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The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of two ruthenium complexes with trifl uoperazine on acethylcholinesterase enzyme activity and lactate dehydrogenase levels in vivo under physiological conditions in rats blood. Complexes 1 and 2 showed positive effects on acethylcholinesterase at all doses and did not disturb its normal activity. Total LDH activity was inhibited in the presence of both complexes, but Ru(II) complexes showed different effects on the activity of LDH isoenzymes. The activities of LDH1 and LDH2 isoenzymes were decreased in all applied doses of the complex 2, while the activity of LDH2 reduced using complex 1 in the same doses. Results of the present study suggest the neuro-and cardio protective potential of oral administration of complexes 1 and 2, as non-toxic compounds under physiological conditions. These protective effects are the result of their potent antioxidant activity., Cilj ovog rada je da se ispitaju i uporede efekti dva kompleksa rutenijuma sa trifluoperazinom na aktivnost enzima acetilholinesteraze i laktat-dehidrogenase in vivo pod fiziološkim uslovima u krvi pacova. Kompleksi 1 i 2 pokazali su pozitivan efekat na aktivnost acetiholinesteraze u svim primenjenim dozama. Ukupna aktivnost LDH je inhibirana u prisustvu oba kompleksa, ali kompleksi Ru(II) pokazuju različite rezultate na izoenzimske oblike ovog enzima. Aktivnosti izoenzima LDH1 i LDH2 su smanjene u svim primenjenim dozama kompleksa 2, dok kompleks 1 smanjuje aktivnost samo izoenzima LDH2 u tim istim koncentracijama. Rezultati prikazanog istraživanja ukazuju na neuro - i kardio zaštitni potencijal oralne primene kompleksa 1 i 2, kao netoksičnih jedinjenja pod fiziološkim uslovima, indukovano preko njihovog snažnog antioksidativnog efekta.

Phenothiazines are a large group of heterocyclic, aromatic molecules with nitrogen and sulphur between two benzene rings. Their derivatives, N-alkylphenothiazines have substituent on heterocyclic nitrogen atom which gives them different properties. Also, a series of these molecules have substitution on carbon atom at place 2 of phenothiazine benzene ring. Alkylphenothiazines contain aminoalkyl substituent and their alkyl, acyl and sulphonil derivatives, as well as monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycles attached at thiazine nitrogen atom or directly linked to benzene ring. The N-alkylphenothiazines have been known as antipsychotic drugs, but they also possess antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer activity, and ability to react with macromolecules and to coordinate to the metals. Metal complexes with N-alkylphenothiazines are biological active compounds with different antimicrobial activities and cytotoxic effect against tumor cell lines. The large field of application of N-alkylphenothiazines is very attractive in terms of synthesis of new related derivatives, metal complexes, studying their properties and applications. This article presents a review of the literature and a contemporary view at N-alkylphenothiazines - their synthesis and application, as well as their metal complexes which have promising biological effects.

The new complex [Zn2(tpmc)NO3](NO3)3·CH3OH, where tpmc is N,N’,N’’,N’’’-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, have been synthesized and characterized. The conductometric technique played a guiding role in planning experiment with this large macrocyclyc ligand. In IR spectrum sharps are shown coordinated and ionic nitrate ions which are in agreement to proposed formula by elemental analysis. Molar electrical conductivities indicated assumption that the complex is about a 1:3 electrolyte type. The optimized complex structure is obtained by molecular modeling and DFT calculations.

The electrochemical behavior and determination of chlorpromazine (CPZ) by differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) at unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) is proposed. Effect of pH on electrochemical oxidation of chloropromazine in Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer solution was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry results shoved four oxidation peaks for CPZ and peaks at 0.6 V and 1.3 V were chosen for CPZ quantification. The electrode reaction is controlled by diffusion as a rate-determining step. Under optimized DPV conditions at pH 4.0, a linear analytical curve was obtained for wide the cloropomazine concentration range from 1.0×10-7 to 4.0×10-5M with a detection limit of 0.3×10-7M.

Osnovni cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj konjugovane linolne kiseline (conjugated linoleic acid-CLA) na proizvodne rezultate (potrošnja hrane, prirast, konverzija), parametre mesnatosti (pocenat mesa u trupu) i kvalitet mesa brojlera (hemijski sastav, senzorne osobine, masnokiselinski sastav, uključujući sadržaj CLA, sadržaj malondialdehida). Za ogled su korišćeni brojleri Cobb 500 provenijencije podeljeni u četiri grupe po 30 životinja i hranjeni standardnim smešama po preporuci proizvođača, s tim što su se grupe razlikovale jedino u tome što su ogledne grupe imale u obroku dodat komercijalni preparat konjugovane kiseline, u preporučenoj količini od 2% u smeši u različitim fazama tova (O-I grupa 2% CLA od početka tova, O-II grupa 2% CLA od 11. dana tova, O-III grupa 2% CLA od 22. dana tova) i kontrolna grupa (K grupa) bez dodatka CLA. Smeše su bile izbalansirane i u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe životinja u svim fazama tova. Na kraju tova životinje su izmerene, izračunata je potrošena količina hrane, a na klanici uzeti uzorci masnog tkiva i mesa za hemijske analze (hemijski sastav mesa, MDA i masnokiselinski sastav) i senzorne analize. Uzorci mesa bataka sa karabatakom za određivanje sadržaja MDA zamrznuti su pri -18oC. Na klanici su posle rasecanja izmerene mase osnovnih delova (grudi, batak sa karabatakom) trupa. Kod izoenergetskih i izoproteinskih smeša za ishranu brojlera utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između prosečnih sadržaja zasićenih, mononezasićenih, polinezasićenih, n-3 i n-6 masnih kiselina. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između odnosa n-3 i n-6 masnih kiselina. Prosečan ukupan sadržaj konjugovane linolne kiseline u smeši za ishranu oglednih grupa brojlera bio je 4,43 %. U hrani za kontrolnu grupu brojlera nije utvrđeno prisustvo konjugovane linolne kiseline. Na početku tova, a zatim na kraju prve i druge faze tova, kao i na kraju tova nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između, The main objective of research under this doctoral thesis was to investigate the influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on performance (feed consumption, weight gain, conversion), the parameters of leanness (pocenat meat in the carcass) and meat quality of broilers (chemical composition, sensory characteristics, fatty acid composition including the content of CLA and content of malondialdehyde). For the experiment used broilers Cobb 500 provenience divided into four groups of 30 animals and fed standard diets as recommended by the manufacturer, provided that the groups differed only in the fact that the experimental group had a meal added to a commercial preparation of conjugated acid, the recommended amount of 2% in the mixture at different stages of production (O-I group 2% CLA since the beginning of the fattening period, O-II group 2% CLA of 11. days of fattening, O-III group 2% CLA of 22.days of fattening) and control (K group) without the addition of CLA. Mixtures were balanced and fully meet the needs of animals in all stages of this. At the end of fattening animals are weighed, calculated the amount of food consumed, and at the slaughterhouse sampled fat and meat for chemical analze (chemical composition of meat MDA and fatty acid composition) and sensory analysis. Samples of drumstick with thigh for determination of MDA were frozen at -18°C. At the slaughterhouse, the meat preservation after the measured weight of the basic parts (breast, drumstickwith thigh) carcass. In meal for broilers, balanced on the energy and protein content,were found statistically significant differences between average content of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. There was a statistically significant difference between the ratios of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Average total content of conjugated linoleic acid in the mixture for feeding experimental group of broilers was 4.43%. The feed of the control group was not detected conjugated linoleic a

A simple and efficient procedure is described for electrochemical determination of trifluoperazine (TFP), a prominent compound in a large group of phenothiazine derivatives with potent physiological activity. This method is based on the electrochemical oxidation of TFP in Britton-Robinson buffer solution in pH 6 at a boron-doped diamond electrode. Cyclic voltammetry provided a four well defined oxidation peaks at + 0.65, + 0.83, + 1.06 and + 1.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl electrode). Differential pulse voltammetry was applied as a very sensitive analytical technique for the determination of micromolar amounts of TFP. Two oxidation peaks on higher potentials were chosen for quantification of TFP. Under optimized conditions, the analytical curves obtained were linear in the TFP concentration range of 1.0 to 37.0 mmol L-1, with a detection limit of 0.7 and 0.6 mmol L-1, respectively. The effect of interfering agents (common urinary compounds) appeared to be negligible confirming the favourable selectivity of the method. The proposed method was analytically applied by determination of trifluoperazine content in model human urine samples with good accuracy (recoveries varied from 97% to 104%). The developed approach could be beneficial in analysis of TFP in biological samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode as an up-to-date electrochemical sensor and could represent an inexpensive analytical alternative to separation methods.

In the territory of Belgrade, at 16 sites (15 of test and one control), which belong to different enviromental categories such as: parks (Topcider, Hajd park, park Banovo brdo, Sumice, Usce), park-forests (Kosutnjak, Zvezdara, SP Jajinci, Banjica, Ada Ciganlija) and forests (Avala, Lipovica, Bojcinska forest, Manastirska forest, Makis), there were investigated potential and actual risk of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Suplja Stena was taken as a control site, where no chemical treatment was performed. Once of month, from March to October 2012, ticks were collected by flag-hours (drag-and-drop) method. Ticks were determined by the species and all Ixodes ricinus were observed by a dark-field microscope. A total of 3,158 individual ticks were collected, out of which 2,797 (88,6%) were Ixodes ricinus, 175 (5,5%) Dermacentor reticulatus and 186 (5,9%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus. At forest sites there were collected 1,102 Ixodes ricinus, in park-forest regions 730 and in the parks 569. Infection rate of ticks by B. burgdorferi sensu lato at the forest sites ranged between 23,8 and 36,3%, in the park-forests region 23,2- 32,6% and 23,8 to 40% in the parks. Twelve of the sites met the criteria for high potential risk and three of them for moderate risk. Except for Makis, at all the forest sites, the actual risk from March to April was certain, and in other months the risk varied. In the park-forest regions, the actual risk was registered 16 times, the possible risk 23 times, and the limited riosk once. At the sites belonging to the park areas, cetrain actual risk was established 3 times, possible risk 30 times and the limited 7 times At the control site Suplja Stena, the actual risk of transmission of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was registered during all the months of the reaserch. At the territory of Belgrade there are favorable conditions for maintaining vector Lyme disease and the potential and actual risk of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Na tertoriji Beograda na 16 lokaliteta (15 opitnih i jedan kontrolni) koji su pripadali različitim ekološkim kategorijama: parkovi (Topčider, Ušće, park Banovo brdo, Šumice, Hajd park), park-šume (Košutnjak, Zvezdara, SP Jajinci, Ada Ciganlija, Banjica) i šume (Avala, Lipovica, Bojčinska šuma, Manastirska šuma, Makiš) istraživan je potencijalni i aktuelni rizik transmisije Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Za kontrolni lokalitet uzeta je Šuplja Stena na kojoj se ne izvode hemijski tretmani. Jednom mesečno, od marta do oktobra 2012. godine, metodom flag-časa sakupljani su krpelji. Krpelji su determinisani do vrste. Svi krpelji Ixodes ricinus pregledani su u tamnom polju mikroskopa. Ukupno je prikupljeno 3.158 jedinki krpelja od čega 2.797 (88,6%) I. ricinus, 175 (5,5%) Dermacentor reticulatus i 186 (5,9%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Na šumskim lokalitetima sakupljeno je 1.102 I. ricinus, na lokalitetima park-šuma 730 i na lokalitetima parkova 569. Inficiranost krpelja B. burgdorferi sensu lato na lokalitetima šuma kretala se između 23,8 i 36,3%, na lokalitetima park-šuma 23,2 - 32,6% i na lokalitetima parkova 23,8 - 40,0%. Dvanaest lokaliteta je ispunjavalo uslove visokog potencijalnog rizika, a 3 umerenog. Sem Makiša, na lokalitetima šuma, aktuelni rizik je marta i aprila bio siguran, a u ostalim mesecima je bio promenljiv. Na lokalitetima park-šuma, siguran aktuelni rizik je registrovan 16 puta, moguć rizik 23 i ograničen jednom. Na lokalitetima koji pripadaju parkovskim površinama, siguran aktuelni rizik je ustanovljen 3 puta, moguć 30 i ograničen 7 puta. Na kontrolnom lokalitetu Šuplja Stena, aktuelni rizik transmisije B. burgdorferi sensu lato je registrovan svih meseci istraživanja. Na teritoriji Beograda postoje povoljni uslovi za održavanje vektora lajmske bolesti i potencijalni i aktuelni rizik za transmisiju B. burgdorferi sensu lato.

Cilj ispitivanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je utvrđivanje sadržaja teških metala i metaloida (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu) u sedimentu i vodi reke Dunava (na dva profila, profil A- Batajnica,Belegiš, profil B- Vinča, Grocka) kao i mišićnom tkivu i organima riba (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) što može da posluži kao pokazatelj bezbednosti ribe kao namirnice, ali i kao pokazatelj zagađenja životne sredine. Za potrebe ispitivanja uzorkovano je po deset uzoraka vode, odnosno sedimenta sa profila A i profila B (40 uzoraka). Uzorci ribe (tolstolobik, šaran, som) uzeti su od lokalnih profesionalnih ribara. Od svake vrste ribe na profilu A i na profilu B, uzeto je po 15 uzoraka ribe (ukupno 90 riba). Za ispitivanje sadržaja teških metala i arsena od svake ribe uzet je uzorak mišićnog tkiva, jetre i digestivni trakt (ukupno 270 uzoraka). Za ispitivanja korišćen je atomski apsorpcioni spektofotometar. Na ispitivanim profilima sadržaj olova, žive i nikla u vodi Dunava bio je ispod praga osetljivosti primenjenih metoda ispitivanja. Prosečan sadržaj cinka, arsena i bakra bio je u uzorcima vode na ispitivanim profilima ispod, a gvožđa iznad propisanih vrednosti za kvalitet vode druge klase. Prosečan sadržaj arsena i teških metala (Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Fe, Ni i Cu) u uzorcima sedimanta Dunava uzetim na profilu B (nizvodno od Beograda) bio je statistički značajno veći od prosečnog sadržaja ovih elemenata u uzorcima sedimenta uzetih na profilu A (uzvodno od Beograda). U mišićnom tkivu i jetri tolstolobika izlovljenog na profilu B sadržaj Pb, Cd, Hg i As bio je statistički značajno veći od sadržaja ovih elemenata u mišićnom tkivu i jetri tolstolobika izlovljenog na profilu A. Između prosečnog sadržaja ispitivanih elemenata u digestivnom traktu tolstolobika izlovljenih na profilima A odnosno B nije utvrđena, statistički, značajna razlika.Sa izutetkom prosečnog sadržaja žive u mišićnom tkivu i prosečnog sadržaja olova u jetri šarana (veći kod šarana izlovljenog na profilu B) nisu utvrđene, st, The aim of examination within this doctoral dissertation is determination of the content of heavy metals and metaliods (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu) in the sediment and water of river Danube (at two profiles, profile A Batajnica,Belegiš, profile BVinča, Grocka) as well as mascular tissue and organs of fish (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) which can serve as an indicator of safety of fish as food but also as an indicator of environmental pollution. For the purpose of examination, ten samples of water and ten samples of sediment from the profile A and profile B was sampled (40 samples). Samples of fish (silver carp, carp, catfish) were taken from local professional fisherman. 15 samples of fish was taken from each type of fish at profile A and profile B (90 fish in total). For the examination of the content of heavy metals and arsenic, from each fish, a sample of muscular tissue, liver and digestive tract was taken (in total 270 samples). For the examination, atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used. At the examined profiles, the content of lead, mercury and nickel in Danube water was under the treshold of sensitivity of applied examination methods. The average content of zinc, arsenic and copper in water samples at the examined profiles was under, and content of iron above prescribed values for the quality of water of the second class. The average content of arsenic and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Fe, Ni and Cu) in samples of sediment of Danube taken at profile B (downstream of Belgrade) was statistically significantly bigger than the average content of these elements in the samples of sediment taken at profile A (upstream from Belgrade). In muscular tissue and liver of silver carp caught at profile B the content of Pb, Cd, Hg and As was statistically significantly bigger than the content of these elements in muscular tissue and liver of silver carp caught at profile A. Between average contentof examined elements in digestive tract of silver carp caught at profiles A and B

The Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) is a member of the Bunyaviridae family, genus Hantavirus, possessing a single-stranded RNA genome consisting of three segments, designated L (large), M (medium) and S (small). In this study, we present phylogenetic analysis of a newly detected DOBV strain isolated from Apodemus agrarius. Analysis was based on partial L and S segment sequences, in comparison to previously published DOBV sequences from Serbia and elsewhere. A phylogenetic tree based on partial S segment revealed local geographical clustering of DOBV sequences from Serbia, unrelated to host (rodent or human). The topology of the phylogenetic tree was confirmed with a high percent of completely or partially resolved quartets in likelihood-mapping analysis, whereas no evidence of possible recombination in the examined S segment data set was found.

Infectious larvae of equine parasites: Strongylidae and Ascaridae may induce direct as well as indirect damage, during their migration within the host. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in naturally infected horses, with the above mentioned parasites.

Two new platinum(IV) complexes (1, trifluoperazinehydrochloride-aquapentachloridoplatinate(IV) and 2, chlorpromazine-chlorpromazinehydrochloridepentachloridoplatinate(IV)) were synthesized in the reaction of K-2[PtCl6] with trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TF center dot 2HCl) or chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CP center dot HCl). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity measurement, and spectral (IR, H-1, C-13, 2D H-1-C-13 heteronuclear correlation spectra, Pt-195 NMR, and MS) methods. Outer-coordination sphere was proposed for 1; while in 2, the ligand was coordinated to the metal. The complexes exhibit antibacterial effect on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococci as Gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the reference strains.

Application of zeolite in the diet of pigs showed multiple effects, and its application as a specific adsorbent resulted in increased growth and food conversion. In order to study effects of tufozel as representative of the zeolite on the meatiness and thickness of fat tissue, research was conducted on three groups of pigs: cross bread gilts, boars and castrates. Each category of pigs was divided into two groups, control and experimental. The experimental group was fed with feed containing 0.5% of tufozel. After fattening, pigs were slaughtered at the slaughter line and the meatiness of warm carcasses was examined by measuring the thickness of fat on animals' back and weight of warm carcasses. Average weight of carcasses from the experimental group was higher compared to the control, the difference being highest in the category of young boars. The thickness of fat tissue value was statistically lower (p lt 0.001) in experimental groups of gilts and castrates, compared to the group of young boars. Tufozel impact on the average weight and meat percentage in carcasses of castrates and gilts was statistically highly significant (p lt 0.001). Statistically significant difference in yield (p lt 0.05) was also observed within the category of young boars, between control and experimental group, the latter showing higher yield values. The results indicate a positive effect of tufozel on parameters of meatiness of investigated pig categories., Primena zeolita u ishrani svinja pokazala je pozitivno dejstvo na proizvodne parametre svinja u tovu, te njihova primena kao specifičnih adsorbenata ima svoje nutritivno, medicinsko i ekonomsko opravdanje. Radi ispitivanja dejstva tufozela, kao predstavnika zeolita, na mesnatost trupova i debljinu masnog tkiva, istraživanje je sprovedeno na tri kategorije svinja ukrštenih rasa: mlade nerastove, nazimice i kastrate. Svaka kategorija svinja podeljena je u dve grupe, kontrolnu i oglednu. U obroke oglednih grupa umešano je po 0,5% tufozela. Posle završenog tova, svinje su zaklane, a na liniji klanja ispitivana je mesnatost trupova i to merenjem debljine masnog tkiva na leđima i merenjem mase toplih polutki. Kod svinja ispitanih kategorija, prosečna masa trupa oglednih grupa bila je veća nego kod kontrolnih, s tim da je kod nerastova ta razlika bila najveća. Razlike u debljini masnog tkiva kod oglednih grupa kastrata i nazimica pokazale su se statistički visoko značajne (p lt 0,001), dok između prosečne debljine masnog tkiva ogledne i kontrolne grupe mladih nerastova nije utvrdena statistički značajna razlika. Uticaj tufozela na prosečnu masu mesa i procenat mesa u trupu kod kastrata i nazimica oglednih grupa pokazao se kao statistički visoko značajan (p lt 0,001). Između prinosa mesa kontrolne i ogledne grupe mladih nerastova izraženog u kg, odnosno u %, utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika (p lt 0,05). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na pozitivan uticaj tufozela na parametre mesnatosti i mesnatost ispitivanih kategorija svinja.

U radu su ispitivani efekti suplementacije obroka brojlera organskim i neorganskim oblicima selena i različitim količinama vitamina E na kvalitet mesa i prinos mesa brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 240 jedinki podeljenih u četiri grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća sedam dana. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu pilića u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov pilića korišćena je od 1. do 21. dana, a potpuna smeša za završni tov od 21. do 35, odnosno od 35. do 42. dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama sa dodatim neorganskim selenom (natrijum selenitom) u količini od 0.3 ppm + 20 IJ vitamina E, a ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale su hranu sa dodatkom organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a) +20 IJ vitamina E, neorganskog selena (natrijum selenita) +100 IJ vitamina E ili organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a)+100 IJ vitamina E. Na kraju ogleda brojleri su zaklani i uzeti su uzorci mesa (meso grudi i jetre) za utvrđivanje sadržaja selena i masnokiselinski sastav masti bataka sa karabatakom. Na kraju tova, 42. dana, sadržaj selena u mesu grudi brojlera kretao se od 0.34 mg/kg do 0.43 mg/kg. Koncentracija selena je kod O-III grupe bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala neorganski oblik selena, odnosno kontrolu. Koncentracija selena u jetri brojlera iznosila je na kraju ogleda (42. dan) od 0.50 do 0.63 mg/kg i bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dodavanje organskog oblika selena i povećane količine vitamina E u smešama brojlera pruža mogućnosti postizanja boljeg kvaliteta mesa kao i povoljnijeg odnosa nezasićene (NZ) / zasićene (Z) masne kiseline., In this paper effects of broiler meal supplementation with organic and inorganic forms of selenium and different amounts of vitamin E on broiler meat quality and meat yield were monitored. Trial was performed on total number of 240 animals divided into 4 groups, lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. First phase lasted 21, second 14 and 3rd seven days. Broilers were fed with three types of complete feed mixtures of standards raw and chemical composition for broiler feeding that met or exceeded the nutrient recommendations for growing broilers (NRC, 1998). Complete starter feed mixture was used from 1st to 21st day, mixture for growth from 21st till 35th day and mixture for final growth from 35th till 42nd day respectfully. During trial control group of broilers (C) was given fed with supplemented inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-I) was feed meal supplemented with organic selenium (Sel-Plex) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-II) was feed meal supplemented with 0,3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) plus 100 IU vitamin E. At the end of the trial, broilers were slaughtered and at that time samples of breast meat and liver were collected for determination of selenium content and content of faty acid in meat of drumstick. At the end of experiment (42nd day), content of selenium in breast meat was from 0.34 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg. Concentration of selenium in E-III group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to group which was fed inorganic selenium (control group) Concentration of selenium in broiler liver ranged on day 42 of the trial from 0.50 to 0.63 mg/kg which was significant compared to control group (p<0.01). Addition of organic selenium and high amounts of vitamin E in broiler feed mixtures gives possibility for achievement of better quality meat and better ratio unsaturated (US) and saturated (S) fatty acids.

A total of 240 Hybro broilers was divided into 4 groups. These groups were fed a complete corn/soybean based diet with and without addition of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP, Flavomycin® 15 ppm, Intervet), direct feed microbials (DFM, All-Lac® 1kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA) and mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) (Bio-MOS® 2kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA). Chickens were introduced into the experiment after hatching. At day 42 of trial, all broilers were conventionaly sacrificed in a slaughter plant and slaughter performances were measured. Samples of intestines with its content from 6 average broilers (randomly selected) from each group (n=24) were taken for examination. At the end of the trial, body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers fed the diet containing Bio-MOS® (1915.23 and 44.58 g), AGP (1869.40 and 43.50 g) and DFM (1855.50 and 43.17g) were significantly higher than in birds of the control group (1815.67 and 41.96 g). When compared with the control group (91.19 g), ADFI (average daily feed intake) was also significantly reduced when Bio-MOS® (81.84 g), DFM (83.50g) or AGP (86.16 g) were supplemented which lead to a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), 2.17 vs. 1.83, 1.93 and 1.98 kg, respectively. A significantly lower pH of the intestinal content of intestines (duodenum, ileum, caecum) was observed in groups fed DFM (6.16, 6.46 and 6.72) and Bio-MOS® (6.25, 6.50 and 6.78), compared with the control (6.55, 6.81 and 7.21) and AGP (6.61, 6.87 and 7.14) group. The use of DFM and Bio-MOS® increased length and width of intestinal villa and decreased depth of crypts, while the number of goblet cells did not significantly differ among experimental groups. In conclusion, Bio-MOS® and DFM exhibited nutritional, pharmacological and economic advantages over antibiotic growth promoters.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolities produced by saprophytis species of fungi. They exert toxigenic activity, including carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, inhibition of protein synthesis, dermal irritation and many other metabolic problems. Mycotoxins usually enter into the body by ingestion of contaminanted food, inhalation of toxigenic spores and direct dermal contact. Molds may be present into substrat without production toxin. When mycotoxins are detected, it is not easy to prove a disease. In any way, mycotoxins are danger to human and animal health. Description of appearance, toxic profiles and chemical structures of main mycotoxins are reviewed.

U prirodne stimulatore rasta (NGP's – natural growth promoters) spadaju fitobiotici, probiotici, prebiotici, zakišeljivači i enzimi koji utiču na poboljšanje zdravlja kroz stimulaciju eubioze digestivnog trakta. Fitobiotici su funkcionalni sastojci hrane koji se dobijaju iz aromatičnih biljaka, začina i etarskih ulja (Jovanović i sar, 2004). Etarska ulja predstavljaju najkoncentrovaniji oblik fitogenih aditiva i pojačavaju ukus, podržavaju varenje i modifikuju mikrofloru. To su mešavine lipofilnih, tečnih, isparljivih i aromatskih supstanci. Da bi se pospešilo korišćenje ekstrakata biljaka i etarskih ulja kao AGP (antibiotic growth promoter) alternativa, sprovedeno je istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo 94 proizvodjača hrane iz 13 zemalja, 7 iz EU i 6 van EU. Cilj velikog broja istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi efikasnost biljnih estrakata u ishrani životinja. Pregledom najčešće zajedno korišćenih ekstrakata i organskih kiselina potvrđen je veći prirast, bolja konverzija hrane i niži morbiditet kod prasadi u kombinaciji u poređenju sa upotrebom organskih kiselina. Pri upotrebi ekstrakata u hrani za krmače uočeno je poboljšanje od 100 g na dan kod prasadi i 300 g po zalučenom prasetu (Raper, 2008). Kod živine, sličan napredak u vezi sa ekstraktima uočen je u prirastu i konverziji kako na obrocima baziranim na pšenici tako i na obrocima baziranim na kukuruzu. Iz sprovedenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da se ekstrakti često ubacuju u hranu za životinje (čak iako način delovanja i efikasnost nisu potpuno razjašnjeni kod svih ekstrakata). Zato je urađen pregled naučnih istraživanja sa aktivnim supstancama za hranu za svinje i živinu, uključujući karvakol koji se nalazi u origanu, cimet aldehid koji se prirodno javlja u cimetu i oleorezina paprike (ekstrakt ljute paprike). Iz dobijenih rezultata tri ogleda sa dobijeno je prosečno poboljšanje u dnevnom prirastu prasadi i konverzijom hrane od 14.1% i 6.5%, In natural growth promoters (NGP's) phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, acidifying matters and enzymes are classified. They all affect health throughout stimulation of eubisoses in gut. Phytobiotics are functional ingredients of feed which are derived from aromatic plants, spices and ether oils (Jovanović et al., 2004). Essential oils represent most concentrated form of phytogenic additives; they increase palatability, improve digestion, and modify micro organisms in guts. They are mixtures of lipophylic, liquid, volatile and aromatic substances. In order to increase use of plant extracts like alternative to use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), trial which includes 94 producers from 13 different countries (7 EU and 6 non EU countries) was undertaken. Main aim of numerous trials was to evaluate efficiency of plant extracts in animal nutrition. By review of combined use of extracts with organic acids higher daily gain better feed conversion and lower morbidity were determined in comparison with use of only organic acids. When extracts were used in sow feed increase of 100 grams a day per piglet and 300 grams per weaner were determined (Raper, 2008). In poultry, similar improvements with use of extracts were determined and especially in daily gain and conversion as well as on diets based on wheat and on corn based diets. From these trials it can be concluded that extracts are often used in feed (even in cases when mode of action and efficiency are not fully understood yet). Because of all that review of scientific trials with active substances in swine and poultry feed was done. From results achieved it can be seen that daily gain was higher for 14.1% and conversion was lower for 6.5% when extract of chilly pepper, oregano and cinnamon were used.