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Aim and Objective The aim was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of dental students concerning infection control measures and to check the correlation, if any, among knowledge, attitude and behaviour of dental students concerning infection control measures in dental setups. Materials and Methods A total of 1200 students from first to final year and interns from three different colleges were included in the study. Results A total of 95.83% think isolation is important. Only 4.1% have been vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and 95% with tetanus vaccine. Summary and Conclusions The level of knowledge and behaviour of infection control measures was average, for which the reasons could be inadequate training, supply of protective equipments and mainly carelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aims to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic changes obtained through Bioactive Glass (BG) with and without autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the treatment of intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients.Methods: The present study was a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial comprising 20 chronic periodontitis patients (mean age: 35.9 years) having at least one pair of bilateral intrabony defect. Group 1 included 20 sites treated with a combination of BG and autologous PRF whereas 20 sites in Group 2 were treated with BG alone. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession (GR) were evaluated at 3 and 6 months and bone fill at 6 months by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. Primary study outcomes were changes in PPD, CAL, GR, and bone fill.Results: CAL gain was greater in Group 1 (5.05 ± 1.09 mm) when compared with Group 2 (4.2 ± 1.70 mm). Furthermore, a significantly greater bone fill was found in Group 1. At 6 months, statistically significant reduction in PPD in Group 1 and Group 2 was evident.Conclusion: BG morsel when used in combination with PRF is found to be more effective in gain in CAL, reduction in PPD and achieving greater bone fill as compared with treatment with BG alone in periodontal intrabony defects and is indicative of enhanced periodontal regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background There is preliminary evidence of periodontal defect depth, number of walls and the width of infrabony defects exerting influence on the regenerative potential of particular therapeutic modality. Aim To assess defect width and defect depth and their influence on pretreatment defect angle in patients affected with periodontal disease. Materials and Methods 60 untreated severe chronic or aggressive periodontitis patients were selected for the study. Digital intraoral periapical radiograph of defects in all patients were taken using RVG. First auxiliary line was drawn to represent tooth axis (AUX1). Perpendicular to this, a second auxiliary line (AUX2) was drawn that ran through most coronal margin of defect (M3). The depth of defect was measured as the distance between the base of bony defect and AUX2. The width of defect was the distance from coronal margin of bony defect to the root surface perpendicular to AUX1. Results In a total of 67 defects, the radiographic defect depth, defect width and defect angle for maxillary arch was 3.19 ± 1.19 mm, 2.82 ± 0.63 mm and 37.34 ± 9.47° respectively while these values for mandibular sites were 3.69 ± 0.92 mm, 2.87 ± 0.76 mm and 35.62 ± 7.08° respectively. Multilevel regression analysis revealed narrow defect angles to be related to deep infrabony defects, whereas the width of the interdental space to wide defects. Summary and Conclusions Defect dimensions are determined by the radius of action of microbial biofilm and the baseline defect angle of an infrabony defect would be a function of defect depth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment of molar furcation involvement is unpredictable due to the complex anatomy and poor access for instrumentation. Previous studies have reported successful regeneration with endogenous regenerative material such as platelet rich fibrin (PRF) and bisphosphonates as alendronate (ALN). Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate clinically and radiographically the efficacy of 1% ALN gel in combination with PRF (PRF+ALN) and PRF alone in the treatment of grade II furcation defects.Methods: A split mouth study with 40 bilateral furcation defects was randomly divided into PRF group and PRF+ALN group. Bone defect volume was the primary outcome evaluated at the end of 6 months with CBCT while the secondary outcomes being changes in clinical parameters including Probing pocket depth (PPD), Clinical attachment level (CAL) and Horizontal probing depth (HPD) recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months.Results: The mean reduction in PPD, CAL and HPD was 1.85 ± 0.59 mm, 1.9 ± 0.64 mm and 1.7 ± 0.73 mm respectively for PRF group and 2.85 ± 0.88 mm, 3.05 ± 0.98 mm and 2.3 ± 0.73 mm respectively for PRF+ ALN group (p < 0.05). At the end of 6 months, mean reduction in bone defect volume for PRF and PRF+ ALN group was 8.65 ± 3.84 mm3 and 11.98 ± 4.13 mm3 respectively.Conclusion: PRF+ ALN treated defects exhibited better clinical and radiographic outcomes suggestive of enhanced periodontal regeneration when compared to PRF alone treated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Areca nut, a suspected human carcinogen, is responsible for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Micro colposcopy, a noninvasive technique, can be used for early detection of dysplastic changes in the oral tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of areca nut on oral mucosa in healthy controls and those with OSMF using a colposcope. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on participants with a habit of chewing areca nut and suffering from OSMF. 2% acetic acid was applied on the parts of the gingiva and oral mucosa kept for 2 min and viewed under the colposcope. After a few minutes, Lugol's iodine solution was applied and reviewed under the colposcope. Results: All clinical parameters were higher in Group III (areca nut chewers with OSMF) and Group II (areca nut chewers without OSMF) as compared to Group I (healthy controls) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Colposcope could aid in the visualization of the changes developed in oral mucosa as an effect in the vasculature of the gingiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate root surface alterations in terms of location, length, and depth of root resorption in the gingival, middle, and apical third of the mesial and distal surfaces of the root in healthy and periodontally affected teeth with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Teeth diagnosed with differing severity of chronic periodontitis, as assessed by clinical and radiographic parameters of bone destruction, were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Existence and location of root resorption areas, as well as length and depth of the resorption on each radicular third of the teeth, were determined. Results: Totally 27 teeth (60%) among all the groups exhibited root resorption. The number of teeth showing root resorption in each group was divided into the following groups; Group I: 2 teeth (13.33%); Group II: 11 teeth (73.33%); and Group III: 14 teeth (93.33%). The most affected teeth were the mandibular incisors. The apical one-third of the root was the most affected and the gingival third of the root was the least affected with respect to the length and depth of the root resorption. The mesial surface of the root was more commonly affected when compared to the distal surface of the root. Conclusion: It may thus be concluded that the existence and extent of root resorption depend on the severity of periodontal destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the serum lipid and fasting blood glucose level in periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods 100 periodontally healthy (Control group) and an equal number of chronic periodontitis patients (Test group) were recruited in this study. Clinical parameters such as probing pocket depth, clinical attachment levels, plaque index and gingival index were recorded along with demographics such as age, sex and body mass index. Serum lipids (Low density lipoproteins, High density lipoproteins, Triglycerides and Total cholesterol) and fasting blood glucose level were measured by routine enzymatic methods. Results Levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose were significantly higher in test group as compared to control group. The level of high density lipoproteins was higher in controls than test group. Summary and Conclusions It can be concluded that, within limitations of this study, periodontal destruction is associated with an increase in the levels of serum fasting blood glucose, low density lipoproteins, total cholesterol and triglycerides whereas reduction in levels of high density lipoproteins is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various treatment modalities have been proposed and practiced over the years for comforting the functions of individuals with enhanced life expectancy leading to an aging population. These therapeutic modalities are directed toward providing masticatory apparatus to patients with atrophic edentulous ridges. After evolving over several years, clinicians have now been enabled to use dental implants and provide a functionally viable and esthetically pleasing masticatory apparatus to their patients. However, majority of the dentists lack the detailed knowledge, skills, and experience which are necessary and essential for a successful implant therapy. Various training programs have been conducted across the country with the motive to bridge the gap between the clinician and the therapy. However, the existing training programs and courses lack the detailed theoretical inputs and deliberations, which form the very basis for an implicative understanding of the therapeutic modality and thus do not offer desired outcomes many a times. The success of implant therapy depends not only merely in achieving osseointegration of the implant but also providing the esthetic and functional standards, which are in tune with the patient's expectation. Oral implantology cases can be briefly divided based on their complexity as either straightforward or complex placement and/or restoration of implant. To benefit the society at large, it is high time that training programs be proposed with differential skill upgradation with different avenues. The article proposes a few training avenues for the dental professionals which if taken up in the right perspective will restructure the education in oral implantology in our country. Such training avenues need to be brought under regulatory bodies such as the State Health Universities and Dental Council of India so as to achieve a desired standardization and uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Psychological stress is known to be a relevant risk factor for many inflammatory conditions, including periodontal disease. A few studies have probed the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease. Therefore this crosssectional study was aimed to examine the relationship between psychological stress and obesity and periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers. Methods. The participants included 90 patients, equally divided into three groups of non-smokers and periodontally healthy, non-smokers and smokers with untreated moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis. Socioeconomic data, psychosocial measurements, physical parameters and clinical findings of PPD, CAL, PI and GI were recorded. Results. The clinical parameters were assessed for three groups in three different anxiety levels of mild, moderate and severe. Intra-group comparison of PPD and CAL in the three anxiety levels showed increased periodontal destruction with an increase in anxiety levels, the results being statistically highly significant for PPD differences in smokers (P < 0.0001). The mean differences in PPD and CAL in severe anxiety levels between smokers and non-smokers were 0.68 mm and 0.70 mm and both the findings were statistically significant. The mean PPD and CAL in smoker and non-smoker groups in obese patients was higher as compared to non-obese patients and the differences were highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion. The results of our study indicated a positive and strong correlation between anxiety, obesity and periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers. Smoking appears to further attenuate this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good clinical diagnosis is the need for the hour. Proper diagnosis is essential for better treatment planning of the disease. Traditional clinical measurements used for periodontal diagnosis are often of limited usefulness as they are indicators of previous periodontal disease rather than present disease activity. Hence, there is a need for developing novel diagnostic kits that can detect active disease, predict future disease emergency or progression and evaluate response to periodontal therapy, therapy facilitating management of periodontal patient. In this modern era there has been tremendous research in the field of diagnostic tools that can be used by periodontists in their daily practice. Different chair side diagnostic kits are discussed in this review which would be helpful for proper diagnosis, evaluating a disease prognosis and proper treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoma is common benign soft tissue tumour of mature adipose tissue that can be found in any part of the human body. They rarely occur in the oral cavity and constitute about 1 to 4% of all benign neoplasms of the oral cavity. Intraoral predominant sites are the buccal mucosa followed by tongue, floor of the mouth, buccal vestibule and rarely in the palate and gingiva. Intraoral lipomas rarely cause pain, resulting in delay to seek treatment on the part of the patient. It is mandatory for a clinician to diagnose such lesions clinically or with excisional biopsy without causing much discomfort to the patient. Here, we report a case of palatal lipoma of a 22 year old female patient, which is a rare site for the lipoma to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologic width plays a pivotal role in treatment planning for a restorative dentist, implant specialist. Nowadays much emphasis is based on the aesthetically driven treatment planning that is based on the position of the teeth and the position of the soft tissue. So, maintaining the harmony of the supporting tissues and also fulfilling the patient's needs is critical which can be accomplished only if we have thorough knowledge of the supporting tissues of teeth and mainly the biologic width. This review gives a detailed description about the concept of biologic width and it will be useful for general practitioners as well as restorative dentist and periodontist to clear their view on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background The objectives of the study were to assess the tobacco and alcohol consumption habits in health professional students and their attitudes towards cessation. It compared the results between the medical and dental students and assessed the relationship between the socio-demographics and the prevalence of habits. Material A 20-item pretested and pre-validated questionnaire was delivered to the health professional students from the first to the final year at institutions in Central India. The questionnaire was divided into four parts which included - socio-demographics, tobacco and alcohol consumption habits in the participants, attitudes of the pupils towards cessation, knowledge of the students regarding cessation techniques. Results The response rate was 31.25% from the medical students and 62.5% from the dental students. 8.4% medical and 4.4% dental students gave the history of tobacco products consumption. Amongst the medical students, 18.4% and from the dental students 9.6% said that they consumed alcohol. 79.2% students reported that they never received any training on specific use cessation approach. A large number agreed that cessation techniques as a part of the curriculum would be extremely helpful. Summary and Conclusions According to the survey, the tobacco and alcohol consumption habits are prevalent in health professional students. Their attitude towards cessation seems positive but they lack the competence to counsel their patients. Hence, the de-addiction methods should be included in the curriculum as a vital part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease is a bacteria-induced chronic inflammatory disease affecting the soft and hard supporting structures encompassing the teeth. When left untreated, the ultimate outcome is alveolar bone loss and exfoliation of the involved teeth. Traditional periodontal diagnostic methods include assessment of clinical parameters and radiographs. Though efficient, these conventional techniques are inherently limited in that only a historical perspective, not current appraisal, of disease status can be determined. Advances in the use of oral fluids as possible biological samples for objective measures of current disease state, treatment monitoring, and prognostic indicators have boosted saliva and other oral-based fluids to the forefront of technology. Saliva reflects the physiologic state of the body, including emotional, endocrinal, nutritional, and metabolic variations. As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers distinctive advantages over serum because it can be collected non-invasively by individuals with modest training. Furthermore, saliva may provide a cost-effective approach for the screening of large populations. Traditional clinical criteria are insufficient for determining sites of active disease, for monitoring the response to therapy, or for measuring the degree of susceptibility to future disease progression. Salivaomics includes five diagnostic alphabets proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, metabolic compounds, and microbes offering substantial advantages because disease states may be accompanied by detectable changes. Salivaomics, the future of saliva-based techniques for early diagnosis of dental diseases, is promising and may offer a robust alternative for clinicians to use in the near future to make clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background Oxygen consumption has wide biochemical significance. Oxidative metabolism of gingiva is influenced by the inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis. The values of oxygen consumption are mostly expressed as the metabolic quotient QO2 which gives the amount of oxygen in micrograms consumed by 1 milligram of dry weight of the tissue per hour. The first stage in periodontal disease occurs by reduction of normal blood flow to the area of destruction as a result of capillary damage and platelet thrombi. Oxidative metabolism of gingiva may increase as a response to the inflammation of periodontitis, and this change has been reflected in an increased oxygen utilization of gingival tissue. However, heavily inflamed gingiva undergoing degenerative changes with exudate production has been reported to have a lowered oxygen uptake. The phenomenon of increased oxygen consumption in chronic gingivitis is apparently associated to the inflammatory cell infiltrate, new blood vessel formation and proliferation of epithelium and connective tissue. Positive correlations were observed between the oxygen consumption rate and other clinical indices. The oxygen consumption for gingival tissue has been determined by various methods in different animal and human in vivo or in vitro studies. The methods studied extensively for oxygen consumption are Warburg manometry, polorography, tissue reflectance spectrophotometry, microrespirometer. The gingival oxygen consumption rate may provide a sensitive indicator of the initiation of gingival inflammation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacteremia is associated with periodontal diseases whose extent is related to the severity of inflammation in periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the various blood parameters in healthy subjects and severe chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: 100 patients with severe chronic periodontitis (test group) and 100 periodontally healthy subjects (control group) in the age group 35-60 years participated in the study. Blood parameters were recorded with blood samples drawn from the antecubital fossa by venous puncture. Results: Periodontitis group showed lower erythrocyte count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and increased total leukocyte count (TLC) and neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil count, compared to the healthy control group. Conclusions: To conclude, periodontitis may tend toward anemia and there is marked leukocytosis due to increased number of circulating neutrophils and lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present, randomized, controlled clinical and radiographic study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) by using a collagen membrane barrier with or without decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) in the treatment of periodontal infrabony defects characterized by unfavorable architecture. Materials and Methods: Sixteen systemically healthy patients with 20 periodontal infrabony defects were selected for the study. Each patient had at least ≥ 5 mm clinical probing pocket depth (PPD) at the selected site and depth of intrabony component ≥ 3 mm as assessed by clinical and radiographic measurements. Baseline measurements included plaque index, papillary bleeding index, PPD, gingival recession, clinical attachment level and radiographic defect depth (DD). At the time of surgery, the defects were randomly assigned to either the test group (collagen membrane plus DFDBA) or the control group (collagen membrane only). Results: At the 6-month examination, PPPD reduction was significantly greater in the GTR + DFDBA group (4.06 ± 0.38 mm) compared with the GTR group (3.2 ± 0.74 mm). The mean gains of clinical attachment were 3.54 ± 0.36 mm in the test group and 2.50 ± 0.74 mm in the control group. Radiographic DD reduction was similarly greater in the GTR + DFDBA group (2.40 ± 0.51 mm) compared with the GTR group (1.60 ± 0.51 mm). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that the use of a GTR membrane with bone graft has significantly improved all clinical parameters tested as compared with the use of bioresorbable membrane alone in the treatment of infrabony defects characterized by unfavorable architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of smoking on the periodontal status and salivary composition of whole saliva in subjects with clinically healthy periodontium and chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 400 subjects equally divided into four groups of non-smokers with clinically healthy periodontium, smokers with clinically healthy periodontium, non-smokers with chronic periodontitis and smokers with chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements and non-stimulated whole saliva were obtained. Biochemical analysis of salivary total protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was performed. Results: The clinical parameters of probing depth and clinical attachment levels did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers groups. The plaque index and gingival index were significantly higher in smokers with periodontitis (P<0.05) as compared with non-smokers with periodontitis. On biochemical analysis of whole saliva, total protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were reduced in smokers with periodontitis to 0.43±0.50 gm/dL, 3.47±1.49 mg/dL, 0.80±3.87 mEq/L Neo and 18.45±8.77 mg% from 1.70±2.09 gm/dL, 13.89±10.34 mg/dL, 1.26±0.90 mEq/L Neo and 29.23±16.02 mg%, respectively, in non-smokers with healthy periodontium. Conclusion: The present study exhibited reduced concentrations of total proteins, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in whole saliva in smokers with chronic periodontitis. It may thus be concluded that the analysis of salivary composition could be used as an auxiliary means of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraoral fibrous overgrowths of the soft tissues are relatively common and may be benign reactive or neoplastic lesions. A series of 10 lesions is presented which included pyogenic granuloma, fibroma and peripheral ossifying fi broma. Almost all the lesions occurred in the second and third decades and were present in the anterior segment of the jaws, with a distinct female predilection. Majority of these lesions were asymptomatic and the patients reported for treatment only due to the discomfort during function. Histopathologic examinations were done for diagnosis of these lesions. Surgical excision along with removal of causative irritants remains the treatment of choice. The extent of excision should depend on the severity of the lesion, as some of these lesions have a tendency for recurrence. All the patients in this series were closely followed up for a period of 2 years and showed no signs of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory diseases. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity. The aim of the study was to assess the concentration of Total sialic acid (TSA) in saliva and serum and also to find out their association if any, in periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 subjects were clinically examined and distributed into three groups (n=30) according to the periodontal status namely healthy, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements including probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, oral hygeine index were recorded TSA concentration was determined in saliva and serum of all subjects. Results: In healthy group the mean salivary TSA level was 39.05mg/dl ±6.35(p<0.0001), mean serum TSA level was 49.75 mg/dl ± 4.87 (p<0.0001). In the chronic gingivitis group the mean salivary TSA level was 68.23 mg/dl ± 2.71 (p<0.0001), mean serum TSA level was 65.65 mg/dl ±3.56 (p<0.0001). In the chronic periodontitis group the mean salivary TSA was 81.33 mg/dl ±3.94 (p<0.0001), mean serum TSA level was 75.98 mg/ dl±3.58(p<0.0001). Conclusion:The present data indicates that salivary & serum TSA levels can differentiate between chronic periodontitis patients and normal individuals. Thus it can be used as an adjunct to diagnose, monitor response to therapy, to determine the current periodontal disease status and to assess the treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pathologic migration is defined as change in tooth position resulting from disruption of the forces that maintain teeth in normal position in relation to their arch. The disruption of equilibrium in tooth position may be caused by several etiologic factors. So, the aim of the study was to evaluate the pathologic tooth migration (PTM) in the upper anterior sextant and its relationship with predisposing and external factors such as bone loss, tooth loss, gingival inflammation, age, parafunctions, lingual interposition in the tongue thrust, and oral habits. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the PTM in the upper anterior sextant and its relationship with predisposing and external factors such as bone loss, tooth loss, gingival inflammation, age, parafunctions, lingual interposition in the tongue thrust, and oral habits. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 100 subjects of both sexes, with age ranging from 19 to 72 years. The probing pocket depth and gingival index were recorded for each patient. Competency of lips was also evaluated as competent or incompetent. Habits such as tongue thrusting, nail biting, and lip sucking were evaluated in relation to pathological migration of the tooth. Results: The results showed that no single factor by itself is clearly associated with PTM. As bone loss increases, the association of PTM with additional factors such as tooth loss and gingival inflammation increases. Conclusion: Further studies would be of great help to identify under which circumstances PTM is reversible according to the influence of gingival inflammation, malocclusion, and other factors. This information would contribute to a better understanding of some biological implications of the so-called minor tooth movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A connective tissue graft, is treatment of choice in many cases for thickening periimplant tissues around implant. The aim was to present a case with connective tissue graft around implant to augment the gingival tissue. A Healthy 52 years old woman with chief complaint of replacing her missing teeth attended to the Department of Periodontics with missing 46 & 47 teeth were treated with connective tissue graft over the recession around the implant of mandibular right first molar tooth and successful treatment outcomes in the form of increase in gingival dimension were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Atorvastatin (ATV), which belongs to the statin class of drugs, is the formidable inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-2- methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase. This clinical trial evaluated and compared the clinical and radiographic changes in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients, obtained through 1.2% ATV as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of intraosseous defects. Methods. Twenty CP patients, with a minimum of one pair of bilateral intraosseous, were randomly selected for this splitmouth study. Group 1 included 20 sites treated with SRP and subgingival delivery of a placebo gel, whereas an equal number of sites in group 2 were treated by SRP along with subgingival delivery of 1.2% ATV gel. The plaque index (PI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated at baseline and 3- and 6-month intervals, while the intraosseous defect was assessed at baseline and 6-month interval using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Paired t-test was used to determine statistical significance. Results. A greater reduction in the mean PPD and gain in CAL was found in group 2 compared to group 1 at 3- and 6-month intervals. Furthermore, a significantly greater bone fill was obtained in group 2 (1.70±0.54 mm) compared to group 1 (0.22±0.43 mm) after six months. Conclusion. ATV, as an adjunct to SRP, enhanced periodontal regeneration, as a noninvasive way to treat periodontal intraosseous defects., (© 2019 Y. Shirke et al.)

Objective: Interdental soft tissues play a critical role in pink esthetics. The presence and preservation of the interdental papillae in the esthetic zone is as crucial as the shape and contour of the anterior teeth in achieving an esthetically pleasing smile. The present study determines the association of central papilla recession with gingival and interdental smile line in periodontally healthy patients of different age groups., Method and Materials: The present study included 200 patients equally divided into 21 to 40 years and 41 to 60 years age groups. The clinical and photographic evaluation of the central papilla, with midfacial gingiva, and its relationship with the vermilion border was performed., Results: In total, 137 patients exhibited presence of central papilla, whilst 63 patients had central papilla recession with variable extent. The male patients predominantly had presence of central papilla in both the age groups, with 86% and 64%, compared with 74% and 50% in females, respectively. High gingival smile line was seen in the majority of the patients (62%), and this trend was similar to high interdental smile line (82% of the patients)., Conclusion: Esthetics is affected in individuals having papilla recession along with high gingival smile line and interdental smile line as compared to individuals with low or cupid bow gingival smile line and interdental smile line.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of smoking on the periodontal status and salivary composition of whole saliva in subjects with clinically healthy periodontium and chronic periodontitis., Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 400 subjects equally divided into four groups of non-smokers with clinically healthy periodontium, smokers with clinically healthy periodontium, non-smokers with chronic periodontitis and smokers with chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements and non-stimulated whole saliva were obtained. Biochemical analysis of salivary total protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was performed., Results: The clinical parameters of probing depth and clinical attachment levels did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the smokers and non-smokers groups. The plaque index and gingival index were significantly higher in smokers with periodontitis (P<0.05) as compared with non-smokers with periodontitis. On biochemical analysis of whole saliva, total protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were reduced in smokers with periodontitis to 0.43±0.50 gm/dL, 3.47±1.49 mg/dL, 0.80±3.87 mEq/L Neo and 18.45±8.77 mg% from 1.70±2.09 gm/dL, 13.89±10.34 mg/dL, 1.26±0.90 mEq/L Neo and 29.23±16.02 mg%, respectively, in non-smokers with healthy periodontium., Conclusion: The present study exhibited reduced concentrations of total proteins, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in whole saliva in smokers with chronic periodontitis. It may thus be concluded that the analysis of salivary composition could be used as an auxiliary means of diagnosis.