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Fifty years after the recognition of the Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), our perception of cancers related to germline alterations of TP53 has drastically changed: (i) germline TP53 alterations are often identified among children with cancers, in particular soft-tissue sarcomas, adrenocortical carcinomas, central nervous system tumours, or among adult females with early breast cancers, without familial history. This justifies the expansion of the LFS concept to a wider cancer predisposition syndrome designated heritable TP53-related cancer (hTP53rc) syndrome; (ii) the interpretation of germline TP53 variants remains challenging and should integrate epidemiological, phenotypical, bioinformatics prediction, and functional data; (iii) the penetrance of germline disease-causing TP53 variants is variable, depending both on the type of variant (dominant-negative variants being associated with a higher cancer risk) and on modifying factors; (iv) whole-body MRI (WBMRI) allows early detection of tumours in variant carriers and (v) in cancer patients with germline disease-causing TP53 variants, radiotherapy, and conventional genotoxic chemotherapy contribute to the development of subsequent primary tumours. It is critical to perform TP53 testing before the initiation of treatment in order to avoid in carriers, if possible, radiotherapy and genotoxic chemotherapies. In children, the recommendations are to perform clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound every 6 months, annual WBMRI and brain MRI from the first year of life, if the TP53 variant is known to be associated with childhood cancers. In adults, the surveillance should include every year clinical examination, WBMRI, breast MRI in females from 20 until 65 years and brain MRI until 50 years.

Priporočila za vzpostavitev presejalnih programov za raka dojk je leta 2003 izdala Evropska komisija in države članice Evropske zveze pozvala, da jih organizirajo do leta 2008. V Sloveniji od leta 2008 deluje Državni program za raka dojk DORA, ki je konec leta 2017 vključeval vse slovenske ženske z ciljne skupine. Ženske v starosti 50–69 let so vsaki dve leti pisno povabljene na presejalni pregled z mamografijo, ki omogoča odkritje še netipnih sprememb v dojki. V primeru sumljivih sprememb na mamografiji so ženske povabljene na nadaljnjo obravnavo, če je odkrit rak dojke, pa tudi na zdravljenje. Od 2018 v okviru programa deluje 21 mamografov v 16 stacionarnih in 3 mobilnih presejalnih enotah, kjer se opravljajo presejalne mamografije, in 2 presejalno-diagnostična centra za nadaljnjo obravnavo žensk in zdravljenje v presejanju odkritih rakov. Program DORA deluje v skladu z visokimi standardi Evropskih smernic za zagotavljanje kakovosti presejanja za raka dojk in zagotavlja enako obravnavo za vse udeleženke v katerikoli presejalni enoti v Sloveniji. Cilj presejalnega programa je ob vsaj 70-odstotni udeležbi žensk doseči znižanje umrljivosti za rakom dojk v ciljni populaciji za 25–30 %. Letno merjeni kazalniki kakovosti programa kažejo, da je program učinkovit in vodi k omenjenemu cilju. Posebnosti slovenskega organiziranega programa so: centraliziran populacijski program, vabljenje žensk z vnaprej določenim terminom slikanja, dvojno odčitavanje, konsenz konferenca, nadaljnja obravnava je del presejalnega postopka, multidisciplinarni sestanki, presejalni register z enotno aplikacijo za vnašanje vseh presejalnih korakov – od vabila do mamografij in nadaljnje obravnave, nadzor kakovosti dela radioloških inženirjev in radiologov, stalen strokovni nadzor nad izvajalci programa in letno merjenje kazalnikov kakovosti programa., Onkologija : strokovno-znanstveni časopis za zdravnike, Vol 24 No 2 (2020)

BACKGROUND: The etiology of male breast cancer (MBC) is poorly understood. In particular, the extent to which the genetic basis of MBC differs from female breast cancer (FBC) is unknown. A previous genome-wide association study of MBC identified 2 predisposition loci for the disease, both of which were also associated with risk of FBC. METHODS: We performed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of European ancestry MBC case subjects and controls in 3 stages. Associations between directly genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms with MBC were assessed using fixed-effects meta-analysis of 1380 cases and 3620 controls. Replication genotyping of 810 cases and 1026 controls was used to validate variants with P values less than 1 × 10-06. Genetic correlation with FBC was evaluated using linkage disequilibrium score regression, by comprehensively examining the associations of published FBC risk loci with risk of MBC and by assessing associations between a FBC polygenic risk score and MBC. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS: The genome-wide association study identified 3 novel MBC susceptibility loci that attained genome-wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10-08). Genetic correlation analysis revealed a strong shared genetic basis with estrogen receptor-positive FBC. Men in the top quintile of genetic risk had a fourfold increased risk of breast cancer relative to those in the bottom quintile (odds ratio = 3.86, 95% confidence interval = 3.07 to 4.87, P = 2.08 × 10-30). CONCLUSIONS: These findings advance our understanding of the genetic basis of MBC, providing support for an overlapping genetic etiology with FBC and identifying a fourfold high-risk group of susceptible men.

PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome is a diverse multi-system disorder predisposing to the development of hamartomatous growths, increasing risk of breast, thyroid, renal cancer, and possibly increasing risk of endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer and melanoma. There is no international consensus on cancer surveillance in PHTS and all current guidelines are based on expert opinion. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken and guidelines were developed by clinicians with expertise from clinical genetics, gynaecology, endocrinology, dermatology, radiology, gastroenterology and general surgery, together with affected individuals and their representatives. Recommendations were put forward for surveillance for breast, thyroid and renal cancers. Limited recommendations were developed for other sites including endometrial, colon and skin. The proposed cancer surveillance recommendations for PHTS require a coordinated multidisciplinary approach and significant patient commitment. The evidence base for cancer surveillance in this guideline are limited, emphasising the need for prospective evaluation of the effectiveness of surveillance in the PHTS population.

Danes poznamo različne matematične modele za izračunavanje individualne ogroženosti za raka dojk. Trenutno je kot najbolj dosleden model razpoznan Tyrer-Cuzickov algoritem vključen v program IBIS. V Sloveniji smo v okviru Ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta Razvoj in implementacija orodja za določanje individualne ogroženosti za rakom dojk v slovenski populaciji, ki ga izvajamo na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana, razvili program S-IBIS, ki je namenjen izračunavanju individualne ogroženosti za raka dojk slovenskih žensk. Gre za prilagoditev programa IBIS, kjer je v izračunih uporabljena slovenska generacijsko specifična populacijska ogroženost za raka dojk. Slovenski IBIS (S-IBIS) je pripravljen za uporabo v slovenskem zdravstvenem sistemu in omogoča z dokazi podprto razvrščanje asimptomatske posameznice v skupino splošno, zmerno in visoko ogroženih za raka dojk. Kot mejo za uvrstitev Slovenke stare 25 let med zmerno ogrožene za rakom dojk predlagamo vrednost doživljenjskega tveganja izračunanega s programom S-IBIS 16 ali več odstotkov, podane pa so tudi mejne vrednosti na podlagi deset-letne ogroženosti. V primerjavi z današnjim sistemom, ko Pravilnik za izvajanje preventivnega zdravstvenega varstva na primarni ravni opredeljuje bolj ogrožene ženske samo na podlagi nekaj zelo ohlapnih kvalitativnih kriterijev, je možno s programom S-IBIS asimptomaske ženske v skupine ogroženosti razvrstiti na podlagi individualnih numeričnih kriterijev. Pilotno preizkušanje programa v Centrih za bolezni dojk kaže spodbudne rezultate – verjamemo, da bi implementacija S-IBIS v slovenski zdravstveni sistem lahko zmanjšala število nepotrebnih preventivnih intervencij, hkrati pa bi se zmanjšale tudi čakalne dobe za upravičene preventivne preglede zmerno in visoko ogroženih žensk., Onkologija : strokovno-znanstveni časopis za zdravnike, Vol 22 No 2 (2018)

Travel expenses for (some) participants were sponsored by an unrestricted grant from AstraZeneca (AZ). AZ had no role in the organization of the meeting, in the invitation of panel members, and in the selection of questions. Participants were solely selected because of scientific expertise in the BRCA field and regional distribution, thereby representing European countries and Israel. Margit Hemetsberger, hemetsberger medical services, Vienna, Austria, helped with the writing of this manuscript. Philipp Pappenscheller, Vienna Medical University, helped with the evaluation of the questionnaires and voting results and the organisation of the meeting. D Gareth Evans is supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. An international panel of experts representing 17 European countries and Israel convened to discuss current needs and future developments in BRCA testing and counselling and to issue consensus recommendations. The experts agreed that, with the increasing availability of high-throughput testing platforms and the registration of poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase inhibitors, the need for genetic counselling and testing will rapidly increase in the near future. Consequently, the already existing shortage of genetic counsellors is expected to worsen and to compromise the quality of care particularly in individuals and families with suspected or proven hereditary breast or ovarian cancer. Increasing educational efforts within the breast cancer caregiver community may alleviate this limitation by enabling all involved specialities to perform genetic counselling. In the therapeutic setting, for patients with a clinical suspicion of genetic susceptibility and if the results may have an immediate impact on the therapeutic strategy, the majority voted that BRCA1/2 testing should be performed after histological diagnosis of breast cancer, regardless of oestrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Experts also agreed that, in the predictive and therapeutic setting, genetic testing should be limited to individuals with a personal or family history suggestive of a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant and should also include high-risk actionable genes beyond BRCA1/2. Of high-risk actionable genes, all pathological variants (i.e. class IV and V) should be reported; class III variants of unknown significance, should be reported provided that the current lack of clinical utility of the variant is expressly stated. Genetic counselling should always address the possibility that already tested individuals might be re-contacted in case new information on a particular variant results in a re-classification.

OBJECTIVES: To report the baseline results of a longitudinal psychosocial study that forms part of the IMPACT study, a multi-national investigation of targeted prostate cancer (PCa) screening among men with a known pathogenic germline mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Men enrolled in the IMPACT study were invited to complete a questionnaire at collaborating sites prior to each annual screening visit. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics and the following measures: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Impact of Event Scale (IES), 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer, Cancer Worry Scale-Revised, risk perception and knowledge. The results of the baseline questionnaire are presented. RESULTS:A total of 432 men completed questionnaires: 98 and 160 had mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, respectively, and 174 were controls (familial mutation negative). Participants' perception of PCa risk was influenced by genetic status. Knowledge levels were high and unrelated to genetic status. Mean scores for the HADS and SF-36 were within reported general population norms and mean IES scores were within normal range. IES mean intrusion and avoidance scores were significantly higher in BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers than in controls and were higher in men with increased PCa risk perception. At the multivariate level, risk perception contributed more significantly to variance in IES scores than genetic status. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report the psychosocial profile of men with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations undergoing PCa screening. No clinically concerning levels of general or cancer-specific distress or poor quality of life were detected in the cohort as a whole. A small subset of participants reported higher levels of distress, suggesting the need for healthcare professionals offering PCa screening to identify these risk factors and offer additional information and support to men seeking PCa screening.

Konec marca 2008 so v okviru državnega presejalnega programa za raka dojk Dora prve ženske iz Mestne občine Ljubljana prejele vabilo na presejalno mamografijo v presejalni center na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana (OI). Spomladi 2010 sta poleg presejalne enote na OI postopoma začeli delovati še dve mobilni presejalni enoti. Ob vzpostavljanju novih presejalnih enot bomo v okviru centraliziranega državnega programa vabljenje razširili na širše območje Slovenije. Kakovostno organiziran program presejanja je bistven za zgodnje odkrivanje raka dojk in zmanjšanje umrljivosti. Ključni elementi takega programa so ustrezna izobraženost in strokovna usposobljenost kadra (predvsem radiologov in radioloških inženirjev, pa tudi ostalega kadra, vključenega v nadaljnjo diagnostiko in zdravljenje), zagotavljanje dvojnega odčitavanja mamografskih slik, interdisciplinarno sodelovanje, ustrezna tehnična kakovost mamografskih naprav, vzpostavitev ustreznega informacijskega sistema ter določitev, spremljanje in preverjanje kazalcev kakovosti programa. Poleg vsega omenjenega pa je treba določiti ciljno populacijo žensk, ki bodo organizirano in sistematično vabljene na presejalno mamografijo, ter med njimi s kompleksnimi metodami doseči ustrezno odzivnost. Od 2008 do konca julija 2010 smo na presejalno mamografijo povabili 11.503 žensk. Vabilu se je odzvalo 9686 žensk, kar predstavlja 84,2-odstotno udeležbo. V tem času smo med slikanimi odkrili 86 rakov dojk. Program Dora izpolnjuje vsa merila Evropskih smernic za zagotavljanje kakovosti presejanja za raka dojk in zdravljenja in že daje prve rezultate. National population-based breast cancer screening program – DORA started two years ago. At the end of March 2008, first women from Ljubljana municipality got the invitation letter for screening mammography from DORA invitation office. First screening mammographies will be taken at the screening unit at the Institute of Oncology (OI). The program will slowly be spreading and, by establishing new screening units, it will cover the target population of the whole Slovenia. High-quality organized screening program is of essential importance for early detection of breast cancer and reduction of mortality due to this disease. The key elements of a highquality screening program include appropriate education and professional qualifications of personnel, primarily radiologists and radiological engineers, and also of other personnel participating in further diagnostics and treatment, as well as ensuring double reading of mammograms, interdisciplinary cooperation, appropriate technical quality of mammography machines, setting up an appropriate information system, monitoring and evaluation of program quality indicators. In addition, the target female population needs to be selected for screening mammography in an organized and systematic way. An appropriate response in this population must be achieved through the use of personal invitations and health education campaigns. By the end of July, 11,503 invitations to screening mammography were dispatched 9,686 women responded to the invitation, thereby representing an attendance of 84.2 %. In the observed period, 86 breast cancer cases were detected. Program DORA meets all requirements by the European guidelines in quality control and treatment.

Danes poznamo različne matematične modele za izračunavanje individualne ogroženosti za raka dojk. Trenutno je kot najbolj dosleden model razpoznan Tyrer-Cuzickov algoritem vključen v program IBIS. V Sloveniji smo v okviru Ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta Razvoj in implementacija orodja za določanje individualne ogroženosti za rakom dojk v slovenski populaciji, ki ga izvajamo na Onkološkem inštitutu Ljubljana, razvili program S-IBIS, ki je namenjen izračunavanju individualne ogroženosti za raka dojk slovenskih žensk. Gre za prilagoditev programa IBIS, kjer je v izračunih uporabljena slovenska generacijsko specifična populacijska ogroženost za raka dojk. Slovenski IBIS (S-IBIS) je pripravljen za uporabo v slovenskem zdravstvenem sistemu in omogoča z dokazi podprto razvrščanje asimptomatske posameznice v skupino splošno, zmerno in visoko ogroženih za raka dojk. Kot mejo za uvrstitev Slovenke stare 25 let med zmerno ogrožene za rakom dojk predlagamo vrednost doživljenjskega tveganja izračunanega s programom S-IBIS 16 ali več odstotkov, podane pa so tudi mejne vrednosti na podlagi deset-letne ogroženosti. V primerjavi z današnjim sistemom, ko Pravilnik za izvajanje preventivnega zdravstvenega varstva na primarni ravni opredeljuje bolj ogrožene ženske samo na podlagi nekaj zelo ohlapnih kvalitativnih kriterijev, je možno s programom S-IBIS asimptomaske ženske v skupine ogroženosti razvrstiti na podlagi individualnih numeričnih kriterijev. Pilotno preizkušanje programa v Centrih za bolezni dojk kaže spodbudne rezultate % verjamemo, da bi implementacija S-IBIS v slovenski zdravstveni sistem lahko zmanjšala število nepotrebnih preventivnih intervencij, hkrati pa bi se zmanjšale tudi čakalne dobe za upravičene preventivne preglede zmerno in visoko ogroženih žensk.