Search

On June 10, 2011 the execution of the Victims Law was launched, with the purpose of attending, assisting, and repairing the victims of the internal armed conflict. The implementation of the law and the constitutional precedent established in Judgment C-330 of 2016, certain situations or conditions that were not foreseen by the legislator became evident, especially, the ignorance of a heterogeneous group known as second occupants and the omission of post-judgment institutions for its recognition and comprehensive reparation. This problem academically motivated the beginning of a research process, based on the question, ¿how to materialize the integral reparation of the second occupants, unknown by judicial sentence, prior to the constitutional precedent C-330 of 2016 by the land judge? To answer this question, the procedural laws and the extended jurisdiction of land restitution judges must be considered, as well as the fact that sentences are immutable and irrevocable. The research problem is answered by applying legal hermeneutics, from its formal idealistic philosophical current, through the systematic method and the technique of integration by induction to analyze the applicability of the extraordinary appeal for review, the constitutional mechanism of protection, the modulation of constitutional sentences and the addition of sentences of the General Code of the Process, which allows us to suggest some aspects to make the institutions more flexible, taking into account the differential approach of the law and the quality of the benefactor subject as institutions that allow to materialize the integral reparation of the second vulnerable occupants in Colombia., El 10 de junio del año 2011 se puso en marcha la ejecución de la Ley de Víctimas, con la finalidad de atender, asistir y reparar a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno. La puesta en práctica de la ley y el precedente constitucional establecido en la Sentencia C-330 de 2016 hicieron evidentes ciertas situaciones o condiciones que no fueron previstas por el legislador, en especial, el desconocimiento de un grupo heterogéneo conocido como segundos ocupantes y la omisión de instituciones posfallo para su reconocimiento y reparación integral. Este problema motivó académicamente el inicio de un proceso de investigación, con base en la pregunta ¿cómo materializar la reparación integral de los segundos ocupantes, desconocidos por sentencia judicial, con anterioridad al precedente constitucional C-330 de 2016 por el juez de tierras? Para responder a este interrogante se debe tener en cuenta las leyes procesales y la competencia extendida de los jueces de restitución de tierras, así como el hecho de que las sentencias son inmutables e irrevocables. El problema de investigación se responde aplicando la hermenéutica jurídica, desde su corriente filosófica idealista formal, a través del método sistemático y de la técnica de integración por inducción para analizar la aplicabilidad del recurso extraordinario de revisión, el mecanismo constitucional de tutela, la modulación de sentencias constitucionales y la adición de sentencias del Código General del Proceso (2012), lo que permite sugerir algunos aspectos a flexibilizar en las instituciones, teniendo en cuenta el enfoque diferencial de la ley y la calidad del sujeto benefactor como instituciones que permiten materializar la reparación integral de los segundos ocupantes vulnerables en Colombia.

The ideal moment to withdraw respiratory supply of patients under Mechanical Ventilation at Intensive Care Units (ICU), is not easy to be determined for clinicians. Although the Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT) provides a measure of the patients’ readiness, there is still around 15–20% of predictive failure rate. This work is a proof of concept focused on adding new value to the prediction of the weaning outcome. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Cardiopulmonary Coupling (CPC) methods are evaluated as new complementary estimates to assess weaning readiness. The CPC is related to how the mechanisms regulating respiration and cardiac pumping are working simultaneously, and it is defined from HRV in combination with respiratory information. Three different techniques are used to estimate the CPC, including Time-Frequency Coherence, Dynamic Mutual Information and Orthogonal Subspace Projections. The cohort study includes 22 patients in pressure support ventilation, ready to undergo the SBT, analysed in the 24 h previous to the SBT. Of these, 13 had a successful weaning and 9 failed the SBT or needed reintubation –being both considered as failed weaning. Results illustrate that traditional variables such as heart rate, respiratory frequency, and the parameters derived from HRV do not differ in patients with successful or failed weaning. Results revealed that HRV parameters can vary considerably depending on the time at which they are measured. This fact could be attributed to circadian rhythms, having a strong influence on HRV values. On the contrary, significant statistical differences are found in the proposed CPC parameters when comparing the values of the two groups, and throughout the whole recordings. In addition, differences are greater at night, probably because patients with failed weaning might be experiencing more respiratory episodes, e.g. apneas during the night, which is directly related to a reduced respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Therefore, results sugge, Circuits and Systems

Educational care in Cuba for people with Special Educational Needs is one of its main achievements. Having guaranteed everyone's access to education and having made available to them the material and human resources necessary to integrate them into society with equal rights and duties explains the nobility of this work, however, we cannot fail to recognize the new approaches that have been developed in the face of the educational care model, where the economic and social transformations in which our society is immersed have substantially influenced. As a starting point, an assessment is made of the different positions in the study and the preparation of the teacher on educational inclusion, investigating through observation, the survey of practicing and training teachers, and an interview that was applied to them to the families to know the level of preparation they have regarding the willingness to collaborate in the activities carried out by children with educational needs. To address this problem, the authors propose a manual for the improvement of teachers that contains activities that revolve around a group of audiovisuals, selected for the sensitivity of the topics they address and for the way, no less touching, in which the In addition, the necessary methodological elements are provided for the extrapolation of each activity to the family and the community as a complement to the actions to achieve adequate educational inclusion., A atenção educacional em Cuba às pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais (SEN) é uma de suas principais realizações. Ter garantido o acesso à educação para todos e ter disponibilizado os recursos materiais e humanos necessários para integrá-los à sociedade com direitos e deveres iguais explica a nobreza deste trabalho. No entanto, não podemos deixar de reconhecer as novas abordagens que surgiram no modelo de cuidado educacional, que foram substancialmente influenciadas pelas transformações econômicas e sociais nas quais nossa sociedade está imersa. Como ponto de partida, é feita uma avaliação das diferentes posições no estudo e preparação dos professores em relação à inclusão educacional, através da observação, um levantamento dos professores praticantes e dos professores em treinamento, e uma entrevista aplicada às famílias para descobrir o nível de preparação que eles têm em relação à sua disposição para colaborar nas atividades realizadas pelas crianças com necessidades educacionais. Para enfrentar este problema, os autores propõem um manual para o aperfeiçoamento dos professores que contém atividades que giram em torno de um grupo de audiovisuais, selecionados pela sensibilidade das questões que abordam e pela forma, não menos comovente, em que se manifestam. Além disso, são fornecidos os elementos metodológicos necessários para a extrapolação de cada atividade para a família e a comunidade como complemento às ações para a realização de uma inclusão educacional adequada., La atención educativa en Cuba a las personas con Necesidades Educativas Especiales constituye uno de los principales logros del país. Haber garantizado el acceso de todos a la educación y haber puesto a su disposición los recursos materiales y humanos necesarios para integrarlos a la sociedad en igualdad de derechos y deberes ex­plica la nobleza de esta obra; sin embargo, no podemos dejar de reconocer los nuevos enfoques que se han gestado frente al modelo de atención educativa, donde sustancialmente han influido las transformaciones económicas y sociales en las que está inmersa nuestra sociedad. Como punto de partida se efectúa una valoración de las distintas posiciones en el estudio y la preparación del docente sobre la inclusión educativa, indagando a través de la observación, la encuesta a los docentes en ejercicio y en formación, y una entrevista que se les aplicó a las familias para conocer el nivel de preparación que poseen sobre la disposición para colaborar en las actividades que realizan los niños con necesidades educativas. Para atender esta problemática los autores proponen un manual para la superación de los docentes, que contiene actividades que giran alrededor de un grupo de audiovisuales, seleccionados por lo sensible de los temas que abordan y por la forma, no menos enternecedora, en que se manifiestan los mismos; además, se brindan los elementos metodológicos necesarios para la extrapolación de cada actividad a la familia y la comunidad como complemento de las acciones para el logro de una adecuada inclusión educativa.

The long-term sustainability of shallow geothermal systems in dense urbanized areas can be potentially compromised by the existence of thermal interfaces. Thermal interferences between systems have to be avoided to prevent the loss of system performance. Nevertheless, in this work we provide evidence of a positive feedback from thermal interferences in certain controlled situations. Two real groundwater heat pump systems were investigated using real exploitation data sets to estimate the thermal energy demand bias and, by extrapolation, to assess the nature of thermal interferences between the systems. To do that, thermal interferences were modelled by means of a calibrated and validated 3D city-scale numerical model reproducing groundwater flow and heat transport. Results obtained showed a 39% (522 MWh·yr−1) energy imbalance towards cooling for one of the systems, which generated a hot thermal plume towards the downgradient and second system investigated. The nested system in the hot thermal plume only used groundwater for heating, thus establishing a positive symbiotic relationship between them. Considering the energy balance of both systems together, a reduced 9% imbalance was found, hence ensuring the long-term sustainability and renewability of the shallow geothermal resource exploited. The nested geothermal systems described illustrate the possibilities of a new management strategy in shallow geothermal energy governance

Cardiorespiratory monitoring is crucial for the diagnosis and management of multiple conditions such as stress and sleep disorders. Therefore, the development of ambulatory systems providing continuous, comfortable, and inexpensive means for monitoring represents an important research topic. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature to derive respiratory information from the ECG signal. Ten methods to compute single-lead ECG-derived respiration (EDR) were compared under multiple conditions, including different recording systems, baseline wander, normal and abnormal breathing patterns, changes in breathing rate, noise, and artifacts. Respiratory rates, wave morphology, and cardiorespiratory information were derived from the ECG and compared to those extracted from a reference respiratory signal. Three datasets were considered for analysis, involving a total 59 482 one-min, single-lead ECG segments recorded from 156 subjects. The results indicate that the methods based on QRS slopes outperform the other methods. This result is particularly interesting since simplicity is crucial for the development of ECG-based ambulatory systems., Circuits and Systems

Shallow geothermal systems are the most efficient and clean technology for the air-conditioning of buildings and constitutes an emergent renewable energy resource in the worldwide market. Undisturbed systems are capable of efficiently exchanging heat with the subsurface and transferring it to human infrastructures, providing the basis for the successful decarbonisation of heating and cooling demands of cities. Unmanaged intensive use of groundwater for thermal purposes as a shallow geothermal energy (SGE) resource in urban environments threatens the resources' renewability and the systems' performance, due to the thermal interferences created by a biased energy demand throughout the year. The exploitation regimes of 27 groundwater heat pump systems from an alluvial aquifer were firstly examined using descriptive statistics. Linear relationships between abstraction and injection temperatures of the systems were assessed by calculating Pearson's r correlation coefficient, and used as an evidence of thermal interferences. Then, time series of flow rate, operation temperature and energy transfer were modelled by means of spectral analysis and sinusoidal regression methods, followed by the definition of the relative exploitation patterns. The exploitation regimes examined presented a clear cooling bias and a similar cyclicality. The amplitudes correlated with the different end-user's activities (e.g. medical centres) when high frequency cycles were observed, while climatization strategies (e.g. constant flow rates and modulation of injection temperatures) did so when low frequency cycles were detected. The time series models allowed defining the relative operational pattern of a system and the groups of systems following such patterns. The biases in exploitation regimes of groundwater heat pump systems existing in Mediterranean areas require correction measures to ensure a more balanced exploitation of the SGE resources. The definition of the characteristic exploitation