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It has long been debated whether or not dairy consumption increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This link has been assessed by a large number of case-control studies, prospective cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The majority of their studies demonstrated an inverse relationship between the risk of T2D and dairy consumption. It is yet unclear how dairy products specifically contribute to metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes. However, a surprising number of studies have indicated either no association or a positive correlation between the development of type 2 diabetes and certain dairy products. The objective of this narrative review is to collate research findings from diverse geographical contexts, exploring the impact of dairy product consumption on the incidence and risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review includes studies that addressed this research issue and were released between the years 2000 and 2023. This will help the public draw logical inferences and validate the body of recent research. To shed light on this matter, the writers conduct a comprehensive search of electronic scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Thus, this review emphasizes the connection between the usage of different dairy products and the risk of T2D. After controlling for confounding variables, this review indicates that the relationship between the incidence of type 2 diabetes and consumption of dairy products is context-dependent. In conclusion, not all dairy products help to prevent type 2 diabetes. There is no association between most other dairy products and T2D, while in some cases benefits of yogurt and other low-fat dairy products have been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological disease is a disorder of the nervous system. It may be associated with the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Neurological problems are disorders of specific neurons or loss of neurons with their structural or functional impairment. The specific reason for neurological diseases may be genetic defects, congenital disorders, infections, and environmental health issues. No doubt, there are various well-known synthetic medications are available for the treatment of neurological disorders but they exert many toxicities and ADRs (Adverse Drug Reactions). The identification of compelling and promising molecules may provide a miracle if they can halt the development of neurodegenerative diseases. So, drugs from plant origin are required to be discovered to replace these chemically synthesized drugs as the safety profile of these natural phytoconstituents is wider enough even at their higher doses. This article reviews the therapeutic potential of plant-derived medicines, which possess potential therapeutic effects against various neurological diseases such as Epilepsy, Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Multiple sclerosis (MS), Depression, and Anxiety. Herbs used in these diseases are matrine, physostigmine, caffeine, morphine, berberine, galantamine, piperine, and other alkaloids. These alkaloids act positively by several mechanisms like dopaminergic and nicotine agonist, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, NMDA antagonist, inhibitors of α-synuclein aggregation, anti-oxidant, MAO inhibitors, and anti- amyloid agents to ameliorate pathophysiology of neurological diseases. Dur to their therapeutic impact they are now available in market but opportunities exist to overcome technological challenges.

Floodplain (FP) vegetation determines the flow structures in river channels based on its shape, type, spacing and root‐soil binding capacity. The present study focuses on experimental approach to understand the role of FP vegetation in determining the flow patterns and morphological changes in the channels. Flow properties like streamwise and transverse velocity, along with secondary flow and turbulent kinetic energy, were compared between rectangular and compound channels considering partial vegetation cover. The presence and absence of dip phenomenon in the main channel (MC) of compound and rectangular channel respectively suggest that the dip phenomenon is influenced by both vegetation emergence in FPs and differential cross‐sectional depths of compound channels. The secondary flow direction in the slopes and MC of compound channel is towards the FP region which is opposite to that observed in rectangular channel where secondary flow is towards MC showing the effect of non‐uniform cross‐section of compound channels. The morphological changes were analysed by performing experiments in unsymmetrical erodible riverbank channels with bankfull condition considering artificial rigid FP vegetation (Phragmites karka) and naturally growing flexible vegetation (Oryza sativa). After more than 24 h of continuous experimental runs, the O. sativa remains intact in the soil because of development of strong root‐soil bond whereas; all the P. karka gets uprooted. The channel cross‐section in the downstream channel becomes almost uniform for P. karka, whereas differential cross‐sectional height is observed for O. sativa. This study shows that along with the shapes and size of vegetation, root‐soil binding capacity also determines the morphological changes in river channels. Furthermore, it also shows the importance of growing vegetation in the laboratory to properly simulate vegetation observed in river channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fabrication of plant-based metal nanoparticles has yielded promising results, establishing this approach as viable, sustainable, and non-toxic in the biomedical sector for targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, biosensing, cancer therapy, and antimicrobial treatments. Methods: The present work demonstrates the suitability of Hippophae rhamnoides berries for the instant green synthesis of silver nanoparticles to check their antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, and antimicrobial potential. The preliminary characterization of Hippophae rhamnoides-mediated AgNPs was validated by monitoring the color shift in the solution from pale yellow to reddish brown, which was further confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy and the plasmon peaks were observed at 450 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the surface topography and structure of AgNPs. Herein, the antioxidant potential of synthesized AgNPs was investigated using DPPH free radical assay and the antimicrobial efficacy of similar was checked against E. coli and S. aureus by following MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration) assay. Along with the inhibitory percentage of lipid peroxidation was analysed by following TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive species) assay. Results & discussion: The results revealed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average size distribution within the range of 23.5–28 nm and a crystalline structure. Negative zeta potential (−19.7 mV) revealed the physical stability of synthesized AgNPs as the repulsive force to prevent immediate aggregation. The bioactive functional moieties involved in reducing bulk AgNO3 into AgNPs were further validated by FTIR. TBARS was adapted to test lipid peroxidation, and Hippophae rhamnoides-mediated AgNPs showed a 79% inhibition in lipid peroxidation compared to Hippophae rhamnoides berries extract as 65%. Furthermore, the antibacterial tests showed 37 ± 0.01 mm and 35 ± 0.0132 mm, zones of inhibition against E. coli MTCC 1698 and S. aureus MTCC 3160 with MIC and MBC values of 1 mg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation has been carried out to evaluate the turbulent flow and morphological characteristics in an alluvial channel composed of uniform and non-uniform sand beds. The measures of turbulent flow parameters show that the streamwise mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress increase in the presence of the uniform sand bed, indicating a potential for a greater movement of sediment particles. The turbulent integral scale increases significantly with a uniform sand bed, which results in an increased energy and momentum transfer caused by the larger eddy size in the near bed region. Frequency analysis of the velocity time series was carried out with the help of the Hilbert-Huang transformation, which shows that the dominant time scale of the velocity time series data in a uniform sand bed channel is smaller as compared to the flow in a non-uniform sand bed channel. Key words: Hilbert-Huang spectrum, semblance analysis, turbulence, velocity time series. Une etude experimentale a ete menee pour evaluer l'ecoulement turbulent et les caracteristiques morphologiques dans un lit a fond mobile compose de bancs de sable uniformes et non uniformes. Les mesures des parametres d'ecoulement turbulent montrent que la vitesse moyenne de l'ecoulement et la contrainte de cisaillement de Reynolds augmentent en presence d'un lit de sable uniforme, ce qui indique le potentiel de plus grand mouvement des particules de sediments. L'echelle integrale turbulente augmente considerablement avec un lit de sable uniforme, ce qui entraine une augmentation du transfert d'energie et de l'impulsion causee par la plus grande taille des tourbillons dans la region proche du lit. L'analyse frequentielle de la serie chronologique des vitesses a ete effectuee a l'aide de la transformation de Hilbert-Huang, qui montre que l'echelle de temps dominante des donnees de la serie de vitesses dans un canal de lit de sable uniforme est plus petite comparee a l'ecoulement dans un canal de lit de sable non uniforme. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : spectre Hilbert-Huang, analyse de similarite, turbulence, serie chronologique de la vitesse., Introduction Aggradation and degradation of sediment owing to turbulent flow is important in fluvial hydraulics. In recent years, sequences of research have been carried out to understand the phenomena of [...]