos - seja da perspectiva socioeconômica, demográfica ou ambiental - que não se fixem exclusivamente em um único processo, grupo de pessoas ou de estabelecimentos.The objective of this article is to present Polarization of Agrarian Structure as a single, more complete representation than models emphasizing rural exodus and consolidation of land into large agropastoral enterprises of the dynamics of changing land distribution, land use / cover, and thus the rural milieu of Amazonia. Data were collected in 2003 using social surveys on a sample of 587 lots randomly selected from among 5,086 lots on a cadastral map produced in the 1970s. Georeferencing of current property boundaries in the location of these previously demarcated lots allows us to relate sociodemographic and biophysical variables of the surveyed properties to the changes in boundaries that have occurred since the 1970s. As have other authors in other Amazonian regions, we found concentration of land ownership into larger properties. The approach we took, however, showed that changes in the distribution of land ownership is not limited to the appearance of larger properties, those with 200 ha or more; there also exists substantial division of earlier lots into properties with fewer than five hectares, many without any agropastoral use. These two trends are juxtaposed against the decline in establishments with between five and 200 ha. The variation across groups in land use / land cover and population distribution shows the necessity of developing conceptual models, whether from socioeconomic, demographic or environmental perspectives, look beyond a single group of people or properties.

O trabalho procura verificar, a partir de informações das Estatísticas Cadastrais do INCRA, as alterações ocorridas na distribuição da posse da terra das regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense, no período de 1972 a 1998. Para caracterizar a estrutura agrária dessas regiões, foram empregados o índice de Gini, a área média, o percentual da área correspondente aos 5% maiores imóveis e o percentual da área correspondente aos 50% menores imóveis. Os resultados permitiram constatar diferenças significativas entre as regiões, com a região Norte sobressaindo-se por apresentar estrutura fundiária mais concentrada. Observou-se ainda que a estrutura fundiária dos municípios analisados sofreu poucas alterações no período.The work has as objective to investigate, using data published by the Institute for Colonization and Land Reform (INCRA), the changes in land distribution in the North and Northwest regions of the Rio de Janeiro state, in the period from 1972 to 1998. The Gini index, the average area, the percentage of the area corresponding to the 5% largest landholders, and the percentage of the area corresponding to the 50% smallest landholders, were used to describe the profile of the land distribution. The results show significant differences between the studied regions. Although both regions have a concentrated agrarian structure, the land distribution is worst in the North region. It was still observed that the agrarian structure of these regions has not presented significative changes in the period.

We use Brazilian agricultural censuses data since 1970 to describe land structure evolution in Brazil, focusing on the most important agricultural commodities and livestock products across regions. The analysis reveals a remarkable stability in the number of farms in the period, as well as in the structure of land distribution across farm sizes, with a persistence of a dual agricultural structure. Land distribution, as measured by the GINI index, has changed very little and is still very high. The number of large farms is increasing significantly in time, while the number of farms with area below 500 ha changed little in the 1970-2006 period. Medium-sized and large farms, although heavily outweighed in numbers, account for the highest share of annual crop production currently, and their share in crop (annual plus permanent) production value increased between 1980 and 2006, while the same share decreased for smaller farms. We conclude that the observed stability will probably reduce in the future, as economic forces will likely change the balance in favor of an increase in the number of large farms. This is an issue of obvious political importance, especially considering the importance of the smaller farms for employment in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mutual aid among villagers in developing countries is often the only means of insuring against economic shocks. We use "lab-in-the-field experiments" in Cambodian villages to study solidarity in established and newly resettled communities. Our experimental participants were part of an agricultural land-distribution project for which they signed up voluntarily. Half of our sample voluntarily resettled one and a half years before this study. Playing a version of the "solidarity game," we identify the effect of voluntary resettlement on willingness to help anonymous fellow villagers. We find that resettled farmers transfer substantially less money to their fellow villagers than farmers who have not resettled. Our experimental results indicate greater vulnerability on the part of resettled households in the initial years after resettlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It employs 45% of the labor force, contributes 21.4% to the gross domestic product and provides food to more than 180 million people of the country. The required plethoric resources to produce food correspondingly protect the population against food insecurity. This study explores the distribution of land resources, their ranking and relationships with food security in all districts of Punjab province of Pakistan. The Gini Coefficient and multiple linear regression were employed. The results showed positive relationships between the Gini of operational land holdings and the proportion of land ownership titles with the proportion of food-insecure population and food availability while the rest exhibited negative relationships as theoretically and statistically justified, which is contrary to earlier studies. It is strongly recommended that policy-makers must redefine the threshold level of land ownership holdings/operational holdings to produce in abundance not only for food availability for household consumption but for food distribution across regions as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of the seventeenth century, Anglo-Americans on both sides of the Atlantic accepted the importance of surveying to any system of land ownership. Most historians of colonial British have similarly taken colonial surveying practices as a given. This article complicates these assumptions through an examination of Pennsylvania in a wider context. In fact, land policy in colonial Anglo-America differed significantly from practices elsewhere in the early modern world. English colonizers embraced a model of settler colonialism that created a market for land, thus encouraging the proliferation of modern surveying practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the early archives of the the Archivo General de la Nación in Lima has enabled us to become acquainted with the population census and land distribution for the years 1733 and 1787 in the Lurin valley. From both kinds of sources it can be seen that an important part was played by the presence of local caciques who were able to maintain their position as native lords, and to continue to represent their peoples for more than two centuries after the Spanish conquest. In this new era they continued to adapt and to claim the prerogatives of their rights of succession to the position they were able to maintain from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

El artículo consiste básicamente en el análisis y edición de cuatro documentos inéditos conservados en el Archivo Municipal de Sevilla, fechados entre 1280 y 1335, sobre la carta-puebla de Alcalá de Guadaíra, villa que contaba con la fortaleza más importante de las que protegían Sevilla en la Edad Media, y su evolución en el medio siglo que siguió a su otorgamiento por Alfonso X. Se trata de un episodio puntual en el desarrollo del repartimiento y la repoblación de la zona de Sevilla, que muestra tanto las dificultades del concejo para defender sus tierras comunales cedidas para su poblamiento como la decidida voluntad de los reyes castellanos de proteger las propiedades concejiles y mantener las iniciales condiciones pactadas por Alfonso X.

Government reports in India indicate that big farms are losing land in terms of absolute area as well as percentage of land. To understand the nature of accumulation I estimate the distribution of assets of cultivator households and distribution of land of operational landholdings, and examine how they change over time. It is found that the top fifteen percentiles of holdings have lost land share, the bottom fifty percentiles have gained land share. The share of assets of top fifteen percentiles cultivator households has gone up, the bottom fifty percentiles has also gained assets share. Distribution of land and assets of fifteen major states has been estimated. The paper discusses the possible causes and implications of these observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]